Adult-onset Still’s disease with prominent polyserositis

Abstract

Adult-onset Still’s disease is a systemic autoinflammatory disease the presentation of which can often mimic infection. As a consequence, there is often a delay in diagnosis. Serositis is a recognised but less common clinical feature that can result in complications including cardiac tamponade and constrictive pericarditis. We describe a case of adult-onset Still’s disease without the hallmark rash or significant arthritis, presenting with polyserositis that showed a good response to initial steroid treatment and sustained remission with anakinra. An elevated procalcitonin level was due to active adult-onset Still’s disease, not bacterial infection.

Keywords

Adult-onset Still’s disease anaemia pericarditis pleural effusion pyrexia of unknown origin

Introduction

Adult-onset Still’s disease (AOSD) is a systemic autoinflammatory disease characterised by daily (quotidian) fever, typical rash and arthritis. Pharyngitis, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy are all recognised features of the condition¹ as are pericarditis and pericardial effusions which can occur in up to 40% of cases. There is typically a striking neutrophilic leukocytosis, hyperferritinaemia and elevated inflammatory markers. We describe a presentation of AOSD in a postmenopausal woman with evidence of serositis in the absence of its hallmark rash.

Case report

A 56-year-old postmenopausal woman presented to a large district general hospital with fever, tachycardia, hypotension and dyspnoea. She had an 18-month history of ‘pyrexia of unknown origin’, with a 2-month history of worsening fevers with night sweats, myalgias, arthralgias, together with 13-kg weight loss.

Repeated investigations had revealed raised inflammatory markers, a normocytic anaemia, neutrophilia and an initial normal ferritin level (164 mg/dL) with normal iron and iron binding capacity. Immunoglobulins, antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and rheumatoid factor (RF) were normal. Serial blood cultures were negative as was serology for Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus. Transthoracic echocardiogram and chest radiographs had been normal. Multiple empirical courses of antibiotics for possible occult infection had been ineffective.

On admission to hospital, investigations showed white cell count 18.7 (neutrophils 17.0), C Reactive Protein (CRP) 195 mg/L, Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) 116 mm/h, Haemoglobin (Hb) 93 g/L, alkaline phosphatase 125 IU/L, Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 16 IU/L, albumin 30 g/L, D-Dimer 2485 ng/mL, International Normalized Ratio (INR) 1.43 and a steep rise in ferritin at 6624 µg/L. The timing of her fever did not show any particular pattern, and a salmon-pink rash, although looked for by inspection of her trunk, neck and extremities, was not observed. Further, multiple cultures of blood and urine were negative.

Chest X-ray showed a small right-sided pleural effusion that progressed bilaterally over a few days (Figure 1). Pleural fluid analysis showed glucose 5.5 mmol/L, LDH 2905 IU/L, total protein 39 g/L and adenosine deaminase 31 IU/L. A transthoracic echocardiogram and a heart CT scan demonstrated a small pericardial effusion and a global reduction of left ventricular function (ejection fraction = 53%) (Figure 2).

Figure 1.

Chest X-ray showing moderate left-sided pleural effusion and a small right-sided effusion.

Figure 2.

(a, b) MRI myocardial viability scan showing pericardial effusion measuring up to 1 cm in depth lateral to the left ventricular free wall. Thickening of both visceral and parietal pericardium is seen.

Serum procalcitonin level on admission was 2.5 µg/L, quickly rising to 24.7 after 72 h. Alkaline phosphatase and alanine transaminase peaked at 638 IU/L and 42 IU/L, respectively. No response was seen following treatment with broad spectrum antibiotics. Although an elevated procalcitonin level is typically associated with infection, it was felt in this case that an active inflammatory, non-infective process was present. A likely diagnosis of AOSD was made and 10 days into this admission she was treated with 1000 mg intravenous methylprednisolone on three consecutive days, followed by oral prednisolone 40 mg daily with significant improvement of fevers and wellbeing. Response was confirmed with normalisation of serum procalcitonin (sequential fall to 10.6 µg/L and 8.4 µg/L), plus falling CRP and ferritin (Table 1). Repeat cardiac imaging at four weeks showed complete resolution of the pericardial and pleural effusions with slightly improved ejection fraction (57%) (Figure 3). Unfortunately, four weeks later she developed steroid-induced mania and steroid reduction and cessation was recommended by the psychiatry team. This resulted in worsening disease activity and elevation of CRP again (Table 1). It was agreed that anakinra would offer the best chance of disease remission and after starting at 100 mg subcutaneously daily, there was dramatic clinical improvement with normalisation of inflammatory markers (Table 1). The patient remains well, on anakinra one year later.

