This paper presents a personal overview of the history of the IS discipline over the last 20 years. It highlights two particular strands of development over which there has been much controversy - the so-called paradigm wars which were an epistemological battle between positivism and interpretivism; and the related debate over a critical approach to information systems. It is argued that the battle has died down and a period of stability has emerged. But further development needs to occur, especially in the area of critical management, and the philosophy of critical realism can be a significant way forward.
AvisonD., FitzgeraldG., and Wood-HarperT. (1987). Information Systems Development: A toolkit is not enough, The Computer Journal31: 379–380.
10.
BanvilleC., and LandryM. (1989). Can the Field of MIS be Disciplined?, Communications of the ACM32: 48–60.
11.
BenbasatI., and WeberR. (1996). Rethinking ‘Diversity’ in Information Systems Research, Information Systems Research7: 389–399.
12.
BenyonD., and SkidmoreS. (1987). Towards a tool kit for the systems analyst, The Computer Journal30: 2–7.
13.
BhaskarR. (1978). A Realist Theory of Science, Hemel Hempstead: Harvester.
14.
BhaskarR. (1979). The Possibility of Naturalism, Sussex: Harvester Press.
15.
BhaskarR. (1993). Dialectic: The pulse of freedom, London: Verso.
16.
BhattacharjeeA., and PaulR. (2001). System design and ethnomethodology, in:Eighth Americas Conference on Information Systems, Boston, pp. 2207–2211.
17.
BolandR. (1985). Phenomenology: A preferred approach to research on information systems, in MumfordE., HirschheimR., FitzgeraldG., and Wood-HarperT., (eds.) Research Methods in Information Systems, Amsterdam: North-Holland, pp. 193–201.
18.
BolandR. (1991). Information systemsuse as a hermeneutic process, in NissenH.-E., KleinH., and HirscheimR. (eds.) Information Systems Research: Contemporary approaches and emergent traditions, Amsterdam: North-Holland, pp. 439–458.
19.
BurrellG., and MorganG. (1979). Sociological Paradigms and Organisational Analysis, London: Heinemann.
20.
ChecklandP. (1969). Systems and Science, Industry and Innovation, Lancaster University Inaugural Lecture, Lancaster.
21.
ChecklandP. (1980). The Systems Movement and the ‘Failure’ of Management Science, Cybernetics and Systems11: 317–324.
22.
ChecklandP. (1981). Rethinking a Systems Approach, Journal of Applied Systems Analysis8: 3–14.
23.
ChecklandP. (1982). Soft Systems Methodology as Process: A reply to M.C. Jackson, Journal of Applied Systems Analysis9: 37–39.
24.
ChecklandP. (1983). OR and the Systems Movement — Mappings and Conflicts, Journal of the Operational Research Society34: 661–675.
25.
ChecklandP. (1985). From Optimizing to Learning: A development of systems thinking for the 1990s, Journal of the Operational Research Society36: 757–768.
26.
ChecklandP. (1992). Systems and Scholarship — the Need to Do Better, Journal of the Operational Research Society43: 1023–1030.
27.
ChecklandP., and GriffinR. (1970). Management Information Systems: A systems view, Journal of Systems Engineering1: 29–42.
28.
ChecklandP., and HolwellS. (1998). Information, Systems and Information Systems: Making sense of the field, Chichester: Wiley.
29.
ChurchmanC.W. (1982). Reply to M. C. Jackson, Journal of Applied Systems Analysis9: 35–36.
30.
CiborraC. (1998). Crisis and Foundations: An inquiry into the nature and limits of models and methods in the information systems discipline, Journal of Strategic Information Systems7: 5–16.
31.
CoyneR. (1995). Designing Information Technology in the Postmodern Age, Cambridge: MIT Press.
32.
CrabtreeA., NicholsD., O'BrienJ., RouncefieldM., and TwidaleM. (2000). Ethnomethodologically Informed Ethnography and Information Systems Design, Journal of the American Society for Information Science51: 666–682.
33.
DeetzS. (1996). Describing Differences in Approach to Organization Science: Rethinking Burrell and Morgan and their legacy, Organization Science7: 191–207.
