Abstract
Abbott, P. 67–8
academic work, mothers helping children with 108, 109, 110–11
Adams, B. 93, 100
Adkins, L. 46
advantage 61–2, 64–5, 66
affinity 41, 48, 54
agency workers: in care work 193, 198–9; in nursing 81
Allen, G. 151
altruism 122
ancillary healthcare services 182–4, 186; contracted out 184; equated with hotel work 183
Anderson, B. 141
Austria: care relations 199, 200; regulation of care 196
Ball, S. 105
Beck, U. 114
Benson, S.P. 43, 48, 52
Bernstein, B. 113
Blackburn, R.M. 64
Boris, E. 7
Bottero, W. 64, 67, 68, 69
boundaries: conceptual 9; between socio-economic modes 28–31; work across 21
Bourdieu, P. 60–1, 62, 65–6
Broadbridge, A. 52
brothels 144
Brubaker, R. 60
Buchan, J. 86
call centres 22, 23, 27, 34; relocation of 7
Cambridge Stratification Group 61
Canada 180; healthcare sector 15, 170 (women in 175–86)
care (see also childcare; healthcare; social care): commodification of see commodification of care; employee/employer relations 190, 197–9; as feeling and as work 188–9, 192–3; payment of relatives 191, 196, 200, 202
care relationships 189, 196–202, 202–3
care work 6, 8, 10, 141; and community work 161; informal care 188, 194, 214–15; interconnections in 29–30; regulation of 191–5, 196, 202; women in 30, 171, 175, 208
carers 196; direct employment of 188, 190, 197–8, 202–3; recruitment of 197, 201; women employed as 180–6, 216
chatting with colleagues 42, 52–3
childcare 15, 102, 210, 211, 217; fathers’ involvement in 92, 96–7, 99, 100–1, 102; provision for in Spain 212–14; provision for in UK 212, 214–16; temporal dimension 34–5
childminders 214
children's schooling: mothers helping with academic work 108, 109, 110–11; practical maintenance work in supporting 108, 109
class (see also middle class; working class) 56–7, 57–60, 62, 178; and community in coalfields 154; cultural identity and 58, 59, 67; occupations and 4, 64–5, 69; qualitative/quantitative analysis 59–60; social mobility and 63–4, 65; social reproduction of 113–14; and women's involvement in children's schooling 107–14 class formation 58–9, 63–4, 67
classnessless 114
coalmining 150; community work in 149–50, 151, 152–60, 165; decline in community interaction 157–8
commitment to work 94–5
commodification of care 8, 177, 186, 208, 211; ‘cash for care’ systems 188, 190–1; emotional labour 15; model of 192–6
community organizations: educative dimension 162; participation in 160–1; and promotion of local economic growth 162–3
community work 14, 152–3, 164–5; in coalmining areas 149–50, 151, 152–60, 165; private/public 149–50, 153; reconfiguring 160–4; recruitment into 133–4; related to paid employment 151, 160, 162, 164
conservative continental welfare regimes 211–12
conservative corporatist welfare regimes 209
consumption 25, 26, 27
consumption work 16, 31, 33
contracting out services 28–9, 184–5
control over work 174; in prostitution 138, 139, 140
co-operatives 125
corporatist welfare regimes 209–10
Crompton, R. 58
Crow, G.P. 151, 152
cultural capital 107, 108, 112, 113; in community work 155; of volunteers 124, 130
customers, interactions with 43, 46, 51–2, 53, 54–5
Daly, M. 214
day nurseries 214
Denmark, welfare state regime 210–11
deskilling of healthcare workers 87, 178, 182
Devine, F. 57, 59
differential association 60, 61
direct payments system 191, 196, 197–8
distribution 25, 26, 27; of work 22–3
division of labour 11
doctors 83, 86
domestic labour 9, 13–14, 33, 171, 174; exploitation in 141; paid/unpaid 29, 144; parallels with prostitution 140–3; women and 9, 13–14, 21–2, 23, 27
DOVE (Dulais Valley Opportunity for Voluntary Enterprise) 162
dual-earner model 210
economic process, interconnectedness of 23, 25–8
educational inequalities, in parental support 106, 107, 109, 111, 112–13, 114
Edwards, C. 105
Ellis, S. 124
embeddedness in social relations 4, 12, 140; versus differentiation 31–2
emotional labour 9, 15, 32, 138; in service sector 9, 40, 43, 54
employee/employer relationships 141, 190, 197–9
