En el presente estudio se analiza el apoyo social como un recurso protector para el ajuste de los adolescentes. Concretamente, se estudian tanto los efectos directos como los mediadores del apoyo social entre las características de funcionamiento y comunicación familiar y el consumo de sustancias de los adolescentes. Con este objetivo, 431 chicos y chicas de 15 a 17 años cumplimentaron una batería de instrumentos para la medida de las variables de funcionamiento y comunicación familiar, apoyo social percibido y la estimación de consumo de sustancias. Los resultados muestran que el apoyo procedente del padre predice negativamente el consumo mientras que el procedente de la pareja del adolescente lo hace de forma positiva. Sin embargo, el apoyo social no media la relación entre características familiares y consumo de sustancias. Finalmente, diferentes explicaciones e implicaciones teóricas y metodológicas de estos resultados son discutidas.
References
1.
BarnesH.OlsonD. H. (1982). Parent adolescent communication scale. EnOlsonD. H.MccubbinH.BarnesH.LarsenA.MuxenM.WilsonW. (Eds.), Family Inventories: Inventories Used in a National Survey of Families across the Family Life Cycle (pp. 33–48). St. Paul: University of Minnesota Press.
2.
BaronR. M.KennyD. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51 (6), 1173–1182.
3.
Bradford-BrownB. (1994). Peers and adolescents. Vision 2010: Families and Adolescents, 2 (1), 8–9.
4.
BranjeS.Van LieshoutC.Van AkenM. (2002). Personality and support in adolescents' family relationships: links with adolescents problem behaviour.VIII Conference of the European Association for Research on Adolescence. Oxford.
5.
BronfenbrennerU. (1979). The ecology of human development.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. [Trad. cast. de A. Devoto: La ecología del desarrollo humano.Barcelona: Paidós, 1987].
6.
ButtersJ. E. (2002). Family stressors and adolescent cannabis use: a pathway to problem use. Journal of Adolescence, 25, 645–654.
7.
Carter GuestK.BiasiniF. J. (2001). Middle childhood, poverty, and adjustment: does social support have an impact?Psychology in the Schools, 38 (6), 549–560.
8.
CarterE. A.Mc GoldrickM. (1989). The changing family life cycle.Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
9.
CiarianoS.BoG.JacksonS.Van MamerenA. (2002). The mediator role of friends in psychological well-being and the use of psychoactive substances during adolescence: a comparative research in two European countries.VIII Conference of the European Association for Research on Adolescence. Oxford.
10.
CohenP.CohenJ.KassenS.VelezC. N.HartmarkC.JohnsonJ.RojasM.BrookJ.StreuningE. L. (1993). An epidemiological study of disorders in late chilhood and adolescence-I. Age- and gender specific prevalence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34 (6), 851–867.
11.
DemarayM. K.MaleckiC. K. (2002). The relationship between perceived social support and maladjustment for student at risk. Psychology in the Schools, 39 (3), 305–316.
12.
DekovicM.MeeusW. (1997). Peer relations in adolescence: effects of perenting and adolescents' self concept. Journal of Adolescence, 20, 163–176.
13.
EngelsR. C. M. E.KnibbeR. A.DevriesH.DropM. J.Van BreukelenG. J. P. (1999). Influences of parental and best friends' smoking and drinking on adolescent use: a longitudinal study. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29 (2), 337–361.
14.
EspadaJ. P.MéndezX.GriffinK. W.BotvinG. J. (2003). Adolescencia: consumo de alcohol y otras drogas. Papeles del Psicólogo, 84, 9–17.
15.
FarrellM. P.BarnesG. M. (1993). Family systems and social support: a test of the effects of cohesion and adaptability on the functioning of parents and adolescents. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 55, 119–132.
16.
FarringtonD. P. (1987). Epidemiology. EnQuayH. C. (Ed.), Handbook of juvenile delinquency (pp. 33–61). Nueva York: Wiley.
17.
FuligniA. J.EcclesJ. S. (1993). Perceived parent-child relationships and early adolescents' orientation toward peers. Developental Psychology, 29 (4), 622–632.
18.
GilvarryE. (2000). Substance abuse in young people. Journal of Child Psychology and psychiatry, 41 (1), 55–80.
19.
Graham-BermannS. A.CoupetS.EglerL.MattisJ.BanyardV. (1996). Interpersonal relatioship and adjustment of children in homeless and economicaly distressed families. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 25, 250–261.
20.
GoldM.YanofD. S. (1985). Mothers, daughters and girlfriends. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 654–659.
21.
HegelsonV. S. (1993). Two important distinctions in social support: kind of support and perceived versus received. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 23, 825–845.
22.
HonessT.RobinsonM. (1993). Assesing parent-adolescent relationships: a review of current research issues and methods. EnJacksonA. E.Rodríguez-toméH. (Eds.), Adolescence and its social worlds (pp. 47–66). Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
23.
