We aim to identify the implications of corporate citizenship in general, and of collaboration between public and private actors in particular, for the development of cities. We analyse the changing behaviour of proactive firms in the field of community involvement, the spatial dimension of corporate citizenship, the added value of cross-sector partnerships, and the barriers to partnerships. We conclude that the trend of corporate community involvement provides new opportunities for the development of partnerships between proactive corporate citizens, city government, and other (public or private) organisations. However, the results suggest that the actual number of such partnerships is lower than expected. This lack of partnerships can be explained by looking at the internal organisation of companies and their potential partners, and the barriers in the coalition-forming process itself.
References
1.
AckermanR W, 1975The Social Challenge to Business (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA).
2.
AustinJ E, 2000The Collaboration Challenge: How Non-profits and Businesses Succeed Through Strategic Alliances (Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA).
3.
BennettR JKrebsG, 1991Local Economic Development: Public-Private Partnership Initiatives in Britain and Germany (Belhaven Press, London).
4.
Boeing, 2000Citizenship ReportBoeing, Seattle, WA 98124.
5.
BorysBJemisonD B, 1989, “Hybrid arrangements as strategic alliances: Theoretical issues in organizational combinations”Academy of Management Review14234–249.
6.
BoudhanBVonkINelissenF, 1996Maatschappelijk Ondernemen: Dienen en verdienen [Social entrepreneurship: Serving and earning], SMO-96-5, Stichting Maatschappij en Onderneming, The Hague.
BowieN, 1991, “New directions in social responsibility”Business Horizons34(4) 56–65.
9.
BrooksHLiebmanLSchellingC S, 1984Public-Private Partnership: New Opportunities for Meeting Social Needs (Ballinger, Cambridge, MA).
10.
BrysonJCrosbyB, 1992Leadership for the Common Good: Tackling Public Problems in a Shared Power World (Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA).
11.
BurkeE M, 1999Corporate Community Relations: The Principle of the Neighbor of Choice (Quorum Books, Westport, CT).
12.
Business in the Community Yorkshire and Humber, 2000Leeds Cares for the Community by the CommunityBusiness in the Community Yorkshire and Humber, Kingswood House, 80 Richardshaw Lane, Pudsey, Leeds LS28 6BN.
13.
CahnA, 1999PPPs Risk Management for Big Transport ProjectsSpanish Ministry of Civil Works and The Spanish Railway Foundation, Santa Isabel 44, 28012 Madrid.
14.
CarrollA B, 1979, “A three dimensional conceptual model of corporate social performance”Academy of Management Review4497–505.
15.
CastellsM, 1983The City and The Grassroots: A Cross-cultural Theory of Urban Social Movements (University of California Press, Berkeley, CA).
16.
Chatham House, 1996Forum Report: Unsettled TimesRoyal Institute of International Affairs, Chatham House, 10 St James's Square, London SW1Y 4LE.
17.
ChinitzB, 1974, “Regional development”, inSocial Responsibilities and the Business Predicament Ed. McKieJ K, (The Brookings Institution, Washington DC) pp 247–273.
18.
Citigroup, 2001Building Better Communities with People Around the WorldCitigroup, 601 Lexington Avenue, New York.
19.
Committee for Economic Development, 1971Social Responsibilities of Business CorporationsCommittee for Economic Development, 2000 L Street NW, Suite 700, Washington, DC 20036.
20.
DavisK, 1960, “Can business afford to ignore social responsibilities?”California Management Review270–76.
21.
DETR, 2001Local Strategic Partnerships: Government GuidanceDepartment of the Environment, Transport and the Regions, Eland House, Brassenden Place, London SW1E 5DU.
22.
De WaalS P M, 2000Nieuwe strategieën voor het publieke domein; maatschappelijk ondernemen in de praktijk [New strategies for the public domain: Social entrepreneurship in practice] (Samson, Alphen aan den Rijn).
23.
Diageo, 2001Corporate Citizenship 2001 GuideDiageo, Park Royal Brewery, Park Royal, London NW10 7RR.
EilbertHParketI R, 1973, “The current status of corporate social responsibility”Business Horizons165–14.
26.
ElkingtonJ, 1997Cannibals With Forks: The Triple Bottom Line of 21st Century Business (Capstone, Oxford).
