EDTA-soluble material, extracted from incisor teeth of rats given 50 ppm fluoride (NaF) in drinking water ad libitum from conception to age nine wk, contained significantly higher levels of protein (P<0.01) and γ-carboxyglutamic acid (P<0.01) than did similar material from control rats. Tooth fluoride levels indicated that the incisors were mildly fluorosed. Analysis of these data indicates that mild fluorosis of rat incisor teeth involves not only the characteristic disturbances of pigmentation and mineral structure but also some alteration of the matrix protein.
References
1.
Boskey, A.L. (1981): Current Concepts of the Physiology and Biochemistry of Calcification, Clin Orthop157:225-257.
2.
Brudevold, F.; Bakhos, Y.; and Aasenden, R. (1978): Dental Fluorosis as Related to the Concentration of Fluoride in Teeth and Bone, JADA96:459-463.
3.
Burnier, J.P.; Borowski, M.; Furie, B.C.; and Furie, B. (1981): Gamma-Carboxyglutamic Acid, Mol Cell Biochem39:191-199.
4.
Butler, W.T.; Bhown, M.; Dimuzio, M.T.; and Linde, A. (1981): Non-collagenous Proteins of Dentin. Isolation and Partial Characterization of Rat Dentin Proteins and Proteoglycans using a Three-step Preparative Method, Coll Rel Res1 :187-199.
5.
Cohen-Solal, L.; Lian, J.B.; Kossiva, D.; and Glimcher, M.J. (1979): Identification of Organic Phosphorus Covalently Bound to Collagen and Non-collagenous Proteins of Chicken Bone Matrix. The Presence of O-Phosphoserine and O-Phosphothreonine in Non-collagenous Proteins, and Their Absence from Phosphorylated Collagen, Biochem J177:81-98.
6.
Dimuzio, M.T.; Bhown, M.; and Butler, W.T. (1983): The Biosynthesis of Dentin γ-Carboxyglutamic Acid-containing Proteins by Rat Incisor Odontoblasts in Organ Culture, Biochem J216:249-257.
7.
Dimuzio, M.T. and Veis, A. (1978): Phosphophoryns - Major Noncollagenous Proteins of Rat Incisor Dentin, Calcif Tissue Res25:169-178.
8.
Fejerskov, 0.; Thylstrup, A.; and Joost Larsen, M. (1977): Clinical and Structural Features and Possible Pathogenic Mechanisms of Dental Fluorosis, Scand J Dent Res85 :510-534.
9.
Fernlund, P.; Stenflo, J.;Roepstorff, P.; and Thomsen, J. (1975): Vitamin K and the Biosynthesis of Prothrombin. V. γ-Carboxyglutamic Acids, the Vitamin K-dependent Structures in Prothrombin , J Biol Chem250:6125-6133.
10.
Glimcher, M.J.; Lefteriou, B.; and Kossiva, D. (1979): Identification of O-Phosphoserine, O-Phosphothreonine and γ-Carboxyglutamic Acid in the Non-collagenous Proteins of Bovine Cementum; Comparison with Dentin, Enamel and Bone, Calcif Tissue Int28:83-86.
11.
Hamilton, S.E.; King, G.; Tesch, D.; Riddles, P.; Keough, D.T.; Jell, J.; and Zerner, B. (1982): γ-Carboxyglutamic Acid in Invertebrates: Its Identification in Hermatypic Corals, Biochem Biophys Res Commun108:610-613.
12.
Hauschka, P.V. (1977): Quantitative Determination of γ-Carboxyglutamic Acid in Proteins, Anal Biochem80:212-223.
13.
Hauschka, P.V.; Henson, E.B.; and Gallop, P.M. (1980): Quantitative Analysis and Comparative Decarboxylation of Aminomalonic Acid, β-Carboxyaspartic Acid, and γ-Carboxyglutamic Acid, Anal Biochem108:57-63.
14.
Hauschka, P.V. and Reddi, A.H. (1980): Correlation of the Appearance of γ-Carboxyglutamic Acid with the Onset of Mineralization in Developing Endochondral Bone, Biochem Biophys Res Commun92:1034-1041.
15.
Linde, A.; Bhown, M.; Cothran, W.C.; Hoglund, A.; and Butler, W.T. (1982): Evidence for Several γ-Carboxyglutamic Acid-Containing Proteins in Dentin, Biochim Biophys Acta704:235-239.
16.
Lowry, O.H.;Rosebrough, N.J.; Farr, A.L.; and Randall, R.J. (1951): Protein Measurement with the Folin Phenol Reagent , J Biol Chem193:265-275.
17.
Peterson, G.L. (1983): Determination of Total Protein, Methods Enzymol91:95-119.
18.
Price, P.: Osteocalcin. In: Bone and Mineral Research, Annual 1, W.A. Peck, Ed., Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Excerpta Medica, 1983, pp. 157-190.
19.
Price, P.A.; Otsuka, A.S.; Poser, J.W.; Kristaponis, J.; and Raman, N. (1976): Characterization of a γ-Carboxyglutamic Acid-containing Protein from Bone, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA73:1447-1451.
20.
Westley, J. and Lambeth, J. (1960): Protein Determination on the Basis of Copper-binding Capacity, Biochim Biophys Acta40:364-366.