34.
DreyfusH. (1996). The Current Relevance of Merleau-Ponty's Phenomenology of Embodiment, Electronic Journal of Analytic Philosophy4.
35.
EdenC., JonesS., and SimsD. (1983). Messing About in Problems, Oxford: Pergamom.
36.
FleetwoodS. (ed.) (1999). Critical Realism in Economics: Development and Debate, London: Routledge.
37.
FloodR. (1993). Checkland and Scholarship — the Need to Do Better — Response, Journal of the Operational Research Society44: 634.
38.
FoucaultM. (1980). Power/Knowledge: Selected interviews and other writings 1972–1977, Brighton: Harvester Press.
39.
FoucaultM. (1982). Afterword: The subject and power, in DreyfusH., and RabinowP., (eds.) Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 208–226.
40.
FriendJ., and JessopN. (1977). Local Government and Strategic Choice, Oxford: Pergamon.
41.
GolesT., and HirschheimR. (2000). The Paradigm is Dead, the Paradigm is Dead … Long Live the Paradigm: The legacy of Burrell and Morgan, Omega28: 249–268.
42.
GreenhillA. (2001). Managerial Subjectivity and Information Systems: A discussion paper, in Eighth Americas Conference on Information Systems, Boston, pp. 2154–2160.
43.
HabermasJ. (1974). Theory and Practice, London: Heinemann.
44.
HabermasJ. (1978). Knowledge and Human Interests, London: Heinemann.
45.
HabermasJ. (1984). The Theory of Communicative Action Vol. 1: Reason and the Rationalization of Society, London: Heinemann.
46.
HabermasJ. (1987). The Theory of Communicative Action Vol 2. Lifeworld and System: A critique of Functionalist Reason, Oxford: Polity Press.
47.
HarveyL., and MyersM. (1995). Scholarship and Practice: The contribution of ethnographic research methods to bridging the gap, Information Technology and People8: 13–27.
48.
HirschheimR., and KleinH. (1989). Four Paradigms of Information Systems Development, Communications of the ACM32: 1199–1216.
49.
HirschheimR., KleinH., and LyytinenK. (1996). Exploring the Intellectual Foundations of Information Systems, Accounting, Management and Information Technologies2: 1–64.
50.
HonnethA., and JoasH. (eds.) (1991). Communicative Action: Essays on Jurgen Habermas's the theory of communicative action, Cambridge: Polity Press.
51.
IivariJ., HirschheimR., and KleinH. (1998). A Paradigmatic Analysis Contrasting Information Systems Development Approaches and Methodologies, Information Systems Research9: 164–193.
52.
IntronaL. (1997). Management, Information and Power, London: Macmillan.
53.
IntronaL. (2001). Truth and its politics: Evolving regimes of truth at the MISQ, in Critical Information Systems Conference, Salford, pp. 45–55.
54.
JacksonM. (1982). The Nature of Soft Systems Thinking: The work of Churchman, Ackoff, and Checkland, Journal of Applied Systems Analysis9: 17–27.
55.
JacksonM. (1983). The Nature of Soft Systems Thinking: Comment on the three replies, Journal of Applied Systems Analysis10: 109–113.
56.
KleinH., and HuynhM. (2004). The critical social theory of Jurgen Habermas and its implications for IS research, in MingersJ., and WillcocksL., (eds.) Social Theory and Philosophy for Information Systems, Chichester: Wiley.
57.
KleinK., and LyytinenK. (1985). The poverty of scientism in information systems, in MumfordE., HirschheimR., FitzgeraldG., and Wood-HarperT., (eds.) Research Methods in Information Systems, Amsterdam: North-Holland, pp. 131–162.
58.
LandryM., and BanvilleC. (1992). A Disciplined Methodological Pluralism for MIS research, Accounting, Management & Information Technology2: 77–97.
59.
LawsonT. (1997). Economics and Reality, London: Routledge.
60.
LayderD. (1993). New Strategies in Social Research, Cambridge: Polity Press.
61.
LeeA. (1999). Rigour and Relevance in MIS Research: Beyond the approach of positivism alone, MIS Quarterly23: 29–33.
