Technological development in open-ocean mariculture has opened up the possibility of a new growth industry for Hawai'i, yet its introduction has not been without controversy. Marine aquaculture requires changes in property institutions that govern the ocean space, a key resource for marine aquaculture. This paper examines initial opposition to ocean leasing as a way of under-standing the contradictory technical and societal demands of a technological project. We incorporate insights from agrofood studies that emphasize the importance of building networks if the industry is to succeed within the globalized food systems. We argue that comprehensive and synthetic analysis at the ‘front end’ of a technological project is critical to identify strategic issues that need to be addressed; and that insights from planning literature bring in potential tools for organizing actions to negotiate the tension and to (re)contextualize a technological project such as this.
References
1.
AlgerC, 1988, “Perceiving, analyzing and coping with local–global nexus”International Social Science Journal117321–340.
2.
AnuthaKJohnsonD, 1996, “Aquaculture planning and coastal management in Tasmania”Ocean and Coastal Management33167–192.
3.
BaileyCJentoftSSinclairP (Eds), 1996Aquacultural Development: Social Dimensions of an Emerging Industry (Westview Press, Boulder, CO).
4.
BerryS, 1993No Condition is Permanent: The Social Dynamics of Agrarian Change in Sub-Saharan Africa (University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI).
5.
BuschLJuskaA, 1997, “Beyond political economy: Actor networks and the globalization of agriculture”Review of International Political Economy4688–708.
6.
CastellsM, 1996The Rise of The Network Society (Blackwell, Malden, MA).
7.
Cicin-SainB, 1992Ocean Governance: A New Vision Ocean Governance Study Group, Center for the Study of Marine Policy, Graduate College of Marine Studies, University of Delaware, Newark, DE.
8.
CoxK R, 1997Spaces of Globalization: Reasserting The Power of the Local (Guilford Press, New York).
9.
DeLindL B, 1999, “Close encounters with a CSA: The reflections of a bruised and somewhat wiser anthropologist”Agriculture and Human Values163–9.
10.
De Souza Briggs, 1998, “Doing democracy up-close: Culture, power, and communication in community building”Journal of Planning Education and Research181–13.
ForesterJ, 1989Planning in The Face of Power (University of California Press, Berkeley, CA).
14.
ForesterJ, 1998, “Rationality, dialogue and learning: What community and environmental mediators can teach us about the practice of civil society”, in Cities for Citizens: Planning and the Rise of Civil Society in A Global Age Eds DouglassC MFriedmannJ (John Wiley, Chichester, Sussex) pp 213–253.
15.
FortmannL, 1995, “Talking claims: Discursive strategies in contesting property”World Development231053–1063.
16.
FortmannLBruceJ W (Eds), 1988Whose Trees? Proprietary Dimension of Forestry (Westview Press, Boulder, CO).
17.
FriedlandW HBuschLButtelF HRudyA P (Eds), 1991Toward a New Political Economy of Agriculture (Westview Press, Boulder, CO).
18.
FriedlanderA, 2001, “Hawai'i's coastal fisheries in the new millennium”, paper presented to the Hawai'i Aquatics Conference, Waianae, Hawai'i, 3–4 November; copy available from The Oceanic Institute, Honolulu, HI.
19.
FriedmannH, 1993, “The political economy of food”New Left Review number 19729–57.
20.
GoldburgRTriplettT, 1997Murky Waters: Environmental Effects of Aquaculture in the United States (The Environmental Defense Fund, Washington, DC).
21.
GoldburgR JElliottM SNaylorR L, 2001Marine Aquaculture in the United States: Environmental Impacts and Policy Options (Pew Oceans Commission, Arlington, VA).
22.
GoodmanDSorjBWilkinsonJ, 1987From Farming to Biotechnology: A Theory of Agro-industrial Development (Basil Blackwell, Oxford).
23.
GossJBurchD, 2000, “Agri-food restructuring and the Third World transnationals: Thailand, the CP group and the global shrimp industry”World Development28513–531.
24.
GuthmanJ, 2000, “Raising organic: An agro-ecological assessment of grower practices in California”Agriculture and Human Values17257–266.
HealeyPHillierJ, 1996, “Communicative micropolitics: A Story of claims and discourses”International Planning Studies1165–184.
27.
HendersonJCastellsM, 1987Global Restructuring and Territorial Development (Sage, London).
28.
HibbardMLurieS, 2000, “Saving land but losing ground: Challenges to community planning in the era of participation”Journal of Planning Education and Research20187–195.
29.
HillierJ, 1998, “Beyond confused noise: Ideas toward communicative procedural justice”Journal of Planning Education and Research1814–24.
30.
IijimaC, 2000, “Race over Rice: Binary analytical boxes and a 21st century endorsement of 19th century imperialism in Rice v. Cayetano”Rutgers Law Review5391–125.
31.
InnesJ EBooherD E, 1999, “Consensus building as role playing and bricolage—toward a theory of collaborative planning”Journal of the American Planning Association659–26.
32.
JaroszL, 2000, “Understanding agri-food networks as social relations”Agriculture and Human Values17279–283.
LatourB, 1996Aramis, or the Love of Technology (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA).
35.
LewisN D, 1999, “Poi, pupus, SPAM musubi, and Hawaiian regional cuisine: A Fusion of foods”, in Hawai'i: New Geographies Ed. WoodcockD, Department of Geography, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, pp 95–113.
36.
