The relationship between ethnic minority identity and global self-esteem continues to
be an important topic. In two studies among Turkish and Dutch early adolescents in
The Netherlands, it was found that both groups did not differ in global self-esteem.
However, the Turks indicated more positive ethnic self-esteem than the Dutch and
they more strongly endorsed family integrity as an individual tendency towards
collectivism. In addition, ethnic self-esteem was found to have a stronger positive
relation with global self-esteem among Turkish than Dutch participants. Further,
only among the Turks was family integrity positively related to ethnic self-esteem
and global self-esteem. Both the esteem derived from ethnic group membership as well
as family integrity contributed independently to global personal self-esteem among
the Turks. Among both ethnic groups boys had a more positive global (two studies)
and ethnic self-esteem (one study) than girls.
References
1.
Adam, B.D.
(1978).
Inferiorization and “self-esteem’
. Social Psychology, 41,
47-53
.
2.
Bagley, C.
(1979). Self-esteem as a pivotal concept in race and
ethnic relations. In
C. Bagley-Marrett
&
C. Leggon
(Eds.), Research in race and ethnic relations (Vol. 1, pp.
127-167).
Greenwich, CT: JAI
.
3.
Bagley, C.
,
Verma, G.H.
, &
Mallick, K.
(1983). The comparative structure of self-esteem in
British and Indian adolescents. In
G.K. Verma
&
C. Bagley
(Eds.), Self-concept, Achievement and Multicultural Education (pp.
212-226).
London: Macmillan
.
4.
Banaji, M.R.
, &
Prentice, D.A.
(1994).
The self in social contexts
. Annual Review of Psychology, 45,
297-332
.
5.
Barnes, E.J.
(1980). The Black community as a source of positive
self-concept for Black children: A theoretical perspective. In
R. Jones
(Ed.), Black psychology (pp. 123-147).
New York: Harper & Row
.
6.
Baron, R.M.
, &
Kenny, D.A.
(1986).
The moderator-mediato r variable distinction in social psychological
research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations
. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51,
1173-1182
.
7.
Barth, F.
(Ed.) (1969). Ethnic groups and boundaries: The social
organisation of culture differences.
London: Allen & Unwin
.
8.
Bat-Chava, Y.
, &
Steen, E.M.
(1997). Ethnic identity and self-esteem: A meta-analytic
review. Unpublished manuscript.
New York State University
.
9.
Benson, J.
, &
Hocevar, D.
(1985).
The impact of item phrasing on the validity of attitude scales for
elementary school children
. Journal of Educational Measurement, 22,
231-240
.
10.
Bettencourt, B.A.
, &
Dorr, N.
(1997).
Collective self-esteem as a mediator of the relationship between
allocentrism and subjective well-being
. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23,
955-964
.
11.
Branscombe, N.R.
,
Schmitt, M.T.
, &
Harvey, R.D.
(1999).
Perceiving pervasive discrimination among African Americans: Implications
for group identification and well-being
. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77,
135-149
.
12.
Brewer, M.B.
(1991).
The social self: On being the same and different at the same time
. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17,
475-482
.
13.
Burns, R.
(1982). Self-concept, Development and Education.
London: Holt, Rinehart & Winston
.
14.
Byrne, B.M.
, &
Shavelson, R.J.
(1996).
On the structure of social self-concept for pre-, early, and late
adolescents: A test of the Shavelson, Hubner, and Stanton (1976) model
. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70,
599-613
.
15.
Coleman, J.C.
, &
Hendry, L.
(1990). The nature of adolescence.
London: Routledge
.
16.
Crocker, J.
, &
Luhtanen, R.
(1990).
Collective self-esteem and ingroup bias
. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58,
60-67
.
17.
Crocker, J.
, &
Major, B.
(1989).
Social stigma and self-esteem: The self-protective properties of stigma
. Psychological Review, 96,
608-630
.
18.
Cross, W.E., Jr.
(1991). Shades of black: Diversity in African-American
identity.
Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press
.
19.
Demo, D.H.
, &
Hughes, M.
(1990).
Socialization and racial identity among Black Americans
. Social Psychology Quarterly, 53,
364-374
.
20.
