Tuberculosis and AIDS: Epidemiologic,Clinical,and Social Dimensions

Styblo K. , “Overview and Epidemiologic Assessment of the Current Global Tuberculosis Situation with an Emphasis on Control in Developing Countries,” Rev Infect Dis, 11 (1989): S339–S346; Pitchenik A.E. , “Tuberculosis Control and the AIDS Epidemic in Developing Countries,” Ann Intern Med, 113(1990): 89–90; Styblo K. , “The Global Aspects of Tuberculosis and HIV Infection,” Bulletin of the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 65 (1990): 28–32.

Comstock A.W. O'Brien R.J. , “Tuberculosis” in Evans A.S. and Brachman P.S. , Bacterial Infections of Humans: Epidemiology and Control (New York: Plenum Publishing Corporation, (1991): 745–771.

Rieder H.L. Snider D.E. , “Tuberculosis and the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome,” Chest, 90 (1986): 469–470.

Centers for Disease Control, “National Action Plan to Combat Multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis,” MMWR, 41 No. RR-11 (1992): 1–48; Hopewell P.C. , “Impact of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection on the Epidemiology Clinical Features, Management, and Control of Tuberculosis,” Clin Infect Dis, 15 (1992): 540–547; Barnes P.F. Block A.B. Davidson P.T. , “Tuberculosis in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection,” N Engl J Med, 324 (1991): 1644–1650; Selwyn P.A. Hartel D. Lewis V.A. , “A Prospective Study of the Risk of Tuberculosis Among Intravenous Drug users with HIV Infection,” N Engl J Med, 320 (1989): 545–550; Selwyn P.A. Sckell B. Alcabes P. , “High Risk of Active Tuberculosis in HIV-infected Drug Users with Cutaneous Anergy,” JAMA, 268 (1992): 504–509.

Centers for Disease Control, “National Action Plan to Combat Multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis,” MMWR, 41 No. RR-11 (1992): 1–48.

Pitchenik A.E. , “Tuberculosis Control and the AIDS Epidemic in Developing Countries,” Ann Intern Med, 113 (1990): 89–90; Harries A.D. , “Tuberculosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Developing Countries,” Lancet, 335 (1990): 387–390; “Africa's Tuberculosis Burden and Chemoprophylaxis [editorial],” Lancet, 335 (1990): 1249–1250; DeCock K.M. Soro B. Lucas S.B. , “Tuberculosis and HIV Infection in Sub-Saharan Africa,” JAMA, 268 (1992): 1581–1587.

DeCock K.M. Soro B. Lucas S.B. , “Tuberculosis and HIV Infection in Sub-Saharan Africa,” JAMA, 268 (1992): 1581–1587.

Centers for Disease Control, “Tuberculosis-United States, 1985-and the Possible Impact of Human T-lymphotropic Virus Type III/lymphadenopathy-Associated Virus Infection,” MMWR, 35 (1986): 74–76; Centers for Disease Control, “Tuberculosis and HIV Infection: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee for the Elimination of Tuberculosis (ACET),” MMWR, 38 (1989): 236–250; New York City Department of Health, “Tuberculosis in New York City: 1988 Information Summary,” New York City Department of Health, (1990); Centers for Disease Control, “Tuberculosis and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome — New York City,” MMWR, 36 (1987): 785–795; Jereb J.A. Kelly G.D. Dooley S.W. Couthen G.M. Snider D.E. , “Tuberculosis Morbidity in the United States: Final Data, 1990,” MMWR, 40 (No. SS-3) (1991): 23–26.

New York City Department of Health, “Tuberculosis in New York City: 1988 Information Summary,” New York City Department of Health, (1990); Selwyn P.A. , “Tuberculosis in the AIDS Era: A New Threat from an Old Disease,” New York State Journal of Medicine, 91 (1991): 233–235; Rieder H.L. Cauthen G.M. Kelly G.D. , “Tuberculosis in the United States,” JAMA, 262 (1989): 385–389.

Rieder H.L. Cauthen G.M. Kelly G.D. , “Tuberculosis in the United States,” JAMA, 262 (1989): 385–389.

Onorato I.M. McCray E. , “Prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Among Patients Attending Tuberculosis Clinics in the United States,” J Infect Dis, 165 (1992): 87–92.

Selwyn P.A. , “Tuberculosis in the AIDS Era: A New Threat from an Old Disease,” New York State Journal of Medicine, 91 (1991): 233–235; Brudney K. Dobkin J. , “Resurgent Tuberculosis in New York City,” Am Rev Respir Dis, 144 (1991): 745–749; New York City Department of Health, “Tuberculosis, New York City: The 1990 Experience,” City Health Info, 10 (1991): 1–5.

