This article presents a data-gathering methodology designed to be used with open- access hallmark events to defect the tourism spending associated with such events. The methodology includes a triangulation estimate of spectator numbers, which when com bined with participant numbers and the respective expenditure records provides an overall estimate of tourist direct spending. The methodology is tested on a regional sports tournament and reveals that even a relatively small-scale hallmark event can generate considerable tourist expenditure.
References
1.
British Columbia (1989). B.C. Winter Games Rule Book. Victoria, BC: Ministry of Municipal Affairs. Recreation and Culture.
2.
Calgary Tourist and Convention Bureau (1988 ). Olympic Visitor Study. Calgary: CTCB Research Department.
3.
Davidson. L., and W.A. Schaffer (1980). "A Discussion of Methods Employed in Analyzing the Impact of Short-Term Entertainment Events." Journal of Travel Research, 18: 12-16.
4.
Della Bitta, A.J., D. L.Loudon, G.G. Booth. and R.R. Weeks (1977). "Estimating the Economic Impact of a Short Term Tourist Event." Journal of Travel Research , 16: 10-15.
5.
Hall. C.M. (1987). "The Effects of Hallmark Events on Cities." Journal of Travel Research, 26: 44-45.
6.
—( 1988). "Understanding the Impacts of Hallmark Tourist Events ." Paper presented at International Geographers Union Commission on Recreation and Tourism, Christchurch , New Zealand.
7.
—( 1989). "Hallmark Tourist Events: Analysis, Definition, Methodology and Review." In The Planning and Evaluation of HallmarkEvents, G.J. Syme, B. J. Shaw, D. M. Fenton , and W. S. Mueller. eds. Aldershot, Hants: Gower Puhlishing , pp. 3-19.
8.
Kemp. S. (1984). "Estimating the Size of Sports Crowds." Perceptual and Motor Skills, 59: 723-29.
9.
Kolson, J. (1988). "The Calgary Olympic Visitor Study." The Operational Geographer, 16: 15-17.
10.
Mak. J.J. Moncur, and D. Yonamine (1977)." Howor How Not to Measure Visitor Expenditures ." Journal of Travel Research, 16: 1-4.
11.
Marsh. J.S. (1982). "The Economic Impact of Small City Annual Sporting Event: An Initial Case Study of the Peterborough Church League Atom Hockey Tournament." Recreation Research Review. 11:48-55.
12.
Mazitelli, D. (1989). "Major Sports Events in Australia—Some Economic. Tourism and Sports Related Effects." In The Planning and Evaluation of Hallmark Events, G. J. Syme, B. J. Shaw, D. M. Fenton, and W. S. Mueller, cds. Aldershot, Hants: Gower Publishing, pp. 195-202.
13.
Middleton. V.T.C. (1988). Marketing in Travel and Tourism. Oxford: Heinemann.
14.
Murphy, P.E. (1973). "The Potential and Problems of Experiments in Geography: A Case Study." In B. C. Geographical Series, No. 17. Vancouver, BC: Tantalus Press , pp. 7-12.-
15.
Murray and Associates (1985). A Study to Determine the Impact of Events on Local Economies. Regina: Saskatchewan Tourism and Small Business.
16.
Ritchie, J.R.B. (1984). "Assessing the Impact of Hallmark Events: Conceptual and Research Issues." Journal of Travel Research, 23: 2-11.
17.
Statistics Canada (1981). Travel, Tourism and Outdoor Recreation:A Statistical Digest, 1978 and 1979. Ottawa: Statistics Canada.
18.
Sloddard. R.H. (1982). Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Dubuque. IA: Kendall Hunt.
19.
Wall, G. (1972). "Socio-Economic Variations in Picasure-Trip Patterns: The Case of Hull Car Owners." Transactions of the Institute of British Goographys, 57: 45-58.
20.
Wall. G. and C. Knappcr (1981). Tutankhamun in Toronto. Waterloo. Ont.: Department of Geography, University of Waterloo .Publication Series. 17
21.
Wall. G., and Mitchell ( 1989). "Cultural Festivals as Economic Stimuli and Catalysts of Functional Change." In The Planning and Evaluation of HallmarkEvents, G. J.Symc, B. J.Shaw, D.M. Fenton. and W. S. Mueller. eds. Aldershot. Hants: Gowcr Publishing. pp. 132-41.
22.
Wang. P., and R. Gitelson (1988). Limitations with the Economic Benefits of Short-term Events." In Tourism Research: Expanding Boundaries Proceedings. of the Travel and Tourism Research Association's 19th Annual Conference. Montreal. Quebec, pp. 257-61.
23.
Win. S.F. (1988). "Mega-Events and Mega-Attractions." Tourism Management9: 76-77.