Driver, G.
(1983). Ethnicity and cultural competence: Aspects of
interaction in multiracial classrooms. In
G.K. Verma
&
C. Bagley
(Eds.), Self-concept, achievement and multicultural education (pp.
70-79).
London: Macmillan
.
21.
Ethier, K.A.
, &
Deaux, K.
(1994).
Negotiating social identity when contexts change: Maintaining
identification and responding to threat
. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67,
243-251
.
22.
Fleming, J.S.
, &
Courtney, B.E.
(1984).
The dimensionality of self-esteem: A II hierarchical factor model for
revised measurement scales
. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46,
404-421
.
23.
Garza, R.T.
, &
Herringer, L.G.
(1987).
Social identity: A multidimensional approach
. Journal of Social Psychology, 127,
299-308
.
24.
Greenwald, A.G.
,
Bellezza, F.S.
, &
Banaji, M.R.
(1988).
Is self-esteem a central ingredient of the self-concept?Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 14,
34-45
.
25.
Hagendoorn, L.
(1995). Intergroup bias in multiple group systems: The
perception of ethnic hierarchies. In
W.S. Stroebe
&
M. Hewstone
(Eds.), European review of social psychology (pp.
199-228).
London: Wiley
.
26.
Harter, S.
(1982).
The perceived competence scale for children
. Child Development, 53,
87-97
.
27.
Harter, S.
(1993). Causes and consequences of low self-esteem in
children and adolescents. In
R.F. Baumeister
(Ed.), Self-esteem: The puzzle of low self-regard (pp.
87-116).
New York: Plenum
.
28.
Harter, S.
(1998). The development of self-presentations. In
W. Damon
&
N. Eisenberg
(Eds.), Handbook of Child Psychology (Vol. 3, pp
553-617).
New York: Wiley
.
29.
Hines, P.
, &
Berg-Cross, L.
(1981).
Racial difference in global self-esteem
. Journal of Social Psychology, 113,
271-281
.
30.
Hoelter, J.W.
(1983).
Factorial invariance and self-esteem: reassessing race and sex differences
. Social Forces, 61,
834-846
.
31.
Hoelter, J.W.
(1986).
The relationship between specific and global evaluations of self: A
comparison of several models
. Social Psychology Quarterly, 49,
129-141
.
32.
Hofstede, G.
(1980). Culture’s consequences: International
differences in work-related values.
London: Sage
.
33.
Hughes, M.
, &
Demo, D.H.
(1989).
Self-perceptions of Black Americans: Self-esteem and personal efficacy
. American Journal of Sociology, 95,
132-159
.
34.
Hutnik, N.
(1991). Ethnic minority identity.
Oxford, UK: Clarendon
.
35.
Jahoda, M.
(1958). Current concepts of positive mental health.
New York: Basic Books
.
36.
Kaplan, H.B.
(1982). Prevalence of the self-esteem motive. In
M. Rosenberg
&
H.B. Kaplan
(Eds.), Social psychology of the self-concept (pp.
139-151).
Arlington Heights, IL: Harlon Davidson
.
37.
Kardiner, A.
, &
Ovesey, L.
(1951). The mark of oppression.
New York: Norton
.
38.
Kenny, D.A.
, &
Judd, C.M.
(1984).
Estimating the nonlinear and interactive effects of latent variables
. Psychological Bulletin, 96,
201-210
.
Longford, N.T.
(1993). VARCL, Software of variance component analysis of
data with nested random effects (maximum likelihood).
Groningen, The Netherlands: ProGramma
.
41.
Louden, D.M.
(1981).
A comparative study of self-concepts among minority and majority group
adolescents in English multi-racial schools
. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 4,
153-174
.
42.
Luhtanen, R.
, &
Crocker, J.
(1992).
A collective self-esteem scale: self-evaluation of one’s social identity
. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18,
302-318
.
43.
Marsh, H.W.
(1986).
The bias of negatively worded items in rating scales for young children: A
cognitive-developmental phenomenon
. Developmental Psychology, 22,
37-49
.
44.
Marsh, H.W.
(1996).
Positive and negative global self-esteem: A substantively meaningful
distinction or artifactors?Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70,
810-819
.