Rieder H.L. Cauthen G.M. Kelly G.D. , “Tuberculosis in the United States,” JAMA, 262 (1989): 385–389.

Centers for Disease Control, “National Action Plan to Combat Multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis,” MMWR, 41 No. RR-11 (1992): 1–48; Chaisson R.E. Slutkin G. , “Tuberculosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection,” J Infect Dis, 159 (1989): 96–100; Centers for Disease Control, “Projections of the Number of Persons Diagnosed with AIDS and the Number of Immunosuppressed HIV-infected—United States, 1992–1994,” MMWR, 41 (RR-18) (1992); Centers for Disease Control, “HIV Prevalence Estimates and AIDS Case Projections for the United States: Report Based upon a Workshop,” MMWR, 39 (1990): 1–31.

Selwyn P.A. Hartel D. Lewis V.A. , “A Prospective Study of the Risk of Tuberculosis Among Intravenous Drug users with HIV Infection,” N Engl J Med, 320 (1989): 545–550; New York City Department of Health, “Tuberculosis, New York City: The 1990 Experience,” City Health Info, 10 (1991): 1–5; Novick L.F. Berns D. Stricof R. , “HIV Seroprevalence in Newborns in New York State,” JAMA, 261 (1989): 1745–1750; Novick LF , “New York State HIV Seroprevalence Project,” Am J Public Health, 81(S) (1991): 9–63.

DiPerri G. Cruciani M. Danzi M.C. , “Nosocomial Epidemic of Active Tuberculosis Among HIV-infected Patients,” Lancet, 2 (1989): 1502–1504; Daley C.L. Small P.M. Schecter G.F. , “An Outbreak of Tuberculosis With Accelerated Progression Among Persons Infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus: An Analysis Using Restriction-Fragment-Length Polymorphisms,” N Engl J Med, 26 (1992): 231–235; Fischl M.A. Uttamchandani R.B. Daikos G.L. , “An Outbreak of Tuberculosis Caused by Multiple-Drug-Resistant Tubercle Bacilli Among Patients with HIV Infection,” Ann Intern Med, 117 (1992): 177–183; Pearson M.L. Jereb J.A. Frieden T.R. , “Nosocomial Transmission of Multidrug-Resistant Mycobacterium Tuberculosis,” Ann Intern Med, 117 (1992): 191–196; Beck-Sague C. Dooley S.W. Hutton M.D. , “Hospital Outbreak of Multidrug-Resistant Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infections,” JAMA, 268 (1992): 1280–1286; Centers for Disease Control, “Transmission of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Among Immunocompromised Persons in a Correctional System – New York, 1991,” MMWR, 41 (1992): 507–509; Centers for Disease Control, “Nosocomial Transmission of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Among HIV-infected Persons – Florida and New York, 1988–199,” MMWR, 40 (1991): 585–591; Edlin B.R. Dooley S.W. , “An Outbreak of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Among Hospitalized Patients with the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome,” N Engl J Med, 326 (1992): 1514–1521.

Daley C.L. Small P.M. Schecter G.F. , “An Outbreak of Tuberculosis with Accelerated Progression Among Persons Infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus: An Analysis Using Restriction-Fragment-Length Polymorphisms,” N Engl J Med, 26 (1992): 231–235; Pearson M.L. Jereb J.A. Frieden T.R. , “Nosocomial Transmission of Multidrug-Resistant Mycobacterium Tuberculosis,” Ann Intern Med, 117 (1992): 191–196.

Hopewell P.C. , “Impact of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection on the Epidemiology Clinical Features, Management, and Control of Tuberculosis,” Clin Infect Dis, 15 (1992): 540–547; Barnes P.F. Block A.B. Davidson P.T. , “Tuberculosis in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection,” N Engl J Med, 324 (1991): 1644–1650; Chaisson R.E. Slutkin G. , “Tuberculosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection,” J Infect Dis, 159 (1989): 96–100.

DeCock K.M. Soro B. Lucas S.B. , “Tuberculosis and HIV Infection in Sub-Saharan Africa,” JAMA, 268 (1992): 1581–1587; Shafer R.W. Chirgwin K.D. Glatt A.E. , “HIV Prevalence, Immunosuppression, and Drug Resistance in Patients with Tuberculosis in an Area Endemic for AIDS,” AIDS, 5 (1991): 399–405; Theuer C.P. Hopewell P.C. Elias D. , “Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Tuberculosis Patients,” J Infect Dis, 162 (1990): 8–12.

