1 J. Herf, Divided Memory. The Nazi Past in the Two Germanies (Cambridge, MA 1997); M. Fulbrook, German National Identity After the Holocaust (Cambridge 1999).

2 J.E. Young, The Texture of Memory. Holocaust Memorials and Meaning (New Haven, CT 1993); C. Wiedmer, The Claims of Memory. Representations of the Holocaust in Contemporary Germany and France (Ithaca, NY 1999).

3 N. Wood, Vectors of Memory. Legacies of Trauma in Postwar Europe (Oxford 1999), 1.

4 Ibid., 2.

5 R. Koshar, From Monuments to Traces. Artifacts of German Memory, 1870—1990 (Berkeley, CA 2000), 8, 18—20.

6 P. Novick, The Holocaust and Collective Memory. The American Experience (London 2000), 2—5.

7 P. Lagrou, The Legacy of Nazi Occupation. Patriotic Memory and National Recovery in Western Europe, 1945—1965 (Cambridge 2000), 17.

8 J.E. Young, At Memory's Edge. After-Images of the Holocaust in Contemporary Art and Architecture (New Haven, CT 2000).

9 V.J. Seidler, Shadows of the Shoah. Jewish Identity and Belonging (Oxford 2000); H.A. Enzer and S. Solotaroff-Enzer (eds), Anne Frank. Reflections on her Life and Legacy (Urbana, IL 2000).

10 Koshar, Monuments, op. cit., 9.

11 Ibid., 225.

12 Lagrou, The Legacy, op. cit., 305.

13 Ibid., 16.

14 T. Cole, Images of the Holocaust. The Myth of the `Shoah Business' (London 1999).

15 Novick, The Holocaust, op. cit., 1—2.

16 Koshar, From Monuments, op. cit., 253; Lagrou, The Legacy, op. cit., 251—4.

17 Seidler, Shadows, op. cit., 27.

18 Young, At Memory's Edge, op. cit., 42—4.

19 Ibid., 42.

20 Lagrou, The Legacy, op. cit., 16.

21 Many of the essays in J. Winter and E. Sivan, War and Remembrance in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge 1999) seek to do just this.

22 Lagrou, The Legacy, op. cit., 36.

23 Ibid., 292—5, 302.

24 Ibid., 36.

25 Ibid., 297.

26 Koshar, From Monuments, op. cit., 218, 226—8, 238 ff.

27 Ibid., 218; S. Milton, In Fitting Memory. The Art and Politics of Holocaust Memorials (Detroit 1991), 10.

28 J. Dower, Embracing Defeat. Japan in the Aftermath of World War II (London 1999), 225 ff.

29 Ibid., 28.

30 Ibid., 25.

31 Ibid., 61.

32 Ibid., 415.

33 Lagrou, The Legacy, op. cit., 251, 259.

34 Peter Catterall, `What (if anything) is Distinctive about Contemporary History?', Journal of Contemporary History, 32, 4 (October 1997), 450.

35 Koshar, From Monuments, op. cit., 107—8; Young, At Memory's Edge, op. cit., 186—8.

36 Koshar, From Monuments, op. cit., 260—1.

37 Young, At Memory's Edge, op. cit., 1.

38 Ibid., 4.

39 Cited in ibid., 70.

40 Koshar, From Monuments, op. cit., 254—5.

41 Seidler, Shadows, op. cit., 60.

42 Young, At Memory's Edge, op. cit., 127—39.

43 Young, At Memory's Edge, op. cit., 131.

Review Article: Scales of Memory,Layers of Memory: Recent Works on Memories of the Second World War and the Holocaust

Abstract