Abstract
academic publics 102, 104
Adorno, T. 39
aesthetic judgements 93
agreement 39, 40
Always, J. 31, 41
anonymity 138
answerability 32, 34
anti-corporatism 113, 117–19, 127
Arato, A. 13–14
artistic public 96, 102
autonomy 37, 72, 78
of fields 94, 96, 98
Bachelard, G. 93
Bakhtin, Mikhail 18, 20, 30, 45, 52, 53
ethics of personalism 32–4
everyday life 19, 32, 33, 42
language use 36–40, 53–8, 60–1
Bakhtin Circle 18, 22, 67–71, 73–6
Baum, B. 73
Benhabib, S. 29, 89
Bentham, Jeremy 76
Bourdieu, Pierre 22, 88, 94, 104–5
class habitus 104–5
and doxa 99–102
and Heidegger 97–9
rationality 91–6
bourgeois public sphere 2–5, 11, 28–9, 157–8
criticism of Habermas' view 11–12
Calhoun, C. 50, 51, 159
capital-labour conflicts 113, 114–15, 121, 123–7
capitalism 85, 116–17, 163, 165
global 165
liberal 58–9, 60, 64
and modernization 120
carnivalesque 18–19, 38–9, 42, 61
censorship 4, 137, 141
Certeau, M. de 37
Chartism 22, 77, 79, 82
Mill and 73–5
citizenship 152–3
civil society 13, 63, 160, 168
Internet and 141, 144–5, 151
state and 83–4, 169
transnational 138–9, 146, 156, 167–70
clarity of speech 19, 35–6, 37
coffee houses, as locus of literary debate 3–4, 157
Cohen, J. 13–14, 150
collision of opinions 72, 76
colonization 35, 121, 125–7
Bourdieu and 88, 96–7
economic 117–19
internal 115, 116–17, 128
and new social movements 9–10, 23, 113, 114–17
common interest 14, 15, 28, 43
communication 11, 14, 172
computer-mediated 131–2, 134–5, 137–8, 143
habitus and 108–9
mediated 142–3
public 134, 135
systematically distorted 88–90, 96–7, 101, 102, 108–9
technologies of 133–9
communicative action 51, 52, 95, 97, 158 communicative rationality 7, 11, 30, 35, 42
Bourdieu and 91–6
norms of 93–4
community 166
Community Unionism 122–3
computer-mediated communication 131–2, 134–5, 137–8, 143
see also Internet
control 142
cosmopolitan democracy 152, 167–8, 170, 171–2
counterpublics 29, 44, 166
feminist 160
Internet used to construct 144
critical theory 22, 43, 89, 90, 109, 164
criticism 153
Crook, S. 40–1
Crossley, N. 45n, 117, 119
cultural capital 102
culture 44, 61–2
and deliberative democracy 147, 153
political 17
see also popular culture
cyberspace, as public sphere 132, 137–8, 151
debate 28, 79, 91
Bourdieu and 99–100
see also political debate
definitions of public sphere 50
deliberative democracy 29, 43, 149–50, 152
culture and 147, 153
European Union and 149–50
democracy 50, 95, 146–7
cosmopolitan 152, 167–8, 170, 171–2
electronic 131, 132, 151
Habermas and 169
populist 50
transnational 147–51, 152
democratic public sphere 148
necessary conditions for 133–4
state and 137
dialogue 20–1, 31–2, 133–9
Bakhtin and 19, 36–7, 39, 40, 42, 62
Bakhtin Circle and 67–71
public spaces for 70–1, 82, 133, 135–6
discourse 56, 57, 160
contestation and 14, 44
cultural 61–2
see also public discourse
discourse ethics 7, 39, 63
Habermas and 7, 18, 19, 51, 89
discursive will formation 28, 31
dispersed public sphere 139, 146–7
distortions in communication 88–90, 96, 97, 102, 108–9
dogmatism 39, 73, 80
double-voicedness 18, 20–1, 54–5, 59
doxa 100–2, 109
Dryzek, J. S. 169
‘dumbing down’ 5, 6, 11, 96
Durkheim, E. 95
economic and political systems 7–8, 9–10, 116
see also system
education 83
and anti-corporatism 118
electronic democracy 131, 132, 151
Emirbayer, M. 16
Enzensberger, H. M. 62
ethics 19, 31–2, 42
and intersubjectivity 19, 30–5
Mill and 82–3
see also discourse ethics; morality
European Union 149–50, 151
everyday life 31–2, 33, 41–2
Bakhtin and 19, 32, 33, 42
see also lifeworld
fallibility of opinions 71–2, 75
feminist public sphere 24, 43, 160–1, 163–72
fields
autonomy of 94, 96, 98
rationality of 94–5, 96
firefighters' dispute 123–7
fluidity of public sphere 17, 20, 51
Foucault, M. 15–16, 29, 43