DeCock K.M. Soro B. Lucas S.B. , “Tuberculosis and HIV Infection in Sub-Saharan Africa,” JAMA, 268 (1992): 1581–1587; Shafer R.W. Chirgwin K.D. Glatt A.E. , “HIV Prevalence, Immunosuppression, and Drug Resistance in Patients with Tuberculosis in an Area Endemic for AIDS,” AIDS, 5 (1991): 399–405; Theuer C.P. Hopewell P.C. Elias D. , “Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Tuberculosis Patients,” J Infect Dis, 162 (1990): 8–12.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “1993 Revised Classification System for HIV Infection and Expanded Surveillance Case Definition for AIDS Among Adolescents and Adults,” MMWR, 41 (No. RR-17) (1992): 1–19.

Centers for Disease Control, “A Strategic Plan for the Elimination of Tuberculosis in the United States,” MMWR, 38 (Suppl. S-3) (1989): 1–25; Centers for Disease Control, “Guidelines for Preventing the Transmission of Tuberculosis in Health-Care Settings, with Special Focus on HIV-Related Issues,” MMWR, 39 (RR-17) (1990): 1–29; American Thoracic Society, CDC, “Control of Tuberculosis in the United States,” Am Rev Respir Dis, 146 (1992): 1623–1633.

Comstock A.W. O'Brien R.J. , “Tuberculosis” in Evans A.S. and Brachman P.S. , Bacterial Infections of Humans: Epidemiology and Control (New York: Plenum Publishing Corporation, 1991): 745–771; Selwyn P.A. Sckell B. Alcabes P. , “High Risk of Active Tuberculosis in HIV-infected Drug Users with Cutaneous Anergy,” JAMA, 268 (1992): 504–509; American Thoracic Society, CDC, “Control of Tuberculosis in the United States,” Am Rev Respir Dis, 146 (1992): 1623–1633; Centers for Disease Control, “Screening for Tuberculosis and Tuberculous Infection in High-Risk Populations; and the Use of Preventive Therapy for Tuberculous Infection in the United States: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee for Elimination of Tuberculosis,” MMWR, 39 (RR-8) (1990): 1–12; Wadhawan D. Hira S. Mwansa N. , “Isoniazid Prophylaxis among Patients with HIV-1 infection,” VI International Conference on AIDS, San Francisco, June (1990): (abstract Th.B.510).

Selwyn P.A. Sckell B. Alcabes P. , “High Risk of Active Tuberculosis in HIV-infected Drug Users with Cutaneous Anergy,” JAMA, 268 (1992): 504–509; Centers for Disease Control, “Tuberculin Reactions in Apparently Healthy HIV-Seropositive and HIV-Seronegative Women—Uganda,” MMWR, 39 (1990): 638–646; Centers for Disease Control, “Purified Protein Derivative (PPD)-Tuberculin Anergy and HIV Infection: Guidelines for Anergy Testing and Management of Anergic Persons at Risk of Tuberculosis,” MMWR, 40 (1991): 27–33.

Centers for Disease Control, “Purified Protein Derivative (PPD)-Tuberculin Anergy and HIV Infection: Guidelines for Anergy Testing and Management of Anergic Persons at Risk of Tuberculosis,” MMWR, 40 (1991): 27–33.

Selwyn P.A. Sckell B. Alcabes P. , “High Risk of Active Tuberculosis in HIV-infected Drug Users with Cutaneous Anergy,” JAMA, 268 (1992): 504–509.

Centers for Disease Control, “Purified Protein Derivative (PPD)-Tuberculin Anergy and HIV Infection: Guidelines for Anergy Testing and Management of Anergic Persons at Risk of Tuberculosis,” MMWR, 40 (1991): 27–33.

Centers for Disease Control, “National Action Plan to Combat Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis,” MMWR, 41 No. RR-11 (1992): 1–48; Dooley S.W. Jarvis W.R. Martone W.J. , “Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis,” Ann Intern Med, 117 (1992): 257–259; Frieden T.R. Sterling T. Pablos-Mendez A. , “The Emergence of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in New York City,” N Engl J Med, 328 (1993): 521–526.

Goble M. Iseman M.D. Madsen L.A. , “Treatment of 171 Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis Resistant to Isoniazid and Rifampin,” N Engl J Med, 328 (1993): 527–532.

Centers for Disease Control, “Transmission of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis among Immunocompromised Persons in a Correctional System—New York, 1991,” MMWR, 41 (1992): 507–509; Centers for Disease Control, “Nosocomial Transmission of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis among HIV-infected Persons—Florida and New York, 1988–1991,” MMWR, 40 (1991): 585–591; Centers for Disease Control, “Tuberculosis Outbreak among Persons in a Residential Facility for HIV-infected Persons—San Francisco,” MMWR, 40 (1991): 649–652.