27.
FreemanR E, 1984Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach (Pitman, London).
28.
FriedmanM, 1962Capitalism and Freedom (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL).
29.
GoyderM, 1998Living Tomorrow's Company (Gower, Aldershot, Hants).
30.
GriblingMVan VlietMGoF, 1999, “Ondernemend besturen: Publiek-private samenwerking bij toeristische flagship projecten” [Entrepreneurial governance: Public-private partnerships in flagship projects of the tourist industry], management report 26–1999, Erasmus University, Rotterdam.
31.
HentonDMelvilleJWaleshK, 1997Grassroots Leaders for a New Economy: How Civic Entrepreneurs are Building Prosperous Communities (Jossey-Boss, San Francisco, CA).
32.
ICLEI, 1991Instructions for a Sustainable Futurefinal report of the UNCED Local Government Honours Programme, International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives, City Hall, West Tower 16th floor, 100 Queen Street, West Toronto, Ontario M5H 2N2.
33.
JensenM, 1988, “Takeovers: Their causes and consequences”Journal of Economic Perspectives2(1) 21–44.
34.
KanterR M, 1999, “From spare change to real change”Harvard Business Review73(3) 122–132.
35.
Karake-ShalhoubZ A, 1999Organizational Downsizing, Discrimination, and Corporate Social Responsibility (Quorum Books, Westport, CT).
36.
KlijnE-HTeismanG R, 2000, “Appearances of public private partnerships; PPP as governance arrangement and the management problems”, paper presented to the International Research Seminar on Public Management, Rotterdam; copy available from the authors, Erasmus University, Rotterdam.
37.
KouwenhovenV P, 1991Publiek-Private Samenwerking: Mode of Model? [Public-private cooperation: Fashion or model?] (Eburon, Delft).
38.
LevittT, 1958, “The dangers of social responsibility”Harvard Business Review36(5) 41–50.
39.
LoganDTuffreyM, 1999Companies in Communities: Valuing the ContributionThe Corporate Citizenship Company, Charities Aid Foundation, Kings Hill, West Malling, Kent, ME19 4TA.
40.
LoganDTuffreyM, 2000Companies in Communities: Assessing the ImpactThe Corporate Citizenship Company, Charities Aid Foundation, Kings Hill, West Malling, Kent, ME19 4TA.
41.
LoganJMolotchH L, 1987Urban Fortunes: The Political Economy of Place (University of California Press, Berkeley, CA).
42.
London Development Agency, 2001Success Through Diversity: London's Economic Development StrategyLondon Development Agency, Devon House, 58–60 St Katharine's Way, London E1W 1JX.
43.
McKieJ W, (Ed.), 1974Social Responsibilities and the Business Predicament (The Brookings Institution, Washington DC).
44.
McWilhamsASiegelD, 2001, “Corporate social responsibility: A theory of the firm perspective”Academy of Management Review26(1) 117–127.
45.
MillerC, 1998, “Partners in regeneration: Constructing a local regime for urban management?”Policy and Politics27343–358.
46.
MutzG, 1999, “Strukturen einer neuen Arbeitsgesellschaft; der Zwang zur Gestaltung der Zeit” [Structures of a new labour society; the pressure to design the time]Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte B 9/99, Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, Munich.
47.
PorterM E, 1985Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance (Free Press, New York).
48.
PostJ ELawrenceA TWeberJ, 1999Business and Society: Corporate Strategy, Public Policy, Ethics (Irwin/McGraw-Hill, New York).
The Bank of New York, 2001Strengthening Communities Through PartnershipsThe Bank of New York, New York.
52.
Van den BergLBraunEVander Meer J, 1997Metropolitan Organising Capacity: Experiences with Organising Major Projects in European Cities (Ashgate, Aldershot, Hants).
53.
Van den BergLBraunEOtgaarA H J, 2000City and Enterprise: Corporate Social Responsibility in European and US CitiesEuropean Institute for Comparative Urban Research, Rotterdam.
54.
Van den BergLBraunEOtgaarA H J, 2002City and Enterprise: From Common Interests to Joint InitiativesEuropean Institute for Comparative Urban Research, Rotterdam.
55.
World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987Our Common Future (Oxford University Press, Oxford).
