Invited Review: Infant Feeding and Enteral Nutrition

Fitzhardinge PM , Stevens EM The small-for-date infant. I. Later growth patterns. Pediatrics 1972;49:671-81.

Waterlow JC , Alleyne GAO. Protein malnutrition in children : advances in knowledge in the last 10 years . Adv Protein Chem 1971;25:117-241.

Butler N. Late postnatal consequences of fetal malnutrition. In: Winick M , ed. Nutrition and fetal development . New York: John Wiley and Sons , 1974 :173-8.

Lloyd-Still JD Clinical studies on the effects of malnutrition during infancy and subsequent physical and intellectual development. In: Lloyd-Still JD , ed. Malnutrition and intellectual development . Littleton, MA: Publishing Sciences Group, 1976;103-59.

Gross SJ , Oehler JM , Eckerman CO Head growth and developmental outlook in very low-birth-weight infants . Pediatrics 1983;71:70-5.

Ferguson AC Prolonged impairment of cellular immunity in children with intrauterine growth retardation. J Pediatr 1978;93:52-6.

Moran J. The preschool child: diet, growth and obesity. J Hum Nutr 1980;34:117-30.

Butte NF , Garza C. , Smith EOB , Nichols BL Human milk intake and growth in exclusively breast-fed infants. J Pediatr 1984;104:187-95.

Fomon SJ Infant nutrition. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1974:575 pp.

Young VR , Steffee WP , Pencharz PB , et al. Total human body protein synthesis in relation to protein requirements at various ages. Nature 1975;253:192-4.

Flodin NW , Morgan PH , Mercer LP The problem of human protein requirements: some kinetic and metabolic considerations . Med Hypotheses 1977;3:94-110.

Ziegler EE , Biga RL , Fomon SJ Nutritional requirements of the premature infant. In: Suskind RM , ed. Textbook of pediatric nutrition . New York: Raven Press, 1981:29-40.

Kashyap S. , Forsyth M. , Zucker C. , et al. Effects of varying protein and energy intakes on growth and metabolic response in low-birth-weight infants. J Pediatr 1986;108:955-63.

Joint FAO/WHO Ad Hoc Expert Committee on Energy and Protein Requirements. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1973:40-53. (World Health Organization technical reprint series no. 522).

Raija N. , Boehm G. Protein and nitrogen metabolism in low-birth-weight infants. In: Stern L , ed. Feeding the sick neonate . New York: Vevey/ Raven Press; 1987:63-9. (Nestle Nutrition Workshop series; vol II).

Committee on Dietary Allowances Food and Nutrition Board. Recommended dietary allowances. Washington DC: National Academy of Sciences/ National Research Council, 1980.

Shaw JCL. Trace elements in the fetus and young infant . I. Zinc. Am J Dis Child 1979;133:1260-8.

Siegel M. , Lebenthal E. Development of gastrointestinal motility and gastric emptying during the fetal and newborn periods. In: Lebenthal E , ed. Textbook of gastroenterology and nutrition in infancy . New York: Raven Press, 1981 :121-38.

Krauss AN , Brown J. , Waldman S. , et al. Pulmonary function following feeding in low-birth-weight infants . Am J Dis Child 1978;132:139-42.

Duritz G. , Oltorf C. Lactobezoar formation associated with high-density caloric formula . Pediatrics 1979;63:647-9.

Lebenthal E. , Lee PC Development of functional response in human exocrine pancreas. Pediatrics 1980 ;66:556-60.

Zoppi G. , Andreotti G. , Pajno-Ferrara F. , et al. Exocrine pancreas function in premature and full term neonates . Pediatr Res 1972;6:880-6.

Alemi B. , Hamosh M. , Scanlon JW , et al. Fat digestion in very low-birth-weight infants: effects of addition of human milk to low-birth-weight formula. Pediatrics 1981;68:484-9.

Watkins JB , Ingall D. , Szczpanik P. , et al. Bile-salt metabolism in the newborn. N Engl J Med 1973;288:431-4.

Watkins JB , Szczpanik P. , Gould JB , et al. Bile-salt metabolism in the human premature infant. Gastroenterology 1975;69:706-13.