JacksonA. E.CicognaniE.CharmanL. (1996). The measurement of conflict in parent-adolescent relationships. EnVerhofstadt-DenèveL.KienhorstY.BraetC. (Eds.), Conflict and development in adolescence (pp. 1–12). Leiden University: DSWO Press.
24.
JacksonY.SifersS. K.WarrenJ. S.VelasquezD. (2003). Family protective factors and behavioral outcome: the role of appraisal in family life events. Journal of emotional and behavioral disorders, 11 (2), 103–111.
25.
JacksonY.WarrenJ. S. (2000). Appraisal, social support, and life events: Predicting outcomes behavior in school-age children. Child Development, 71 (5), 1441–1457.
26.
KesslerR. C. (1991). Perceived support and adjustment to stress: Methodological considerations. EnVeielH.BaumanU. (Eds.), The Meaning and Measurement of Social Support (pp. 259–272). Nueva York: Hemisphere.
27.
LevittM. J.Guacci-FrancoN.LevittJ. L. (1993). Convoys of social support in childhood and early adolescence: structure and function. Developmental Psychology, 29 (5), 811–818.
28.
LinN.EnselW. (1989). Life stress and health: Stressor and resources. American Sociological Review, 54, 382–399.
29.
LópezJ. S.MartínM. J.MartínJ. M. (1998). Consumo de drogas ilegales. EnMartínA.et al. (Eds.), Comportamientos de riesgo: violencia, prácticas sexuales de riesgo y consumo de drogas ilegales.Madrid: Entinema.
30.
McgeeR.WilliamsS.PoultonR.MoffittT. (2000). A longitudinal study of cannabis use and mental health from adolescence to early adulthood. Addiction, 95 (4), 491–503.
31.
MoffittT. E. (1993). Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: a developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review, 100, 674–701.
32.
MusituG.BuelgaS.LilaM.CavaM. J. (2001). Familia y adolescencia.Madrid: Síntesis.
33.
MusituG.CavaM. J. (2003). El rol del apoyo social en el ajuste de los adolescentes. Intervención Psicosocial, 12 (2), 179–192.
34.
OlsonD. H.PortnerJ.LaveeY. (1985). FACES III.St. Paul, Minnesota: Family Social Science, University of Minnesota.
35.
OlsonD. H.WilsonM. (1982). Family satisfaction. EnOlsonD. H.MccubbinH.BarnesH.LarsenA.MuxenM.WilsonW. (Eds), Family Inventories: Inventories Used in a National Survey of Families across the Family Life Cycle (pp. 33–48). St. Paul: university of Minnesota Press.
36.
ParkeR. D. (2004). Development in family.Annual Review of Psychology 2004, 55, 365–399.
37.
PeiserN. C.HeavenP. C. L. (1996). Family influences on self-reported delinquency among high school students. Journal of Adolescence, 19, 557–568.
38.
PonsJ. (1995). Factores de riesgo asociados al consumo abusivo de alcohol en la adolescencia. Tesis Doctoral. Dir: Enrique Berjano. Facultad de Psicología. universidad de Valencia.
39.
PonsJ.BerjanoE. (1999). El consumo abusivo de alcohol en la adolescencia: un modelo explicativo desde la psicología social Plan Nacional sobre Drogas, Ministerio del Interior.
40.
Sánchez-queijadaI.OlivaA. (2003). Vínculos de apego con los padres y relaciones con los iguales durante la adolescencia. Revista de Psicología Social, 18 (1), 71–86.
41.
ScholteE. M. (1999). Factors predicting continued violence into young adulthood. Journal of Adolescence, 22 (3), 3–20.
42.
ScholteR. H. J.Van LieshoutC. F. M.Van AkenM. A. G. (2001). Perceived relational support in adolescence: Dimensions, configurations, and adolescent adjustment. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 11 (1), 71–94.
43.
SimonsR. L.ChaoW.CongerR. D.ElderG. H. (2001). Quality of parenting as mediator of the effect of childhood defiance on adolescent friendship choices and delinquency: a growth curve analysis. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63 (1), 63–79.
44.
SteinbergL.Sheffield MorrisA.(2001). Adolescence development. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 83–110.
45.
Van AkenM. A. G. (1997). Cuestionario de Relaciones Interpersonales durante la adolescencia. Universidad de Nijmegen. Holanda. Trabajo no publicado.
46.
Van AkenM. A. G.AsendorpfJ. B. (1997). Support by parents, classmates, friends and siblings in preadolescence: Covariation and compensation across relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 14 (1), 79–93.
47.
Van AkenM. A. G.Van LieshoutC. F. M.ScholteR. H. J.BranjeS. J. T. (1999). Relational support and person characteristics in adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 22, 819–833.
48.
ZimmermanM. A.BingenheimerJ. B. (2002). Natural mentors and adolescent resiliency: a study with urban youth. American Journal of Community Psychology, 30 (2), 221–243.