employment (see also paid employment) 4, 5, 6, 12–13; commitment to work 94–5; time at work 93–6
employment-aggregate analysis 58
Esping-Anderson, G. 207
European Union: legislation on working hours 79, 209; public services reform 80
exchange 25, 26, 27
exploitation: in domestic work 141; in prostitution 137–40, 144
families 79; providing care 8, 213, 215; working hours and family life 75–6, 78–9, 105
family welfare policy 79
fathers 13, 96–7; as good parents 91, 92, 96–101, 102; as good workers 91, 92, 93–4; helping with schooling 106–7; involvement in childcare 92, 96–7, 99, 100–1, 102; paternity leave 213, 216; work-life balance 92, 98; working time 95–6, 101–3 feminism: and private sphere 9, 171–2; and public/private divide 169, 172, 186; and welfare regimes 205; and women's employment 9
financial resources, and educational advantage 111
flexibility 6–7, 87, 92, 212; family and 75–6, 78–9; family-friendly 13, 73, 74–5, 76, 77, 87; in feminized labour markets 74–5; functional 76; inequalities in 97–8; ‘just-in-time’ techniques 78, 84; in NHS 74, 77, 80–1, 83–4; spatial 76
flexibilization of time 76; women's resistance to 80, 82, 87
France, regulation of care 196, 199
Francis, H. 150, 164
friendly societies 125
friendship at work 41–2, 45–8, 53–4; and social support 51–2
friendship networks 40; divisions and hierarchies 48–51; recruitment through 43–5
Gallie, D. 209
gender: communal networks and 154–5, 158–60; inequality and 174, 216; welfare state and 206–7
Germany, welfare state regime 209, 210
Giddens, A. 97
Glucksmann, M. 9, 40, 54, 101, 104, 152, 189, 217
Goldthorpe, J. 71–2
grandparents, providing childcare 215
Granovetter, M. 44
healthcare (see also ancillary healthcare services; nurses) 180; in Canada 15, 170, 175–86; deskilling in 86, 178, 182; privatization of 180–1; public/private divide 170, 171, 180, 181; voluntary work in 132–3
Hochschild, A. 9, 42, 43, 189
home (see also domestic labour) 171; boundaries with paid work 108–9, 113; paid/unpaid care in 181, 185–6
home-school agreements 105
home working 7, 76
hotels, work in equated with healthcare 183
housework 141
ICT 26–7
identity, class and 58, 59, 67
immigration status, healthcare work and (see also migrant labour) 178, 179, 183
inequality (see also educational inequalities) 4–5, 15, 17, 59, 140, 214; gendered 174, 216; private/public 173; reproduction of 57, 59; social mobility and 63–4; structural change and 65; between women 177, 179, 216; working time and 77–8
informal care 188, 194, 214–15; provided by family 213, 215; state subsidies for 188, 194
interconnection 12, 19, 21, 23–4, 35; across economic processes 25–8; across socio-economic relations 28–31; across temporalities 33–5; between work and non-work activities 31–3
intimacy, time and 97–8
Italy: care relationships in 201; regulation of care 196
Jamieson, L. 97
Jones, K. 215
'just-in-time’ staffing 78, 84
Kondo, D.K. 49
Lewis, J. 206
liberal welfare regimes 211
Lister, R. 161
Littlejohn, G. 153, 154
Lummis, T. 154
male breadwinner model 206, 210, 212
management, and social networks 48–9
market/non-market work 28–9, 31
markets: in healthcare 74, 180, 181, 184–5; in prostitution 139, 142, 143–7
Marsh, C. 64
Marshall, G. 45–6
massage parlours 143, 144 maternity leave 211, 213
McGauran, A.-M. 44
medicine, feminization of 83
Mercer, K. 152
middle class: and philanthropy 123–4; volunteers 119, 123–4
middle-class women: and children's education 107–12, 113; paid labour in homes of 109
migrant labour 7, 86–7, 201
Miners’ Strike (1984–85), community work during 156
Morris, L. 159, 160
mothers 13–14; responsibility for schooling 106, 107–10, 113; roles in schooling 110–13
nannies 214
National Childcare Strategy 215
National Health Service (NHS): contracting out services 28–9, 184–5; employment of women 74 (see also nurses; nursing support workers); flexible working in 74, 77, 80–1, 83–4, 86; human resource management 83–5; labour shortages 81, 86; migrant labour 86–7; recruitment 86; working time in 81, 82
