Is the Need for Treatment Constitutionally Acceptable as a Basis for Civil Commitment?

Appelbaum P.S. , Civil Commitment: Is the Pendulum Changing Direction? Hospital and Community Psychiatry 33(9): 703–04 (September 1982).

Szasz T.S. , Law, Liberty, and Psychiatry (Macmillan Co., New York, N.Y.) (1984) at 149–90.

Cal. Welf. & Inst. Code §§5000–5401 (West 1972).

Schwitzgebel R.K. , Survey of State Commitment Statutes, in Civil Commitment and Social Policy: An Evaluation of the Massachusetts Mental Health Reform Act of 1970 (1981).

Lessard v. Schmidt, 349 F. Supp. 1078 (E.D. Wis. 1972), vacated and remanded, 414 U.S. 473 (1974) (procedural issues).

Lessard v. Schmidt, 349 F. Supp. 1078 (E.D. Wis. 1972) [hereinafter referred to as Lessard].

Wis. Stat. Ann. §51. 75(2)(f) (West Supp. 1983–1984).

Wis. Stat. Ann. §51.02(5)(c) (West 1973).

W. Va. Code §27-5-4(1) (1931).

State ex rel. Hawks v. Lazaro, 202 S.E.2d 109 (W. Va. 1974).

Id. at 123.

Id. at 124.

Goldy v. Beal, 429 F. Supp. 640 (M.D. Pa. 1976).

Pa. Stat. Ann. tit. 50, §4102 (Purdon 1969).

See, e.g., State ex rel. Hawks v. Lazaro, supra note 10.

Deutsch A. , The Mentally Ill in America: A History of Their Care and Treatment from Colonial Times(Columbia University Press, New York, N.Y.) (rev. ed. 1949).

Lessard , supra note 6, at 1085.

Id. at 1086.

Id. at 1085.

Dain N. , Concepts of Insanity in the United States, 1789–1865 (Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, N.J.) (1964) at 50–52.

Lessard , supra note 6, at 1086.

Appelbaum P.S. Kemp R.N. , The Evolution of Commitment Law in the Nineteenth Century: A Reinterpretation, Law and Human Behavior 6(3/4): 343–54 (1982).

See, e.g., In re Oakes, 8 Law Reporter 122, 128–29 (Mass. 1845); Hinchman v. Richie, Brightly 143,179 (C.P. Philadelphia 1849).

Pa. Stat. Ann. tit. 50, §4404 (Purdon 1969), quoted in Dixon v. Pennsylvania, 325 F. Supp. 966, 968 (M.D. Pa. 1971).

Dixon v. Pennsylvania, supra note 24, at 972.

Specht v. Patterson, 386 U.S. 605, 610 (1967).

In re Gault, 387 U.S. 1 (1967).

Dixon v. Pennsylvania, supra note 24, at 974.

386 F. Supp. 378 (M.D. Ala. 1974) [hereinafter referred to as Lynch]. In a 1975 unreported decision, members of the original class action suit moved for further relief, attacking particular provisions of the Alabama Code that were amended in 1975. The district court dismissed the case stating that the class representatives had no standing to seek relief from the amended statute. The appellate court in Lynch v. Baxley, 651 F.2d 387 (5th Cir. 1981) reversed and remanded the case to the district court with instructions to allow time for the intervention of a named plaintiff with standing to represent the interests of the subclass with live claims against the amended 1975 statute.

Ala. Code tit. 45, §205 (1958).

Lynch , supra note 29, at 389.

In re Oakes, 8 Law Reporter 122 (Mass. 1845).

Id. at 124.

Humphrey v. Cady, 405 U.S. 504 (1972).

Jackson v. Indiana, 406 U.S. 715 (1972).

Id. at 728. See Lynch , supra note 29, at 400 (Varner, J., dissenting).

See, e.g., Doremus v. Farrell, 407 F. Supp. 509 (D. Neb. 1975); Suzuki v. Quisenberry, 411 F. Supp. 1113 (D. Haw. 1976).

O'Connor v, Donaldson, 422 U.S. 563 (1975).