American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Nutrition. Nutritional needs of low-birth-weight babies. In: Pediatric Nutrition Handbook. Evanston, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics, 1979:98.

Greenberger NJ , Skillman TG Medium chain triglycerides: physiologic considerations and clinical implication. N Engl J Med 1969 ;280:1045-58.

Watkins JB Developmental aspects of carbohydrate malabsorption in the premature infant . In: Lifshitz F , ed. Carbohydrate intolerance in infancy. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1982:61-74.

Aurricchio S. , Rubino A. , Murset G. Intestinal glucosidase activities in the human embryo, fetus and newborn. Pediatrics 1965 ;35:944-54.

MacLean WC , Fink BB Lactose malabsorption by premature infants: magnitude and clinical significance . J Pediatr 1980;97:383-8.

Bond JH , Levitt MD Fate of soluble carbohydrate in the colon of rats and man. J Clin Invest 1976;57:1158-64.

Walker WA , Isselbacher KJ Uptake and transport of macromolecules by the intestine. Gastroenterology 1974;67:531-50.

Lake AM , Whittington PF , Hamilton SR Dietary protein-induced colitis in breast-fed infants. J Pediatr 1982;101:906-10.

Chantler C. Newborn disorders. In: Lieberman E , ed. Clinical pediatric nephrology. Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott, 1976:312-5.

Waterlow J. Some aspects of childhood malnutrition as a public health problem. Br Med J 1974;4:88.

Merritt RJ , Ashley JM , Siegel SE , et al. Calorie and protein requirements of pediatric patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. JPEN 1981;5:20-3.

Walker WA , Hendricks KM Manual of pediatric nutrition. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1985:160 pp.

Trevorrow V. , Kaser M. , Patterson JP , Hill RH Plasma albumin globulin and fibrinogen in healthy individuals from birth to adulthood. J Lab Clin Med 1942;27:471-86.

Giacoia GP , Watson S. , West K. Rapid turnover transport proteins, plasma albumin and growth in low-birth-weight infants. JPEN 1984;8:367-70.

Merritt RJ , Blackburn GC Nutritional assessment and metabolic response to illness of the hospitalized child. In: Suskind RM , ed. Textbook of pediatric nutrition. New York: Raven Press, 1981:285-308.

Koerper MA , Dallman PR Serum iron concentration and transferrin saturation in the diagnosis of iron deficiency in children. J Pediatr 1977;91:870-4.

Therapeutic trials in mild iron deficiency in infants. Nutr Rev 1982;40:139-41.

Merritt RJ , Suskind RM Nutritional survey of hospitalized pediatric patients. Am J Clin Nutr 1979;32:1320-5.

Merritt RJ Enteral feeding: who needs support? In: Balistreri WF, Farrell MK, eds. 94th Ross Conference on Pediatric Research. Columbus, OH: Ross Laboratories; 1988 (in press).

Cooper A. , Heird WC Nutritional assessment of the pediatric patient including the low-birth-weight infant. Am J Clin Nutr 1982;35:1132-41.

Kerry KR , Anderson CM A ward test for sugar in feces. Lancet 1964 ; 1:981-2.

Shmerling DH , Forrer JCW , Prader A. Fecal fat and nitrogen in healthy children and in children with malabsorption or maldigestion . Pediatrics 1970;46:690-5.

Lawrence RA Breast feeding: a guide for the medical profession. St. Louis, MO: CV Mosby, 1980.

Hill RM Breast feeding. Evanston, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics, 1981: 23pp.

Saul KL , Warburton D. Increased incidence of early-onset hyperbilirubinemia in breast-fed versus bottle-fed infants. J Perinatol 1984 ;4:36-40.

Anand SK , Sandberg C. , Robinson RG , Lieberman E. Neonatal hypernatremia associated with elevated sodium concentration of breast milk. J Pediatr 1980;96:66-8.

Higginbottom MC , Sweetman L. , Nyhan WL A syndrome of methylmalonic aciduria, homocystinuria, megaloblastic anemia and neurologic abnormalities in a vitamin B12-deficient breast-fed infant of a strict vegetarian. N Engl J Med 1978;299:317-23.