Braun M.M. Truman B.I. Maguire B. , “Increasing Incidence of Tuberculosis in a Prison Inmate Population: Association with HIV Infection,” JAMA, 261 (1989): 393–397; Bellin E.Y. Fletcher D.D. Safyer S.M. , “Association of Tuberculosis Infection with Increased Time in or Admission to the New York City Jail System,” JAMA, 269 (1993): 2228–2231.

Centers for Disease Control, “Transmission of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis among Immunocompromised Persons in a Correctional System—New York, 1991,” MMWR, 41 (1992): 507–509.

DiPerri G. Cruciani M. Danzi M.C. , “Nosocomial Epidemic of Active Tuberculosis among HIV-infected Patients,” Lancet, 2 (1989): 1502–1504; Daley C.L. Small P.M. Schecter G.F. , “An Outbreak of Tuberculosis with Accelerated Progression among Persons Infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus: An Analysis Using Restriction-Fragment-Length Polymorphisms,” N Engl J Med, 26 (1992): 231–235; Fischl M.A. Uttamchandani R.B. Daikos G.L. , “An Outbreak of Tuberculosis Caused by Multiple-Drug-Resistant Tubercle Bacilli among Patients with HIV Infection,” Ann Intern Med, 117 (1992): 177–183; Pearson M.L. Jereb J.A. Frieden T.R. , “Nosocomial Transmission of Multidrug-Resistant Mycobacterium Tuberculosis,” Ann Intern Med, 117 (1992): 191–196; Beck-Sague C. Dooley S.W. Hutton M.D. , “Hospital Outbreak of Multidrug-Resistant Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infections,” JAMA, 268 (1992): 1280–1286; Centers for Disease Control, “Nosocomial Transmission of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis among HIV-infected Persons—Florida and New York, 1988–1991,” MMWR, 40 (1991): 585–591; Edlin B.R. Dooley S.W. , “An Outbreak of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis among Hospitalized Patients with the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome,” N Engl J Med, 326 (1992): 1514–1521.

Centers for Disease Control, “Guidelines for Preventing the Transmission of Tuberculosis in Health-Care Settings, with Special Focus on HIV-Related issues,” MMWR, 39 (RR-17) (1990): 1–29; Centers for Disease Control, “Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Transmission in a Health Clinic—Florida, 1988,” MMWR, 38 (1989): 256–264.

Torres R.A. Mani S. Altholz J. , “Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection among Homeless Men in a New York City Shelter. Association with Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection,” Arch Intern Med, 150 (1990): 2030–2036; McAdam J.M. Brickner P.W. Scharer L.L. , “The Spectrum of Tuberculosis in a New York City Men's Shelter Clinic (1982–1988),” Chest, 97 (1990): 798–805; Slutkin G. , “Management of Tuberculosis in Urban Homeless Indigents,” Public Health Reports, 101 (1986): 481–485.

Reichman L.B. Felton C.P. Edsall J.R. , “Drug Dependence a Possible New Risk Factor for Tuberculosis Disease,” Arch Intern Med, 139 (1979): 337–339.

Reichman L.B. , “The U-Shaped Curve of Concern,” Am Rev Respir Dis, 144 (1991): 741–742.

Centers for Disease Control, “Tuberculosis and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome—New York City,” MMWR, 36 (1987): 785–795; Rieder H.L. Cauthen G.M. Kelly G.D. , “Tuberculosis in the United States,” JAMA, 262 (1989): 385–389.

Small P.M. Schecter G.F. Goodman P.C. , “Treatment of Tuberculosis in Patients with Advanced Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection,” N Engl J Med, 324 (1991): 289–294.

Barnes P.F. Block A.B. Davidson P.T. , “Tuberculosis in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection,” N Engl J Med, 324 (1991): 1644–1650; Small P.M. Schecter G.F. Goodman P.C. , “Treatment of Tuberculosis in Patients with Advanced Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection,” N Engl J Med, 324 (1991): 289–294.

Centers for Disease Control, “National Action Plan to Combact Multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis,” MMWR, 41 No. RR-11 (1992): 1–48.

Bayer R. Dubler N.N. Landesman S. , “The Dual Epidemics of Tuberculosis and AIDS: Ethical and Policy Issues in Screening and Treatment,” Am J Public Health, 83 (1993): 649–654.

Centers for Disease Control, “Tuberculosis and HIV Infection: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee for the Elimination of Tuberculosis (ACET),” MMWR, 38 (1989): 236–250.