Mendel and Methodology

Gardner Martin , “Great fakes of science”, Esquire, October 1977, 88–92.

Kevles Daniel , “Genetics in the United States and Great Britain, 1890–1930: A review with speculations”, Isis, Ixxi (1980), 441–5.

Fisher R. A. , “Has Mendel's work been rediscovered?”, Annals of science, i (1936), 115–37. Also in Stern C. and Sherwood E. R. (eds), Origins of genetics: A Mendel source book (San Francisco and London, 1966), 139–72.

Box J. F. , R. A. Fisher: The life of a scientist (New York, Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto, 1978), 297.

Fisher , op. cit. (ref. 3), 131.

Box , op. cit. (ref. 4), 297.

E.g., Gardner , op. cit. (ref. 1); Koestler Arthur , The case of the midwife toad (New York, 1971), 55.

Beadle George , “Mendelism, 1965”, in Brink R. S. (ed.), Heritage from Mendel (Madison, Wis., 1967), 335–50.

Orel Vitezslav , “Will the story on the ‘too good’ results of Mendel's data continue?”, Bioscience, xviii (1968), 776–8.

Campbell Margaret , “Explanations of Mendel's results”, Centaurus, xx (1976), 159–74.

Kruta V. and Orel V. , “Mendel, Johan Gregor”, in Gillispie C. C. (ed.), Dictionary of scientific biography, ix (New York, 1974), 277–83.

Fisher , op. cit. (ref. 3), 132.

Sturtevant A. H. , A history of genetics (New York, 1965); Theodor Dobzhansky (book review of Stern and Sherwood, op. cit. (ref. 3)), Science, clvi (1967), 1588.

Iltis Hugo , Gregor Mendels Leben, Werke, und Wirkung (Berlin, 1924); translated as Life of Mendel (London, 1966).

Dunn L. C. , A short history of genetics (New York, 1965), 12.

Campbell , op. cit. (ref. 10), 161.

Box , op. cit. (ref. 4), 298.

Koestler , op. cit. (ref. 7), 55.

E.g., Gardner , op. cit. (ref. 1); Koestler , op. cit. (ref. 7).

Orel , op. cit. (ref. 9), 776.

Wright Sewel , “Mendel's ratios”, in Stern and Sherwood , op. cit. (ref. 3), 173–5.

Dunn , op. cit. (ref. 15), 12; Olby R. C. , Origins of Mendelism (London, 1966), 183; Beadle , op. cit. (ref. 8), 338.

Olby , op. cit. (ref. 22), 184.

Fisher , op. cit. (ref. 3), 122, 123 and notes.

Mendel Gregor , “Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden”, Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereines in Brünn, iv (1865), 3–47, and also in Stern and Sherwood, op. cit. (ref. 3), 4 (emphasis in original). See also Campbell , op. cit. (ref. 10), 163–5.

Gardner , op. cit. (ref. 1), 88–89; Wright , op. cit. (ref. 21), 173; Dunn , op. cit. (ref. 15), 12; Rosenthal Robert , Experimenter effects in behavior research (New York, 1966), 5; Fisher R. A. , The genetical theory of natural selection (2nd rev. ed., New York, 1958), 9; Zirkle Conway , “Some oddities in the delayed discovery of Mendelism”, Journal of heredity, i (1964), 65–72.

Campbell , op. cit. (ref. 10), 165.

ibid., 169.

Olby found that Tschermak's 1900 and Hurst's 1904 data are “much better” than one would expect on the basis of probability (Olby, op. cit. (ref. 22), 183). Weiling has demonstrated that some of the results of Correns, Bateson, Wilby, and Darbishire are as unlikely as those of Mendel and Tschermak ( Weiling F. , “Hat J. G. Mendel bei seinen Versuchen ‘zu genau’ gearbeitet?—der Test und seine Bedeutung für die Beurteilung genetischer spajltungver-haltnis”, Der Züchter, xxxvi (1966), 359–65; “Mendel's ‘too good’ data in Pisum-experiments”, Folio Mendeliana, vi (1971), 75–77). In 1966 Sewell Wright expressed his doubts that “there are many geneticists even now whose data, if extensive, would stand up wholly satisfactorily under the χ-squared tests” (Wright, op. cit. (ref. 21), 174; quoted in Campbell, op. cit. (ref. 10), 169).

Roberts H. F. , Plant hybridization before Mendel (Princeton, 1929), 292; Mendel (1865) in Stern and Sherwood , op. cit. (ref. 3), 7.

Fisher , op. cit. (ref. 3), 125.

ibid., 128.

ibid., 131.

ibid., compare ref. 32 with ref. 33.

Wells G. P. , “Lancelot Thomas Hogben, 1895–1975”, Biographical memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, xxiv (1978), 183–221, p. 210; Hogben Lancelot , “The present crisis in statistical theory”, in Science in authority, essays by Lancelot Hogben (New York, 1963), 94–112; Hogben Lancelot , Statistical theory: The relationship of probability, credibility and error (London, 1957).

Campbell , op. cit. (ref. 10), 168.