Gilmore HE , Rowland TW Critical malnutrition in breast-fed infants-three case reports. Am J Dis Child 1978;132:885-7.

Asquith MT , Harrod JR Reduction of bacterial contamination in banked human milk. J Pediatr 1979;95:993-4.

Botsford KB , Weinstein RA , Boyer KM , et al. Gram negative bacilli in human milk feedings: quantitation and clinical consequences for premature infants. J Pediatr 1986;109:707-10.

Committee on Nutrition. Vitamin and mineral supplement needs in normal children in the United States. Pediatrics 1980;66:1015-21.

Adequacy of lactatation in well-nourished mothers. Nutr Rev 1982;40:136-8.

Fomon SJ Bioavailability of supplemental iron in commercially prepared dry infant cereals . J Pediatr 1987;110:660-1.

Neuman CG , Alpaugh M. Birth weight doubling time: a fresh look. Pediatrics 1976;57:469-73.

Duncan B. , Schaefer C. , Sibley B. , Fowsela NM Reduced growth velocity in exclusively breast-fed infants. Am J Dis Child 1984;138:309-13.

Committee on Nutrition. Vitamin and mineral supplement needs of normal children in the United States . In: Pediatric nutrition handbook. Evanston, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics, 1985:37-48.

Oski F. Iron-fortified formulas and gastrointestinal symptoms in infants: a controlled study. Pediatrics 1980;66:168-70.

Vasquez-Seonane P. , Windom R. , Pearson HA Disappearance of iron-deficiency anemia in a high-risk infant population given supplemental iron. N Engl J Med 1985;313:239-40.

Declining anemia prevalence among children enrolled in public nutrition and health programs-selected states, 1975-1985. MMWR 1986;35:565-6.

Finberg L. , Kiley J. , Luttrell CN Mass accidental salt poisoning in infants. JAMA 1963;184:187-90.

Linslaw MA , Harrison HL , Gruskin AB , et al. Hypochloremic alkalosis in infants associated with soy protein formula. J Pediatr 1980;96:635-40.

Edidin DU , Levitsky LL , Schey W. , et al. Resurgence of nutritional rickets associated with breast-feeding and special dietary practices. Pediatrics 1980;65:232-5.

Faybius RJ , Merritt RJ , Fleiss PM , Ashley JM Malnutrition associated with a formula of barley water, corn syrup and whole milk. Am J Dis Child 1981;135:615-7.

Bell EF , Warburton D. , Stonestreet BS , Oh W. Effect of fluid administration on the development of symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus and congestive heart failure in premature infants. N Engl J Med 1980;302:598-604.

Brown ER , Stack A. , Sosenko I. , et al. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: possible relationship to pulmonary edema. J Pediatr 1978;92:982-4.

Bell EF , Neidich GA , Cashore WJ , Oh W. Combined effect of radiant warmer and phototherapy on insensible water loss in low-birth-weight infants. J Pediatr 1979 ;94:810-3.

Bell EF , Weinstein MR , Oh W. Heat balance in premature infants: comparative effects of convectively heated incubator and radiant warmer with and without plastic heat shield. J Pediatr 1980;96:460-5.

Baumgart S. , Engle WD , Fox WW , Polin RA Effect of heat shielding on convective and evaporative heat losses and on radiant heat transfer in the premature infant . J Pediatr 1981;99:948-56.

Fomon SJ Voluntary food intake and its regulation. In: Foman SJ , ed. Infant nutrition. Philadelphia : WB Saunders, 1974, 1974:23.

Sinclair JC , Driscoll JM Jr , Heird WC , Winters RW , Supportive management of the sick neonate . Pediatr Clin North Am 1970;17:863-93.

Ziegler E. , Fomon SJ Major minerals. In: Fomon SJ , ed. Infant nutrition. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1974:267-97.

Fomon SJ Normal growth, failure to thrive and obesity. In: Fomon SJ , ed. Infant nutrition. Philadelphia : WB Saunders, 1974 :71.