Fraser, N. 14–15, 29, 160, 161, 162, 163–5, 168
free speech 28
Mill and 21, 67, 71–3, 78, 84, 85
functional rationality 115–16, 120
Garnham, N. 159
Garvey, T. G. 35
gender identity 163, 172
Giddens, A. 44
globalization 17, 23, 147
good society 31–2
Habermas, Jurgen 58–9, 162
Between Facts and Norms 10, 49, 52
bourgeois public sphere 2–5, 11, 28–9
cosmopolitan democracy 167–8
criticism of 10–17
discourse ethics 7, 18, 19, 51, 89
distorted communication 89–90
Knowledge and Human Interests 89
language use 35–6, 37, 39, 62, 158
Legitimation Crisis 8
Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action 31
new social movements 113, 114–17, 119, 126
The Postnational Constellation 167, 168–9
rationality 49, 50, 92, 93, 119–20
The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere 1–2, 6, 10, 20, 28–9, 49–51, 156, 157–9
The Theory of Communicative Action 7, 8–9, 9–10, 40
habitus 97, 104–5, 108–9
Hansen, M. 166
happiness principle 76
Heidegger, M. 97–9
Heller, A. 34
heteroglossia 38, 56, 57, 69–70, 70–2
Chartism and 82
popular culture and 79
higher pleasures 21, 67, 71, 79, 83, 84
history 93–4, 101
home 3, 163
Honneth, A. 120
human nature 71, 75
ideal speech 35, 36, 40, 120, 158
individuals, relationship to state 4, 5, 8
institutions 16, 146, 147, 152–3, 159
deliberative 149, 150–1
interest groups 5, 101
see also common interest interest in disinterest 92, 94, 101
Internet-mediated 99–100
intermediaries 141–2, 143–4
Internet 23, 131, 132, 135, 146, 171
as public sphere 139–45, 152–3, 156–7
intersubjectivity 19, 30–5
Jameson, F. 171–2
journalism 96
journals 4
justice 64, 110
Kant, I. 7, 32, 92, 93
Keane, J. 11, 169
Klein, N. 117–18
Kluge, A. 156
Knodler-Bunte, E. 126
Kosik, K. 41–2
Kymlicka, W. 147, 152
Labour Movement 114–15, 122–7, 128
laissez faire 84
language 51, 55, 56–7, 93, 147
Bakhtin and 36–40, 53–8, 60–1
Habermas and 35–6, 37, 39, 158
in novels 20–1, 53–4
weakness of ordinary language 61–2
Lara, M. P. 167
late-modern school 13–14
Latin 57
law 63–4
legitimation 8–9
Lessing, L. 140
liberal public sphere 15, 22
Mill and 81, 84, 85
liberty of thought and discussion (Mill) 21–2, 71–5, 76, 78
life-histories 64
lifeworld 13, 40, 41–2, 115–16
and system 7–8, 9–10, 35, 40, 90, 116, 128, 158–9
see also colonization; system/lifeworld conflict
linguistic turn 18, 51, 158–9
literary public sphere 3–4, 62, 63
class and 102, 104
Living Wage Campaigns 122–3
London Working Men's Association 74
lower pleasures 21–2, 78, 81
Lyotard, J.-F. 29
MacIntyre, A. 55
Maffesoli, M. 41
Marcuse, H. 120
Marxism 121
McNally, D. 76
Mead, G. H. 151
meaning 37, 69, 75–6, 78
sound and 70, 81
media 165, 171–2
Habermas and 158, 159
manipulation by 11–12
marketization of 6, 12, 24, 162
need to challenge 142–3
media studies 161–2
Medvedev, P. N. 18
Melucci, A. 44
Mendoza, B. 164, 171
middle class 4, 92, 105
newspaper consumption 105
particularity of 92
see also bourgeois public sphere
Mill, John Stuart 21–2, 67
and Chartism 73–5, 82
Considerations on Representative Government 81, 83
on education 83
On Liberty 71–3
Principles of Political Economy 80–1, 84
and the working class 74–5, 80–1
mind/body dualism 31, 33
modernization of the Fire Service 124, 125–6
Mohanty, C. T. 165, 166
Monbiot, G. 118
monologue 69, 70
Montag, W. 43
morality, Habermas and 41, 63
Mulhern, F. 50
mutual obligation 136, 152–3
narrative 53, 56, 57
national public sphere 147, 162, 163
national stories 64
nationalism 95
Negt, O. 156
neoliberalism 24, 162, 170
networks 138, 140, 146, 172
Internet and 140–5
new social movements 29, 44, 51
class and 105
colonization and 9–10, 23, 113, 114–17
'newness' of 115, 116, 119–22, 127–8
and social protest 122–7
transnational 167
New World Information and Communication Order 162
newspaper consumption, class and 105–8