McCarthy, J.D.
, &
Yancey, W.C.
(1971).
Uncle Tom and Mr Charlie: metaphysical pathos in the study of racism and
personal disorganization
. American Journal of Sociology, 76,
648-672
.
47.
Nagel, J.
(1994).
Constructing ethnicity: Recreating ethnic identity and culture
. Social Problems, 41,
152-176
.
48.
Pallas, A.M.
,
Entwisle, D.R.
,
Alexander, K.K.
, &
Weinstein, P.
(1990).
Social structure and the development of self-esteem in young children
. Social Psychology Quarterly, 53,
302-315
.
49.
Pettigrew, T.F.
(1978).
Placing Adam’s argument in a broader perspective: Comment on Adam paper
. Social Psychology, 41,
58-61
.
50.
Phalet, K.
, &
Hagendoorn, L.
(1996).
Personal adjustment to acculturative transitions: Turkish experience
. International Journal of Psychology, 31,
131-144
.
51.
Phinney, J.
(1989).
Stages of ethnic identity in minority group adolescents
. Journal of Early Adolescence, 9,
34-49
.
52.
Phinney, J.S.
(1990).
Ethnic identity in adolescents and adults: A review of research
. Psychological Bulletin, 108,
499-514
.
53.
Phinney, J.S.
(1991).
Ethnic identity and self-esteem: A review and integration
. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 13,
193-208
.
54.
Phinney, J.S.
(1992).
The multigroup ethnic identity measure: A new scale for use with diverse groups
. Journal of Adolescent Research, 7,
156-176
.
55.
Phinney, J.S.
, &
Rotheram, M.J.
(1987). Children’s ethnic socialization: Themes
and implications. In
J.S. Phinney
&
M.J. Rotheram
(Eds.), Children’s ethnic socialization: Pluralism and
development (pp. 274-292).
Newbury Park: Sage
.
56.
Porter, J.R.
, &
Washington, R.E.
(1979).
Black identity and self-esteem: A review of studies of black self-concept, 1968-1978
. Annual Review of Sociology, 5,
53-74
.
57.
Porter, J.R.
, &
Washington, R.E.
(1993).
Minority identity and self-esteem
. Annual Review of Sociology, 19,
139-161
.
58.
Rosenberg, M.
(1965). Society and the adolescent self-image.
Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
.
59.
Rosenberg, M.
(1979). Conceiving the self.
New York: Basic Books
.
60.
Rosenberg, M.
(1985). Self-concept and psychological well-being in
adolescence. In
R.L. Leaky
(Ed.), The development of the self (pp.
205-246).
New York: Academic Press
.
61.
Rosenberg, M.
(1986). Self-concept from middle childhood through
adolescence. In
J. Suls
&
A.G. Greenwood
(Eds.), Psychological perspectives on the self (pp.
107-136).
Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
.
62.
Rosenthal, D.A.
, &
Feldman, S.S.
(1992).
The nature and stability of ethnic identity in Chinese youth
. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 23,
214-227
.
63.
Rotheram-Borus, M.J.
(1990).
Adolescents’ reference-group choice, self-esteem and adjustment
. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59,
1075-1081
.
64.
Rowley, S.J.
,
Sellers, R.M.
,
Chavous, T.M.
, &
Smith, M.A.
(1998).
The relationship between racial identity and self-esteem in African
American college and high school students
. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74,
715-724
.
65.
Scott, W.A.
,
Scott, R.
, &
McCabe, M.
(1991).
Family relationships and children’s personality: A
cross-cultural, cross-source comparison
. British Journal of Social Psychology, 30,
1-20
.
66.
Simmons, R.G.
(1978).
Blacks and high self-esteem: A puzzle
. Social Psychology, 41,
54-57
.
67.
Simmons, R.G.
, &
Blyth, D.A.
(1987). Moving into adolescence.
New York: Aldine de Gruyter
.
68.
Simmons, R.G.
,
Blyth, D.A.
,
Van Cleave, E.F.
, &
Bush, D.M.
(1979).
Entry into early adolescence: The impact of schoolstructure, puberty, and
early dating on self-esteem
. American Sociological Review, 44,
948-967
.