Engelke SC , Shah BL , Vasan U. , Raye JR Sodium balance in very low-birth-weight infants. J Pediatr 1978;93:837-41.

Shenai JP , Reynolds JW , Babson SG Nutritional balance studies in very-low-birth-weight infants: enhanced nutrient retention rates by an experimental formula. Pediatrics 1980;66:233-8.

Schanler RJ , Oh W. Composition of breast milk obtained from mothers of premature infants as compared to breast milk obtained from donors. J Pediatr 1980;96:679-81.

Gross SJ , David RJ , Bauman L. , Tomarelli RM Nutritional composition of milk produced by mothers delivering preterm . J Pediatr 1980;96:641-4.

Modanlou HD , Lim MO , Hansen JW , Sickles V. Growth, biochemical status, and mineral metabolism in very low-birth-weight infants receiving fortified preterm human milk. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1986;5:762-7.

Willis DM , Chabot J. , Ingeborg CR , Graham WC Unsuspected hyperosmolarity of oral solutions contributing to necrotizing enterocolitis in very low-birth-weight infants. Pediatrics 1977;60:535-8.

Brown E. , Sweet AY Preventing necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates. JAMA 1978;240:2452-4.

Yu WYH , James B. , Hendry P. , MacMahon RA Total parenteral nutrition in very low-birth-weight infants: a controlled trial. Arch Dis Child 1979;54:653-61.

Ostertag SG , LaGamma EF , Reisen LE , Ferrentino FL Early enteral feeding does not affect the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatrics 1986;77:275-80.

Sunshine P. , Sinatra FR , Mitchell CH Diseases of the gastrointestinal system. In: Behrman RE , ed. Neonatal-perinatal medicine. St. Louis, MO: CV Mosby, 1977:610-4.

Grosfeld JL , Schreiner RL , Franken EA , et al. The changing pattern of gastrointestinal bezoars in infants and children. Surgery 1980 ;88:425-32.

Roy RN , Pollnitz RP , Hamilton JR , Chance GW Impaired assimilation of nasojejunal feeds in healthy low-birth-weight infants . J Pediatr 1977;90:431-4.

Fogle RS , Smith WL , Aresham EL Perforation of feeding tube into right renal pelvis. J Pediatr 1978;93:122-4.

McAlister WH , Siegel MJ , Shackelford GD , et al. Intestinal perforations by tube feedings in small infants: clinical and experimental studies. AJR 1985;145:687-91.

Perez-Rodriques J. , Quero J. , Frias EG , et al. Duodenal perforation in a neonate by a tube of silicone rubber during transpyloric feeding. J Pediatr 1978;92:113-6.

Dallman PR Iron, vitamin E and folate in the preterm infant. J Pediatr 1974;85:742-52.

Stevens D. , Burma D. , Strelling MK , Morris A. Folic acid supplementation in low-birth-weight infants. Pediatrics 1979;64:333-5.

Bell EF , Filer LJ The role of vitamin E in the nutrition of premature infants. Am J Clin Nutr 1981;34:414-22.

Merritt RJ , Sinatra FR , Smith GA Nutritional support of the hospitalized child. In: Draper HH , ed. Advances in nutrition research . New York: Plenum Press, 1983:77-103.

Kerr D. , Ashworth A. , Picou D. , et al. Accelerated recovery from infant malnutrition with high calorie feeding. In: Gardner LI , Amachere P. eds. Endocrine aspects of malnutrition . Santa Ynez, CA: KROC Foundation , 1975:467-86.

Robbins S. , Thorp JW , Wadsworth C. Tube feeding of infants and children. Silver Spring, MD : American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition , 1981.

Weinstein MR , Oh W. Oxygen consumption in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J Pediatr 1981;99:958-61.

Kurzner S. , Garg M. , Bautista DB , et al. Growth failure in bronchopulmonary dysplasia: nutrition and elevated resting metabolic expenditure. Pediatrics (in press)

Cavell B. Effect of feeding an infant formula with high energy density on gastric emptying in infants with congenital heart disease. Acta Paediatr Scand 1981;70:513-6.