NGOs (non-governmental organizations) 144, 145, 156, 168, 170, 171
normative claims 7, 91
norms 13, 15, 63–4
of rational communication 93–4
Northern Star 79
novels 61
double-voicedness in 54–5, 59
language of 20–1, 53–4, 56–7
O'Connor, F. 79
Offe, C. 63
opinions 75–7, 77–8
collision of 72, 76, 80
fallibility of 71–2, 75
hearing 78
meaning of 78
see also public opinion
O'Rourke, K. C. 78
Outhwaite, W. 29
Page, B. 143
participation, means of 102–8
particularity of viewpoints 91–2, 95–6, 104–5
philosophy 97–9
police, Chartism and 82
political culture 17
political debate 5, 95–6
class and particularity in 104–5, 108
political order 100
politics 5, 8, 9, 14, 44, 50
popular culture 79, 158
postmodern school 14–16
Postone, M. 156 182 power 8, 37, 43, 94, 110
World Wide Web and 140–1
prejudice, elimination of 72–3
print culture 57, 134
private sphere 3, 13, 163
proliferation of public spheres 20, 50
psychoanalysis 89, 90
public discourse 3–4, 5, 53
Bourdieu and 88, 89, 99–100, 104
public of publics 23, 138, 139, 145
Internet and 140, 152
public opinion 6, 28
public reason 15–16, 93
public relations 28
public spaces for dialogue 70–1, 82, 133, 135–6
privatization of 141–2
publicity of communication 134, 135–6, 137, 138, 151, 152
publics 16, 44–5
definition of 50
formation and development of 3, 137
rationality
communicative see communicative rationality
functional 115–16, 120
practical 33
rationalization 7, 119–20
reason 7, 15–16, 93
Bourdieu and 91–2
Habermas and 49, 50, 92, 93
recognition of difference 163–4, 165
relational and institutional school 16–17
relativism 39, 99
Renaissance 54
right to vote 81
rules of engagement 93–4
Sabel, C. 149, 150
Sassen, S. 141
Schmitt, C. 50
scholasticism 93
scientific field 90, 94, 95
security 72
Seifert, R. 124, 126
self-cultivation 3
self-dialogues 91
self-government 82–3, 153
Sheller, M. 16, 17
social action, publicity of 135–6
social change 2, 120
social class, participation in publics 102, 104–5
see also middle class; working class
social movements 14, 23
see also new social movements
social protest 122–7
society 49
differentiation of 2–3, 8, 136–7
state and 3, 4–5
socio-analysis 90, 101–2
sociology 90, 101–2
Somers, M. R. 16
sound 70, 80
and meaning 70, 81
specialization 8
speech, excitable 80–1
speech-acts 35, 38, 120
speech genres 69, 70–1
speech performance 69, 78, 79, 82
spontaneity 20, 52
state 82–4
and civil society 83–4, 169
individuals and 4, 5, 8
and public sphere 137, 146, 168
society and 3, 4–5
Stolze, T. 31, 169
strategic action 94, 95, 97, 110
subaltern discourse see counterpublics
suffering 59–60
system 13, 115–16, 121
lifeworld and 40, 90, 116, 128, 158–9
system-lifeworld conflicts 114, 115–17, 119, 120–1, 125–7, 128
as capital-labour conflict 114, 116, 118, 121, 125
technology 131
and public communication 133–9
theatre 54
Thompson, W. 76
Thornton, W. H. 40
trade unions 115, 122–3, 126–7
transcendental arguments 92–3
transnational feminist public sphere 165–7, 168–9, 172 183 transnational public sphere 138–9, 146–51, 161, 162–3
transparency 35, 37, 41
truth 39, 120
Mill and 72, 76–7
unconscious 100, 101–2
United Kingdom, firefighters' dispute 123–7
United Nations 168, 170–1
universality 31, 34, 38, 43, 91–2, 96
uptake 133, 135
Urry, J. 17
utterances 36, 37, 55, 68–9
meaning of 69, 75–6
Voloshinov, V. N. 68, 69, 85
voluntary associations 14
voters 5
weak/strong public spheres 148, 169–70
welfare state 5, 116, 119
Widmann, A. 121
Wills, J. 122
Wittgenstein, L. 16, 100
women 163, 172
words 68–9, 85
working class
Chartism and 74, 77
education of 83
Mill and 74–5, 80–1
and new social movements 105
newspaper consumption 105
political discussion 81, 82
press 74, 79
World Wide Web 140–1
Young, I. M. 40, 44, 166, 168 184