Wright , op. cit. (ref. 21), 174.

Weiling , op. cit. (ref. 29); Sturtevant , op. cit. (ref. 13); Orel , op. cit. (ref. 9); Lamprecht H. , Die Grundlagen der Mendelschen Gesetze (Berlin, 1968); Thoday T. H. , “Mendel's work as an introduction to genetics”, Advancement of science (1966), 120–4.

Beadle , op. cit. (ref. 8), 337.

van der Waerden B. L. , “Mendel's experiments”, Centaurus, xii (1968), 275–88, p. 282, emphasis added.

Weiling , op. cit. (ref. 29), 75–77; Lamprecht , op. cit. (ref. 38).

Orel , op. cit. (ref. 9), 778.

Campbell , op. cit. (ref. 10), 171.

Dobzhansky , op. cit. (ref. 13), 1588.

Zadeh L. A. , “Fuzzy sets”, Information and control, viii (1965), 338–53.

Kevles , op. cit. (ref. 2); Norton B. J. , “Biology and philosophy: The methodological foundations of biometry”, Journal of the history of biology, viii (1975), 85–93.

Pearl Raymond , Introduction to medical biometry and statistics (Philadelphia and London, 1923), 18–19. See also Pearl , Modes of research in genetics (New York, 1915), 80–81, and Davenport C. B. , Statistical methods with special reference to biological variation (2nd rev. ed., New York, 1904), 11–39.

Jacob Fran&çois , The logic of life: A history of heredity (New York, 1973), 47–52.

Pearl R. , Introduction to medical biometry and statistics (3rd rev. ed., Philadelphia and London, 1940), 85–89; also cited in Wright , op. cit. (ref. 21), 173.

Yule G. U. , “On the influence of bias and personal equation in the statistics of ill-defined qualities”, Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxxvi (1906), 325–81. Pearson Karl , “On the mathematical theory of errors in judgment, with special reference to the personal equation”, Philosophical transactions, cxcviii (1902), 235–99.

Pearl , op. cit. (ref. 49), 87.

Pearl From , op. cit. (ref. 49), 87, 88, reproduced by permission of W. B. Saunders Company.

Pearl , op. cit. (ref. 49), 87–88.

ibid., 89.

Fisher , op. cit. (ref. 3), 130–1.

Olby , op. cit. (ref. 22), 183.

Fisher , op. cit. (ref. 3).

Orel V. , “A reconstruction of Mendel's Pisum experiments and an attempt at an explanation of Mendel's way of presentation”, Folio Mendeliana, vi (1971), 41–60.

ibid., 59.

Ceti Ivo , “An attempt at a reconstruction of Mendel's experiments in plants other than Pisum”, Folio Mendeliana, vi (1971), 105–12; idem, “Significance of Mendel's hybridizing experiments carried out after 1865”, Folio Mendeliana, viii (1973), 213–19.

Mendel (1865) in Stern and Sherwood, op. cit. (ref. 3), 5–6.

ibid., 39–40.

Rasmussen in Fisher , op. cit'. (ref. 3), 122n.

ibid., 123n.

Heimans J. , “Mendel's idea on the nature of hereditary characters”, Folio Mendeliana, vi (1971), 91–98.

Olby , op. cit. (ref. 22), 81 and 186; Olby Robert , “Mendel no Mendelian?”, History of science, xvii (1979), 53–72, p. 61.

Olby , op. cit. (ref. 22), 81; idem (1979), op. cit. (ref. 66), 61–62.

Heimans , op. cit. (ref. 65), 95.

Benedík Jaroslav , “A contribution to the traits combinations in Mendel's paper”, Folio Mendeliana, vi (1971), 61–63.

See ref. 61.

de Beer Gavin , “Mendel, Darwin, and Fisher”, Notes and records of the Royal Society of London, xix (1964), 192–226. Malcolm Kottler has recently made the same point with regard to de Vries in “Hugo de Vries and the rediscovery of Mendel's laws”, Annals of science, xxxvi (1979), 517–38.

Mendel Gregor , “Gregor Mendel's letters to Carl Nägeli, 1866–1873”, in Stern and Sherwood , op. cit. (ref. 3), 76.

Mendel (1866–1873), op. cit. (ref. 72); Mendel (1865) in Stern and Sherwood , op. cit. (ref. 3), 12–13. See Kottler , op. cit. (ref. 71), for a discussion of the same problem in the work of de Vries.

Hogben L. , An introduction to mathematical genetics (New York, 1946), 89.

Kevles , op. cit. (ref. 2), 444.

Olby , op. cit. (ref. 22), 182–4.

ibid., 184, emphasis added.

Roberts , op. cit. (ref. 30), 282; Mendel (1865) in Stern and Sherwood , op. cit. (ref. 3). 7.

Fisher , op. cit. (ref. 3), 123n.

Mendel , quoted in Roberts , op. cit. (ref. 30), 294.

Roberts , op. cit. (ref. 30), 184; Iltis , op. cit. (ref. 14), 92.

Fisher , op. cit. (ref. 3), 123n.