Carre IJ The natural history of partial thoracic stomach (hiatus hernia) in children . Arch Dis Child 1959;34:344-53.

Orenstein SR , Magill HL , Brooks P. Thickening of infant feedings for therapy of gastroesophageal reflux. J Pediatr 1987 ;110:181-6.

Meyers WF , Herbst JJ Effectiveness of positioning therapy for gastroesophageal reflux. Pediatrics 1982;69:768-72.

Orenstein SR , Whitington PF Positioning for prevention of infant gastroesophageal reflux. J Pediatr 1983;103:534-7.

Issenman RM , Henson S. , Pirhonen D. , et al. Are chronic digestive complaints the result of abnormal dietary patterns? Diet and digestive complaints in children at 22 and 40 months of age. Am J Dis Child 1987;141:679-82.

Carey WB Maternal anxiety and infantile colic-is there a relationship? Clin Pediatr 1968;7:590-5.

Taubman B. Clinical trial of the treatment of colic by modification of parent-infant interaction. Pediatrics 1984;74:998-1003.

Harris MJ , Petts V. , Penny R. Cow's milk allergy as a cause of infantile colic: immunofluorescent studies on jejunal mucosa. Aust Pediatr J 1977;13:276-81.

Liebman WM Infantile colic-association with lactose and milk intolerance. JAMA 1981;245:732-3.

Thomas DW , McGilligan K. , Eisenberg LD , et al. Infantile colic and type of milk feeding. Am J Dis Child 1987;141:451-3.

Kahn A. , Mozin MJ , Casimir G. , et al. Insomnia and cow's milk allergy in infants. Pediatrics 1985;76:880-4.

Lothe L. , Lindberg T. , Jacobsson I. Cow's milk formula as a cause of infantile colic: a double-blind study . Pediatrics 1982;70:7-10.

Jacobsson I. , Lindberg T. Cow's milk proteins cause infantile colic in breast-fed infants: a double-blind crossover study. Pediatrics 1983;71:268-71.

Weissbluth M. , Christoffel KK , Davis AT Treatment of infantile colic with dicyclomine hydrochloride. J Pediatr 1984;104:951-5.

Oseas RS , Phelps DL , Kaplan SA Near fatal hyperkalemia from a dangerous treatment for colic. Pediatrics 1982;69:117-8.

Chung AW , Viscorova B. The effect of early oral feeding versus early oral starvation on the course of infantile diarrhea. J Pediatr 1948 ;33:14-22.

Molla AM , Rahman M. , Sarker SA , et al. Stool electrolyte content and purging rates in diarrhea caused by rotavirus enterotoxigenic E. coli and V. cholera in children. J Pediatr 1981;98:835-8.

Tamer AM , Friedman LB , Maxwell SR , et al. Oral rehydration of infants. J Pediatr 1985;107:14-9.

Santosham M. , Daum RS , Dillman L. , et al. Oral rehydration therapy of infantile diarrhea-a controlled study of well-nourished children hospitalized in the United States and Panama. N Engl J Med 1982 ;306:1070-6.

Santosham M. , Foster S. , Reid R. , et al. Role of soy based lactose-free formula during treatment of acute diarrhea. Pediatrics 1985;76:292-8.

Keating JP , Schwarz KB , Bell MJ , Ternberg JL An experience with total parenteral nutrition in children. Am J Clin Nutr 1977;30:1506-9.

Cohen SA , Hendricks KM , Mathis RK , et al. Chronic nonspecific diarrhea: dietary relationships. Pediatrics 1979;64:402-7.

Lloyd-Still JD Chronic diarrhea of childhood and the misuse of elimination diets. J Pediatr 1979;95:10-3.

Sinatra FR , Merritt RJ latrogenic kwashiorkor in infants . Am J Dis Child 1981;135:21-3.

Woodruff CW , Clark JL The role of fresh cow's milk on iron deficiency. I. Albumin turnover in infants with iron deficiency anemia . Am J Dis Child 1972;124:18-23.

Hill DJ , Firer MA , Shelton MJ , Hosking CS Manifestations of milk allergy in infancy: clinical and immunologic findings . J Pediatr 1986;109:270-6.