62.
LeeA., LiebenauJ., and DeGrossJ. (eds) (1997). Information Systems and Qualitative Research, London: Chapman-Hall.
63.
LyytinenK. (1992). Information systems and critical theory, in AlvessonM., and WillmottH., (eds.) Critical Management Studies, London: Sage, pp. 159–180.
64.
LyytinenK., and KleinH. (1985). The critical theory of Jurgen Habermas as a basis for a theory of information systems, in MumfordE., HirscheimR., FitzgeraldG., and Wood-HarperT., (eds.) Research Methods in Information Systems, Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 219–236.
65.
LehtinenE., and LyytinenK. (1986). Action Based Model of Information Systems, Information Systems11: 299–317.
66.
LyytinenK., and HirschheimR. (1988). Information Systems as Rational Discourse: An application of Habermas's theory of communicative rationality, Scandinavian Journal of Management Studies4: 19–30.
67.
McCarthyT. (1991). The Critique of Impure Reason: Foucault and the Frankfurt School, in McCarthyT., (ed.) Ideals and Illusions: On Reconstruction and Deconstruction in Contemporary Critical Theory, Massachusets: MIT Press, pp. 43–75.
68.
MidgleyG. (1992). Pluralism and the Legitimation of Systems Science, Systems Practice5: 147–172.
69.
MingersJ. (1980). Towards an Appropriate Social Theory for Applied Systems Thinking: Critical theory and soft systems methodology, Journal of Applied Systems Analysis7: 41–50.
70.
MingersJ. (1984). Subjectivism and Soft Systems Methodology — A Critique, Journal of Applied Systems Analysis11: 85–103.
71.
MingersJ. (1988). Soft Systems Methodology and Information Systems — A Comparison of Conceptual Models and Data Flow Diagrams, Computer Journal31: 376–379.
72.
MingersJ. (1989). Problems of measurement, in JacksonM., KeysP., and CropperS., (eds.) Operational Research and the Social Sciences, New York: Plenum Press, pp. 471–477.
73.
MingersJ. (1992a). Recent Developments in Critical Management Science, Journal of the Operational Research Society43: 1–10.
74.
MingersJ. (1992b). SSM and Information Systems: An overview, Systemist14: 82–88.
75.
MingersJ. (1997a). Multi-Paradigm Multimethodology, in MingersJ., and GillA., (eds.) Multimethodology: Theory and Practice of Combining Management Science Methodologies, Chichester: Wiley, pp. 1–20.
76.
MingersJ. (1997b). Towards critical pluralism, in: MingersJ., and GillA., (eds.) Multimethodology: Theory and Practice of Combining Management Science Methodologies, Chichester: Wiley, pp. 407–440.
77.
MingersJ. (2000a). An Idea Ahead of Its Time: The history and development of soft systems methodology, Systemic Practice and Action Research13: 733–756.
78.
MingersJ. (2000b). What is it to be Critical? Teaching a Critical Approach to Management Undergraduates, Management Learning31: 219–237.
79.
MingersJ. (2001a). Combining IS Research Methods: Towards a pluralist methodology, Information Systems Research12: 240–259.
80.
MingersJ. (2001b). Embodying Information Systems: The contribution of phenomenology, Information and Organization (formerly Accounting, Management and Information Technology) 11: 103–128.
81.
MingersJ. (2002). Real-izing Information Systems: Critical realism as an underpinning philosophy for information systems, in DeGrossJ., (ed.) International Conference on Information Systems, Barcelona: Association of Information Systems, pp. 295–303.
82.
MingersJ. (2003). The Paucity of Multimethod Research: A survey of the IS literature, Information Systems Journal13: 233–249.
83.
MumfordE., HirschheimR., FitzgeraldG., and Wood-HarperT. (eds.) (1985). Research Methods in Information Systems, Amsterdam: North Holland.
84.
MyersD. (1994). Dialectical Hermeneutics: A theoretical framework for the implementation of information systems, Information Systems Journal5: 51–70.
85.
NandhakumarJ., and JonesM. (1997). Too Close for Comfort? Distance and Engagement in Interpretive Information Systems Research, Information Systems Journal7: 109–131.