LowryKAdlerPMilnerN, 1997, “Participating the public: Group process, politics, and planning”Journal of Planning Education and Research16177–187.
37.
McVeyJ P, 1997, “An overview of offshore aquaculture from the National Sea Grant Office viewpoint”, in Open Ocean Aquaculture 97: Charting the Future of Ocean Farming. Proceedings of an International Conference, Maui, Hawaii, April 23–25, 1997 Ed. HelsleyC E, Report UNIHI-SG-CP-98–08, Honolulu/University of Hawaii Sea Grant, pp 15–23.
38.
MarsdenT, 1997, “Creating space for food”, in Globalizing Food: Agrarian Questions and Global Restructuring Eds GoodmanDWattsM (Routledge, New York) pp 169–190.
39.
MarsdenT, 1998, “Agriculture beyond the treadmill? Issues for policy, theory, and research practice”Progress in Human Geography22265–275.
40.
MatthewsEHammondA, 1999Critical Consumption: Trends and Implications (World Resources Institute, Washington, DC).
41.
MeekJ, 2001, “A leap in the dark: How safe is farmed salmon?”, special report: What's wrong with our food? The Guardian 5 January.
42.
MillarC, 1996, “The Shetland way: Morality in a resource regime”Coastal Management24195–216.
43.
MurakamiA, 1991, “Konohiki fishing rights and marine resources”, in Native Hawaiian Rights Handbook Ed. MacKenzieM K, Native Hawaiian Legal Corporation, Office of Hawaiian Affairs (distributed by University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu, HI) pp 173–195.
44.
National Research Council, 1978Aquaculture in the United States: Constraints and Opportunities (National Academy Press, Washington, DC).
45.
New Internationalist2000, “This month's theme: fishy business”, July, pages 9–13.
46.
PetrocciC, 1999, “Norwegian salmon is #1 as export”Aquaculture Magazine2512–15.
47.
PhyneJ G, 1996, “Balancing social equity and environmental integrity in Ireland's salmon farming industry.”Society and Natural Resources9281–293.
48.
RieserA, 1997, “Defining the federal role in offshore aquaculture: Should it feature delegation to the states?”Ocean and Coastal Law Journal2209–223.
49.
RobertsonR ALindsayB EGardoquiD M, 1996, “ ‘Scoping’ the potential social impacts of open ocean aquaculture”, in Open Ocean Aquaculture: Proceedings of an International Conference, Portland, Maine Ed. PolkM, report UNHMP-CP-SG-96–9, New Hampshire/Maine Sea Grant College Program, pp 337–362.
50.
RocheleauDEdmundsD, 1997, “Women, men and trees: Gender, power and property in forest and agrarian landscapes”World Development251351–1371.
51.
RoseC M, 1994Property and Persuasion: Essays on the History, Theory, and Rhetoric of Ownership (Westview Press, Boulder, CO).
52.
RossH, 1999, “New ethos—new solutions: Indigenous negotiation of co-operative environmental management agreements in Washington State”Australian Indigenous Law Reporter 4http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AILR/1999/16.html.
53.
SchlagerEOstromE, 1992, “Property rights regimes and natural resources: A Conceptual analysis”Land Economics68249–262.
54.
SchönD AReinM, 1994Frame Reflection: Toward the Resolution of Intractable Policy Controversies (Basic Books, New York).
55.
SchroederRSuryanataK, 1996, “Gender and class power in agroforestry”, in Liberation Ecologies: Environment, Development, Social Movements Eds PeetRWattsM (Routledge, London) pp 188–204.
56.
ScloveR, 1995Democracy and Technology (Guilford Press, New York).
57.
SingletonS, 1998Constructing Cooperation: The Evolution of Institutions of Comanagement (University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, MI).
58.
State of Hawai'i, 2000State of Hawai'i Data Book (Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism, Honolulu, HI).
59.
StephensF, 2000, “Seafood solution: A Chef's guide to ecologically responsible fish procurement”, booklet, Chefs Collaborative in partnership with Environmental Defense Fund, WalthamM ASuryanataK, 2000, “Products from paradise: the social construction of Hawai'i crops” Agriculture and Human Values 17181–189.
60.
SuryanataK, 2002, “Diversified agriculture, land use and agro-food networks in Hawai'i”Economic Geography7871–86.
61.
SwyngedouwE, 1989, “The heart of the place”Geografiska Annaler Series B7131–42.
62.
UmemotoKDonohoMEllisAGarcia-SantiagoOHenriquesTJulioNKimDMcKeagueKMillsKMitchellCNasritdinovEPrasaiSTakahashiKWongT, 2000A Feasibility Study on Open Ocean Aquaculture for Moi Production report prepared for Ho'omau ke Ola, PLAN 610, Department of Urban Regional Planning, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI.
63.
WattsM, 1997, “Mapping meaning, denoting difference, imagining identity: Dialectical images and postmodern geographies”, in Reading Human Geography: The Poetics and Politics of Inquiry Eds BarnesTGregoryD (Arnold, London) pp 489–502.
64.
WhatmoreSThorneL, 1997, “Nourishing networks: Alternative geographies of food”, in Globalising Food: Agrarian Questions and Global Restructuring Eds GoodmanDWattsM (Routledge, London) pp 287–304.
65.
World Resources Institute, 2000World Resources 2000–2001: People and Ecosystems, the Fraying Web of Life (World Resources Institute, Washington, DC).
66.
WybanC A, 1992Tide and Current: Fishponds of Hawai'i (University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu, HI).