Iyngkaran N. , Abdin Z. , Davis K. , et al. Acquired carbohydrate intolerance and cow milk protein-sensitive enteropathy in young infants. J Pediatr 1979;95:373-8.

Greene HL , McCabe DR , Merenstein GB Protracted diarrhea and malnutrition in infancy: changes in intestinal morphology and disacharidase activities during treatment with total intravenous nutrition or oral elemental diets. J Pediatr 1975;87:695-704.

Orenstein SR Enteral versus parenteral therapy for intractable diarrhea of infancy: a prospective randomized trial. J Pediatr 1986;109:277-86.

Halpin TC , Byrne WJ , Ament ME Colitis, persistent diarrhea and soy protein intolerance. J Pediatr 1977;91:404-7.

Lebenthal E. , Branski D. Childhood celiac disease: a reappraisal . J Pediatr 1981;98:681-90.

Hyams JS , Krause PJ , Gleason PA Lactose malabsorption following rotavirus infection in young children . J Pediatr 1981;99:916-8.

Leslie J. , MacLean WC Jr , Graham GG Effect of an episode of severe malnutrition and age on lactose absorption by recovered infants and children. Am J Clin Nutr 1979;32:971-4.

Lifshitz F. , Coello-Ramirez P. , Contreras-Guiterrez ML The response of infants to carbohydrate oral loads after recovery from diarrhea. J Pediatr 1971;79:612-7.

Asp NG , Dahlquist A. , Kuitunen P. , et al. Complete deficiency of brush-border lactase in congenital lactose malabsorption. Lancet 1973;2:329-30.

Batshaw ML , Thomas GH , Brusilow SW New approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of inborn errors of urea synthesis. Pediatrics 1981;68:290-7.

Nyhan WL Nutritional treatment of children with inborn errors of metabolism . In: Suskind RM , ed. Textbook of pediatric nutrition. New York: Raven Press, 1981:563-76.

Eisenberg LE , Merritt RJ , Sinatra FR Nutrition in hepatic disorders. In: Grand RJ , Sutphen JL , Dietz WH Jr., eds. Pediatric nutrition-Theory and practice. Boston: Butterworths, 1987:513-24.

Chase HP , Long MA , Lavin MH Cystic fibrosis and malnutrition. J Pediatr 95:337-47.

Pereira GR , Lemons JA Controlled study of transpyloric and intermittent gavage feeding in the small preterm infant. Pediatrics 1981;67:68-72.

Mollitt DL , Golladay ES , Seibert J. Symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux following gastrostomy in neurologically impaired patients. Pediatrics 1985;75:1124-6.

Andrassy RJ , Mahour GH , Harrison MR , et al. The role and safety of early postoperative feeding in the pediatric surgical patient. J Pediatr Surg 1979;14:381-5.

Parker P. , Stroop S. Greene H. A controlled comparison of continuous versus intermittent feeding in the treatment of infants with intestinal disease. J Pediatr 1981;99:360-4.

Greene HL , Slonim AE , Burr IM , Moran JR Type I glycogen storate disease: five years of management with nocturnal intragastric feeding. J Pediatr 1980;96:590-5.

Chen Y. -S, Cornblath M. , Sidbury JB Cornstarch therapy in type I glycogen storage disease. N Engl J Med 1984;310:171-5.

Galambos JT , Hersh T. , Spalding S. , Wenger J. Loperamide: a new agent in the treatment of chronic diarrhea. Gastroenterology 1976;70:1026-9.

Hofmann AF The enterohepatic circulation of bile acids. In: Sleisenger MH , Fordtran JS eds. Gastrointestinal disease. Philadelphia : WB Saunders, 1978:101-3.

Bohane TD , Haka-Ikse K. , Biggar WD , et al. A clinical study of young infants after intestinal resection . J Pediatr 1979;94:552-8.

Cortot A. , Fleming LR , Malagelada J-R. Improved nutrient absorption after cimetidine in short-bowel syndrome with gastric hypersecretion. N Engl J Med 1979;300:79-81.