86.
NgwenyamaO. (1991). The Critical Social Theory Approach to Information Systems: Problems and challenges, in NissenH.-E., KleinH., and HirscheimR., (eds.) Information Systems Research: Contemporary Approaches and Emergent Traditions, Amsterdam: North Holland, pp. 267–280.
87.
NgwenyamaO., and LeeA. (1997). Communication Richness in Electronic Mail: Critical social theory and the contextuality of meaning, MIS Quarterly21: 145–167.
88.
OlsonD., and CarslisleJ. (2001). Hermeneutics in information systems, in Eighth Americas Conference on Information Systems, Boston, pp. 2029–2035.
89.
OrlikowskiW., and BaroudiJ. (1991). Studying Information Technology in Organizations: Research approaches and assumptions, Information Systems Research2: 1–28.
90.
ParkerM., and McHughG. (1991). Five Texts in Search of an Author: A response to John Hassard's ‘Multiple Paradigms and Organizational Analysis’, Organization Studies12: 451–456.
91.
PfefferJ. (1993). Barriers to the Advance of Organizational Science: Paradigm development as a dependent variable, Academy of Management Review18: 599–620.
92.
PrattA. (1995). Putting Critical Realism to Work: The practical implications for geographical research, Progress in Human Geography19: 61–74.
93.
ReedM. (1985). Redirections in Organizational Analysis, London: Tavistock.
94.
RobeyD. (1996). Diversity in Information Systems Research: Threat, promise and responsibility, Information Systems Research7: 400–408.
95.
RobinsonH., HallP., HovendenF., and RachelJ. (1998). Postmodern Software Development, The Computer Journal41: 363–375.
96.
RosenheadJ. (1987). From management science to workers science, in JacksonM., and KeysP., (eds.) New Directions in Management Science, Aldershot: Gower.
97.
RosenheadJ. (1989). Operational Research at the Crossroads: Cecil Gordon and the development of post-war OR, Journal of the Operational Research Society40: 3–28.
98.
SaidE. (1983). The World, the Text, and the Critic, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
99.
Salford (2001). (Re-)Defining Critical Research in Information Systems, Salford: University of Salford.
100.
SayerA. (1992). Method in Social Science, London: Routledge.
101.
SayerA. (2000). Realism and Social Science, London: Sage.
102.
StowellF. (ed.) (1995). Information Systems Provision: The contribution of soft systems methodology, London: McGraw Hill.
103.
ThompsonJ., and HeldD. (eds.) (1982). Habermas: Critical debates, London: MacMillan.
104.
TsangE., and KwanK. (1999). Replication and Theory Development in Organizational Science: A critical realist perspective, Academy of Management Review24: 759–780.
105.
Van MaanenJ. (1995a). Fear and Loathing in Organization Studies, Organization Science6: 687–692.
106.
Van MaanenJ. (1995b). Style as Theory, Organization Science6: 133–143.
107.
WalshamG. (1993). Interpreting Information Systems in Organizations, Chichester: Wiley.
108.
WalshamG. (1995a). The Emergence of Interpretivism in IS Research, Information Systems Research6: 376–394.
109.
WalshamG. (1995b). Interpretive Case Studies in IS Research: Nature and method, European Journal of Information Systems4: 74–81.
110.
WalshamG. (1997). Actor-Network Theory and IS Research: Current status and future prospects, in LeeA., LiebenauJ., and DeGrossJ., (eds.) Information Systems and Qualitative Research, London: Chapman Hall, pp. 466–480.
111.
WillcocksL. (2004). Foucault, power/knowledge and information systems: reconstructing the present, in MingersJ., and WillcocksL., (eds.) Social Theory and Philosophy for Information Systems, Chichester: Wiley.
112.
Wood-HarperT., AntillL., and AvisonD. (1985). Information Systems Definition: The multiview approach, Oxford: Blackwell.
113.
YeungH. (1997). Critical Realism and Realist Research in Human Geography, Progress in Human Geography21: 51–74.
114.
ZuboffS. (1988). In the Age of the Smart Machine: The future of work and power, New York: Basic Books.