Table 1.

Yamaguchi et al. criteria for AOSD.⁶

Diagnosis: Need to meet five of the following criteria at least two of which should be major criteria
Major	Minor
Arthralgia > 2 weeks	Sore throat
Fever > 39, intermittent, ≥1 week	Lymphadenopathy and/or splenomegaly
Typical rash	LFT abnormal
WBC > 10,000 (>80% granulocytes)	Negative ANA and RF
Need to exclude:
Infections
Malignancies
Rheumatic diseases

Figure 3.

Interval MRI myocardial viability scan (at one month) showing resolution of pericardial effusion with normal looking pericardium.

Discussion

The inflammatory mechanisms involved in AOSD can smoulder over months or years before the diagnosis becomes clear. The disease affects all age groups, but 75% of patients have onset at a younger age (16–35 years).²

Characteristically, an elevated white cell count with predominant neutrophilia, raised ESR and CRP, anaemia and increased liver enzymes have been described. Serum ferritin above 4000 ng/mL is often seen³ and since 2002 has been recognised as a major diagnostic criterion.⁴ The other diagnostic parameters can be non-specific, with up to 49% patients not having the typical evanescent flat salmon-pink rash,⁵ as in our patient. AOSD remains a diagnosis of exclusion,⁶ and often follows a relapsing–remitting course,⁷ therefore making diagnosis difficult. Our case illustrates that an increase in procalcitonin can be seen in AOSD and is not solely a marker for bacterial infection, as has previously been reported.⁸

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) has been shown to provide a stimulus for procalcitonin which in turn acts as a mediator of cytokines. The half-life of procalcitonin is 24 h⁸ and hence a lack of response to antibiotics for presumed bacterial infections should warrant consideration of an inflammatory process such as AOSD.

Our patient had leukocytosis, high fever, arthralgias, negative ANA/RF, pericarditis, high ferritin and a raised procalcitonin responsive to steroids but not to antibiotics. She met the Yamaguchi criteria for AOSD (Table 2).⁶ Furthermore, extensive investigations excluded other causes.

Table 2.

Hb, Plts, ESR, CRP and ferritin before initial IV methylprednisolone infusion, 1 week post infusions on oral prednisolone 40 mg.

	Pre-IV steroids	Post-IV steroids	On oral steroids 40 mg	Off oral steroids/ pre-anakinra	2 Weeks after anakinra	8 Weeks after anakinra
Week	0	1	5	26	28	34
Hb	93	94	91	84	116	146
Plts	322	728	471	662	434	257
ESR	116	N/A	117	120	28	8
CRP	195	52	50	137	1	<1
Ferritin	6624	N/A	2502	N/A	N/A	380

N/A: not available.

Prednisolone was tailed off by week 10 because of steroid mania.

Hb (g/L – normal range 120–150).

Platelets (Plts) (10⁹ – normal range 150–410).

ESR (mm/h – normal range 1–19).

CRP (mg/L – normal range<9).

Ferritin (µg/L – normal range 15–400).

Steroids are often the initial treatment of choice, having a response rate of 76–95% with many patients requiring maintenance doses of prednisone.⁵ AOSD refractory to oral prednisone has been shown to respond well to intravenous pulse therapy with methylprednisolone.⁹ Intravenous immunoglobulins, tumour necrosis factor-alpha antagonists, methotrexate, and therapies targeting interleukins (IL-1 and IL-6) have also been used for resistant cases.^10–12 In our case, the need to stop steroid treatment meant other treatment options had to be considered. The good response to anakinra, after prior withdrawal of steroids, supports the role for IL-1 in aetio-pathogenesis of the disease.

Footnotes

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

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