See Colyar v. Third Judicial District Court, 469 F. Supp. 424 (D. Utah 1979); Project Release v. Prevost, 551 F. Supp. 1298 (E.D. N.Y. 1982), aff'd, 722 F.2d 960 (2d Cir. 1983).

O'Connor v. Donaldson, supra note 38, at 573–76.

Addington v. Texas, 441 U.S. 418, 426 (1979).

Jackson v. Indiana, supra note 35, at 736–37.

See, e.g., Wexler D. B. , Mental Health Law: Major Issues (Plenum Press, New York, N.Y.) (1981) at 11–57.

Brooks A. , Law, Psychiatry and the Mental Health System (Little, Brown and Co., Boston, Mass.) (1974) at 561–88, 677–86, 699–717.

Monahan J. , The Clinical Prediction of Violent Behavior (National Institute of Mental Health, Rockville, Md.) (1981).

Morse S.J. , A Preference for Liberty. The Case Against Involuntary Commitment of the Mentally Disordered, California Law Review 70: 54–106 (1982).

Peszke M.A. , Is Dangerousness an Issue for Physicians in Emergency Commitment? American Journal of Psychiatry 132(8): 825–28 (August 1975).

Wash. Rev. Code Ann. §71.05.020 (Supp. 1984–1985).

Gen N.C. Stat. §122–58.2 (1981).

1983 Tex. Sess. Law Serv. ch. 47, §33(a)(7)(B)(iii) (Vernon).

1983 Legislative Proposals, Developments in Mental Health Law 2(4): 41–43 (October/December 1982); Ewing M.F. , Revision of Civil Commitment Laws, Clearinghouse-Review 15(1): 59–62 (1981).

Stromberg C.D. Stone A.A. , A Model State Law on Civil Commitment of the Mentally Ill, Harvard Journal on Legislation 20(2): 275–396 (Summer 1983).

National Institute of Mental Health, Federal Security Agency, A Draft Act Governing Hospitalization of the Mentally Ill (U.S. Gov't Printing Office, Washington, D.C.) (1952), reprinted in Mentally Disabled and the Law ( Lindman F. J. McIntyre D.M. Jr. , eds.) (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Ill.) (1st ed. 1961) at 397–416.

Stromberg Stone , supra note 52, at 345.

Id. at 330.

Id.

See, e.g., Rubenstein , APA's Proposals on Civil Commitment, Clearinghouse Review 17: 558–62 (1983); Wexler D.B. , APA's Model Law on Civil Commitment: A Commitment Code by and for Psychiatrists, Hospital and Community Psychiatry (forthcoming 1985).

American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C.) (3rd ed. 1980).

See, e.g., id.; Spitzer R.L. , DSM-Ill Field Trials: I. Initial Interrator Diagnostic Reliability, American Journal of Psychiatry 136(6): 815–17 (June 1979); Spitzer R.L. , Research Diagnostic Criteria: Rationale and Reliability, Archives of General Psychiatry 35(6): 773–82 (June 1978); Luria R.E. Berry R. , Reliability and Descriptive Validity of PSE Syndromes, Archives of General Psychiatry 36(11): 1187–95 (October 1979).

Morse , supra note 46, at 58–78.

Cutler N.R. Post R.M. , Life Course of Illness in Untreated Manic-Depressive Patients, Comprehensive Psychiatry 23(2): 101–15 (March/April 1982).

Davis J.M. , Overview: Maintenance Therapy in Psychiatry: I. Schizophrenia, American Journal of Psychiatry 132(12): 1237–39, 1244 (December 1975).

Doe v. Gallinot, 486 F. Supp. 983, 994 (C.D. Cal. 1979), aff'd, 657 F.2d 1017 (9th Cir. 1981).

E.g., Morse , supra note 46, at 87–93; Appelbaum P.S. Roth L.H. , Competency to Consent to Research: A Psychiatric Overview, Archives of General Psychiatry 39(8): 951, 952–56 (August 1982).

A.E. & R.R. v. Mitchell, No. C78-466 (D. Utah, June 16, 1980), aff'd, 724 F.2d 864 (10th Cir. 1983).

See, e.g., State ex rel. Hawks v. Lazaro, supra note 10.

National Institute of Mental Health, unpublished data, July 1983 (data on general hospitals from 1981; on private and state hospitals from 1980).