neo-liberalism 175, 180
Netherlands: commodification of care 200; regulation of care 193, 196; voluntary work/paid work interconnection 30–1
nurses 81, 132, 186; agency 81; in Canada 176–8, 181–2, 186; with extra jobs 82, 85; flexible working 74, 77, 80–1, 83–4, 86; leaving NHS 81–2, 85–6; from overseas 86–7; pay of 82, 85; shifts 81, 84; shortage of 81–2, 86, 182
nursing support workers 178–9, 182, 186–7
occupational change 67–9
occupations: hierarchy of 57, 62–3, 64; social interaction and 66; social meaning of 56–7, 62, 63–70
O'Connell Davidson, J. 139, 144
office space 7
organization of labour (see also total social organization of labour) 16–17
Pahl, R. 9–10, 41–2, 46, 53
paid employment 153; access to 206, 207–8, 216; community work related to 151, 160, 162, 164; women in 7, 21, 27, 204–5, 207, 208–9, 210, 211, 212, 216, 217; work equated to 8–9, 150, 206
paid/unpaid work 9, 10, 135, 216; in the home 29, 108–9, 113, 185; women and 21–2, 23, 27, 30, 171; weavers/casual workers and 29, 141
parents (see also fathers; mothers), help with children's learning 104–5
part-time work 75–6, 77, 78, 95, 211, 212
paternity leave 213, 216
Payne, G. 65, 67–8
personal budget schemes 15, 191, 196, 200
personal maintenance work 16
Polanyi, K. 23
Prandy, K. 62, 64, 66, 67, 68, 69
pre-school education 213
presenteeism 94–5
private/public divide 41, 101, 173; in community work 149–50, 153; feminism and 169–70, 172, 186; in healthcare 170, 171, 180, 181; and prostitution 139, 142–3; working lives 54, 55
private sector 170, 174; boundary with public sector 28–9, 30, 175; in childcare 30; friendship in 41–2; in healthcare 180–1, 183–4; profits and 174, 179
private sphere 9, 169, 171; boundary with public sphere 105–6, 113, 142, 181, 186; paid work in 7, 21, 27, 204–5, 208; regulation of 105
privilege 110
Prochaska, F. 122–3
production 25, 26, 27
productivity 144
profits 174
prostitutes’ collectives 147
prostitution 14, 136–7; criminalization of 139, 142, 143; decriminalization 146; free labour or exploitation? 137–40; legalization of 144–5, 147; mobility in 145–6; parallels with domestic labour 140–3; private/public divide 139, 142–3; regulation of 142–3, 144–5; social relations in 143–7; third party relations 144
Prügl, E. 7
public sector 28, 171; boundary with private sector 28–9, 30, 175; privatization of 180–1, 184–5, 186; reform of public services 80; women working in 172–4, 177, 175–9
public sphere (see also private/public divide) 169–70, 171, 208; boundary with private sphere 105–6, 113, 142, 181, 186; feminism and 169, 171–4, 186; privatization of 105; unpaid work in 123, 124
Rake, K. 215
ready-made food 27–8, 23
reciprocity/non-reciprocity 139
reconfiguration of work 26–7
recruitment: of carers 197, 201; use of friendship networks in retail sector 43–5
relocation 6, 7
responsibility 94; public/private 208; time and 94–5
retail sector 40; divisions and hierarchies 48–51; recruitment into 43–5; sociability on shopfloor 45, 47, 51–3
Roberts, K. 67, 71
Savage, M. 59, 63–4, 67
Seccombe, I. 86
Sennett, R. 6
service sector 32, 207; emotional labour 9, 40, 43, 54; interaction in 43, 51–2, 54; relocation of call centres 7; sociability in 42–3, 54; social relations in 45–6, 54–5; TSOL perspective 40; women in 207
sex work see prostitution
sex workers 144–5; regulation of 146, 147; self-promotion 146
Sheard, J. 122
Sherrott, R. 121
shifts 81, 84
short-term contracts 212
Simmel, G. 42–3, 54
Skeggs, B. 156
Skinner, C. 215
Smith, D. 121
sociability in the workplace 39, 42–3, 54; as part of store image 55; on shopfloor 45, 47, 51–3; temporary workers and 50–1
social care 209; marketization of 213; welfare state regimes and 209–12
social democratic welfare regime 210–11
social distance analysis 59–63, 69, 71
social hierarchy 62, 66–7
social interactions 57, 60, 66; and hierarchy of occupations 62–3; social mobility and 66; stratification analysis and 61–2