69.
Sinha, J.B.P.
, &
Verma, J.
(1994). Social support as a moderator of the relationship
between allocentrism and psychological well-being. In
U. Kim
,
H.C. Triandis
,
C. Kagitcibasi
, &
G. Yoon
(Eds.), Individualism and collectivism (pp.
267-275).
London: Sage
.
70.
Tajfel, H.
(1981). Human groups and social categories.
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
.
71.
Tajfel, H.
, &
Turner, J.C.
(1986). The social identity theory of intergroup
behavior. In
S. Worchel
&
W.G. Austin
(Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (pp.
7-24).
Chicago, IL: Nelson-Hall
.
72.
Taylor, S.E.
, &
Brown, J.
(1988).
Illusion and well-being: Some social psychological contributions to a
theory of mental health
. Psychological Bulletin, 103,
193-210
.
Triandis, H.C.
(1994). Theoretical and methodological approaches to the
study of collectivism and individualism. In
U. Kim
,
H.C. Triandis
,
C. Kagitcibasi
, &
G. Yoon
(Eds.), Individualism and collectivism (pp.
41-51).
London: Sage
.
75.
Triandis, H.C.
,
Leung, K.
,
Villareal, M.
, &
Clack, F.
(1985).
Allocentric vs. idiocentric tendencies: Convergent and discriminant validation
. Journal of Research in Personality, 19,
395-415
.
76.
Triandis, H.C.
,
McCusker, C.
,
Betancourt, H.
,
Iwao, S.
,
Leung, K.
,
Salazar, J.M.
,
Setiadi, B.
,
Sinha, J.B.P.
,
Touzard, H.
, &
Zaleski, Z.
(1993).
An eticemic analysis of individualism and collectivism
. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 24,
366-383
.
77.
Triandis, H.C.
,
McCusker, C.
, &
Hui, C.H.
(1990).
Multimethod probes of individualism and collectivism
. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59,
1006-1020
.
78.
Veenhoven, R.
(1984). Conditions of happiness.
Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Reidel
.
79.
Verkuyten, M.
(1988a).
General self-esteem of adolescents from ethnic minorities in the
Netherlands and the reflected appraisal process
. Adolescence, 23,
863-871
.
80.
Verkuyten, M.
(1988b). Zelbeleving en identiteit van jongeren uit etnische
minderheden [Self-concept and identity among ethnic minority youth].
Arnhem, The Netherlands: Gouda Quint
.
81.
Verkuyten, M.
(1990).
Self-esteem and the evaluation of ethnic identity among Turkish and Dutch
adolescents in the Netherlands
. Journal of Social Psychology, 130,
285-297
.
82.
Verkuyten, M.
(1994).
Self-esteem among ethnic minority youth in western countries
. Social Indicators Research, 32,
21-47
.
83.
Verkuyten, M.
(1995).
Self-esteem, self-concept stability and aspects of ethnic identity among
minority and majority youth in the Netherlands
. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 24,
155-175
.
84.
Verkuyten, M.
, &
Kwa, G.A.
(1994).
Ethnic self-identification and psychological well-being among minority
youth in the Netherlands
. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth,
25,
19-34
.
85.
Verkuyten, M.
, &
Lay, C.
(1998).
Ethnic minority identity and psychological well-being: The mediating role
of collective self-esteem
. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28,
1969-1986
.
86.
Vries, M. de
(1987). Ogen in je rug: Turkse meisjes en jonge vrouwen in
Nederland [Eyes in your back: Turkish girls and young women in the
Netherlands].
Alphen aan den Rijn: Samson
.
87.
Watkins, D.
(1989).
The role of confirmatory factor analysis in cross-cultural research
. International Journal of Psychology, 24,
685-701
.
88.
Watkins, D.
,
Lam, M.K.
, &
Regmi, M.
(1991).
Cross-cultural assessment of self-esteem: a Nepalese investigation
. Psychologica, 34,
98-108
.
89.
Wells, L.E.
, &
Marwell, G.
(1976). Self-esteem: Its conceptualization and
measurement.
London: Sage
.
90.
Wylie, R.C.
(1979). The self-concept (Vol. 12).
Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press
.
