Toxicogenomics represents the merging of toxicology with technologies that have been
developed, together with bioinformatics, to identify and quantify global gene
expression changes. It represents a new paradigm in drug development and risk
assessment, which promises to generate a wealth of information towards an increased
understanding of the molecular mechanisms that lead to drug toxicity and efficacy,
and of DNA polymorphisms responsible for individual susceptibility to toxicity. Gene
expression profiling, through the use of DNA microarray and proteomic technologies
will aid in establishing links between expression profiles, mode of action and
traditional toxic endpoints. Such patterns of gene expression, or `molecular
fingerprints' could be used as diagnostic or predictive markers of exposure, that is
characteristic of a specific mechanism of induction of that toxic or efficacious
effect. It is anticipated that toxicogenomics will be increasingly integrated into
all phases of the drug development process particularly in mechanistic and predictive
toxicology, and biomarker discovery. This review provides an overview of the
expression profiling technologies applied in toxicogenomics, and discusses the
promises as well as the future challenges of applying this discipline to the drug
development process.
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