social mobility 58–9, 63–70, 71–2; and inequality 63–4, 71; occupations and 64–6, 67; perceptions of 71; work-life movement 67–8, 69–70
social relations 10, 11, 12, 60; Bourdieu and 60–1; between colleagues 39; embeddedness in 4, 12, 140; prostitution in 140, 143–7; in service sector 45–6, 54–5; in social distance analysis 61, 62–3
social rights 205, 207, 216
social space 57, 60
sociality 32
socializing 39; inside/outside work 45–8
socio-economic relations, interconnections across 28–31
Southern Europe, welfare regimes in 211–12, 213–14
Spain, childcare provision 212–14
Standing, K. 105
state 173, 175; and care work 30; intervention in private sphere 172, 173, 208; marketization of 175, 180; social care and 209; and voluntary work 120, 121
stratification 56, 57, 59, 63; social distance approach 59–60; and social interaction 61–2, 63
supermarkets 27, 28
Swartz, D. 66
Sweden, welfare regime 210–11
symbolic capital 124, 128, 130
Taiwan, women's paid/unpaid work 30
taste 61
Taylor, R. 22, 93, 206
temporary workers, relations with permanent staff 49–51
time 34, 92–3, 101, 103; fathers spend with children 97, 98–101, 102; gendering of 102; for home workers 7; for non-work activities 34–5; responsibility and 94–6; women's resistance to flexibilization of 80, 82, 87; at work see working time
time-use research 33–4, 92, 102–3
total social organization of labour (TSOL) 11, 12, 21–2, 40, 54, 189; community work and 151, 154–6, 163; across economic process 26–8; and interconnections 22–35; limitations of 22
Toynbee, P. 28–9
trade unions 125
transformations of work (see also flexibility) 6, 20, 26–7
Twigg, J. 189
uncertainty of employment 6–7
Ungerson, C. 215
unionization, in healthcare 17809
United Kingdom: childcare provision 212, 214–16; liberal welfare regime 211; regulation of care 196; working hours 79
unpaid work (see also care work; community work; paid/unpaid work; voluntary work) 6, 8, 20, 21, 29, 102–3; in public sphere 123, 124
voluntary work 6, 9, 14, 30, 119, 135; class and 14, 127–8; in healthcare 132–3; history of 123–6; interconnection with other modes of work 30–1; literature on 121–3; as route into paid work 133–4; state and 120, 121
volunteers 123–4; characteristics of 119–20, 127; childcare provided by 215; education of 128, 130; family of 127, 128–9, 130–1; orientation to work 127–31; reasons for volunteering 121, 122, 127–31; women 124
Warin, J. 105
Warwick, D. 153, 154
weavers/casual workers, paid/unpaid work 29, 141
welfare state 28–9, 205, 206, 216–17; regimes 209–12
welfare to work policies 17, 75–6
Westwood, S. 45
Wheelock, J. 215
women: and care work 30, 171, 175, 208; communal networks 159–60; differences among 186; domestic labour 9, 13–14, 21–2, 23, 27; employed as carers 180–6, 216; in paid work 7, 21, 27, 204–5, 207, 208–9, 210, 211, 212, 216, 217; paid/unpaid work 21–2, 23, 27, 30, 171; part-time work and family 75–6; in public sector 172–4, 177, 175–9; in service sector 207; unpaid work 205, 206, 208; voluntary work 124; work equated with natural attributes of 141; work-life movement 67–8
women in coalmining populations 154, 156, 161, 164; and community organization 160–1, 162; informal support 155, 156, 161, 164
women in healthcare (see also nurses) in Canada 170, 175–86; as doctors 83; home care 185; and private care 180–6; professional 77–8; and public care 175–9; working hours 79, 80, 84
work: conceptions of 21; definitions of 16, 17; nature of 10–11, 16; and non-work 31–3
work culture 95; in retail sector 48, 49, 55; temporary workers 49–50
work-life balance 7–8, 73, 77; fathers’ 92, 98 work-life movement 67–70
working class 153, 154, 155–6; membership of self-help organizations 125; mutual support networks 125; support for children's schooling 107–12; unpaid work 125
working time 8, 91–2, 93; doctors 83, 86; family life and 79; fathers’ 95–6; flexibility in 80–1, 84; inequalities in 77–8; in NHS 81, 82, 84
workplace 7; friendship formation 41–2, 45–8
Zeldin, D. 125