Abstract
The example of Quebecois society in Canada enables us to explore the relationships of opposition and identity established between traditional and post-traditional societies, and the way in which each views nature and exploits its resources. This article begins by pointing out that Quebec has not been considered a traditional society since 1960. Next, the connections that can be made between the religious mentality prevalent before 1960 and respect for nature are examined. These connections are then compared to those found in Amerindian traditions, and contrasted with the connections that can be observed when the state begins to play a unifying role in a society formerly organized around the Church. The focus of the article is a case study of a conflict between the state and native Americans—the controversy surrounding plans to build a giant hydroelectric complex on the Great Whale River in Northern Quebec. Despite years of often bitter debate between the Quebecois and Native societies, there is a possible framework for cooperation and agreement. The basis for such an agreement would be an awareness of the interdependence of these two societies. If the Amerindian and Quebecois peoples would work together to achieve their goals, they would be able to form a new social whole, characterized by practical rationality and a democratic spirit. These characteristics would identify the new social entity as a truly modern society.