Advances in Pediatric Anesthesia: Implications for Otolaryngology

Beecher H.K. The first anesthesia death with some remarks suggested by it on the field of the laboratory and the clinic in the appraisal of new anesthetic agents. Anesthesiology 1941; 2: 443.

Snow J. On the fatal cases of the inhalation of chloroform. Edinb Med Surg J 1849; 72: 75.

Simpson J.Y. The alleged cases of death from chloroform. Lancet 1848; 1: 75.

Smith C.A. The Children's Hospital of Boston. Boston, Little, Brown and Co., 1983, pp. 196–201.

Graff T.D. , Phillips D.C. , Benson D.W. Baltimore Anesthesia Study Committee: Factors in pediatric anesthesia mortality. Anesth Analg 1964; 43: 3407.

Keenan R.L. , Boyan C.P. Cardiac arrest due to anesthesia. JAMA 1985; 253: 2373–2377.

Salem M.R. , Bennett E.J. , Schweiss J.F. Cardiac arrest related to anesthesia - contributing factors in infants and children. JAMA 1975; 233: 238.

Borland L.M. , Saitz E.W. , Woelfel S.K. Evaluation of pediatric anesthesia care. Anesthesiology 1989; 71(3A): A920.

Olsson G.L. , Hallen B. Laryngospasm during anesthesia - a computer-aided incidence study 136,929 patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1984; 28: 567–75.

Olsson G.L. Bronchospasm during anesthesia - a computer-aided incidence study of 136,929 patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1987; 31: 244–52.

Olsson G.L. , Hallen B. , Hambraeus-Jonzon K. Aspiration during anaesthesia: A computer-aided study of 185,358 anaesthetics. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1986; 30: 84–92.

McGowan F.X. , Kenna M.A. , Kleinman C.S. Hypoxemia and pulmonary hypertension in children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy. Anesthesiology 1989; 71: 3A: A1010.

Brody S. Bioenergetics and Growth. New York, Reinhold, 1945.

Kleiber M. Body size and metabolic rate. Physiol Rev 1947; 27: 511.

Lowe H.J. The anesthetic continuum, in Aldrete J.A. , Lowe J.H. , Virtue R.A. (eds): Low Flow and Closed System Anesthesia. New York, Grune & Stratton, New York, c. 1979.

Courtin R.F. Electroencephalography during surgical anesthesia with nitrous oxide, oxygen and ether. Thesis, University of Minnesota, January, 1950.

Tremper K.K. , Barker S.J. Oxygen Monitors, in Stoelting R.K. , Barash P.G. , Gallagher T.J. (eds): Advances in Anesthesia, V. 6. Chicago, New York Medical Publishers Inc., c. 1989.

Yelderman M. , New W. Jr. Evaluation of pulse oximetry. Anesthesiology 1983; 59: 349–52.

Knill R.L. , Clement J.L. , Kieraszewicz H.T. Assessment of two noninvasive monitors of arteria oxygenation in anesthetized man. Anesth Analg (Cleve) 1982; 61(7): 582–6.

Barker S.J. , Tremper K.K. , Gamel D.M. A clinical comparison of transcutaneous PO2 and pulse oximetry in the operating room. Anesth Analg 1986; 365: 805–8.

Sidi A. , Rush W.R. , Paulus D.A. Effects of fluorescein, indocyanine green and methylene blue on the measurement of oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry. Anesthesiology 1986; 65(3A): A132.

Dorsch J.A. , Dorsch S.E. Understanding Anesthesia Equipment, 2nd ed. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, c. 1984, pp. 165–8.

Eger E.I. Anesthetic Uptake and Action. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Co., 1974, p. 140.

Lerman J. , Gregory G.A. , Willis M.M. Age and solubility of volatile anesthetics in blood. Anesthesiology 1984; 61: 139.

Aviado D.M. Regulation of bronchomotor tone during anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1975; 42: 68–80.

Terrin B.N. , McWilliams N.B. , Maurer H.M. Side effects of metaclopramide as an antiemetic in childhood cancer chemotherapy. JP eds 1984; 104: 138–40.

Allen J.C. , Gralla R. , Reilly L. Metaclopramide: Dose-related toxicity and preliminary antiemetic studies in children receiving cancer chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 1985; 3: 1136–41.

Holzman R.S. , Hickey P.R. , Koka B.V. Nitrous-narcotic anesthesia using sufentanil for general pediatric surgical procedures. American Academy of Pediatrics, Section on Anesthesiology, May 9, 1987.

Meistelman C. , Saint-Maurice C. , Loose J.P. Pharmacokinetics of alfentanil in children. Anes 1984; 61(3A): A443.

Sale J.P. , Goresky G.V. , Koren G. Pharmacokinetics of alfetanil in children. Anesth Analg 1986; 65: S129.

Berde C.B. , Sethna N.F. , Holzman R.S. Pharmacokinetics of methadone in children and adolescents in the perioperative period. Anesthesiology 1987; 67: A519.

Eger EI II Partition coefficients of I-653 in human blood, saline and olive oil. Anesth Analg 1987; 66: 971–3.

Jones R.M. , Cashman J.N. , Eger EI II Kinetics and potency of I-653 in volunteers. Anes 1989; 71: A270.

Lerman J. , Gregory G.A. , Willis M.M. Age and solubility of volatile anesthetics in blood. Anes 1984; 61: 139–43.

Weiskopf R.B. , Eger EI II , Holmes M.A. Epinephrine-induced premature ventricular contractions and changes in arterial blood pressure and heart rate during I-653, isoflurane and halothane anesthesia in swine. Anes 1989; 70: 293–8.

Dru M. , Bouygues P. , Lory C. Posologie du propofol en fonction de l'age en anesthesia OR1 pediatrique. Cahirs d'Anesthesie 1990; 38: 217–18.

Motsch J. , Must W. , Hutschenreuter K. Erse Erfahrungen mit propofol zur narkoseeinleitung in der kinderanaesthesia. Anaesthetist 1988; 37: 583–7.

Hannallah R. , Baker S. , Casey W. Propofol: Effective dose and induction characteristics in unpremedicated children. Anesthesiology 1991; 74: 217–19.

Payne K.A. , Coetzee A.R. , Mattheyse F.J. Oral midazolam in paediatric premedication. S Afr Med J 1991; 79: 372–5.

Feld L.H. , Negus J.B. , White P.F. Oral midazolam preanesthetic medication in pediatric outpatients. Anesthesiology 1990; 73: 831–4.

Anderson B.J. , Exarchos H. , Lee K. Oral premedication in children: A comparison of chloral hydrate, diazepam, alprazolam, midazolam and placebo for day surgery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 1990; 18: 185–93.

Gupta P.K. , Moore J. , Lewis M.A. Clinical trial of doxapram hydrochloride in the resuscitation of the newborn. Br J Anaesth 1972; 44: 626.

Gupta P.K. , Moore J. The use of doxapram in the newborn. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 1973; 80: 1002–6.

Scott R.M. , Whitwam J.G. , Lhakrabarti M.K. Evidence of a role for the peripheral chemoreceptors in the ventilatory response to doxapram in man. Br J Anaesth 1977; 49: 227–31.

Nishino T. , Mokashi A. , Lahiri S. Stimulation of carotid chemoreceptors and ventilation by doxapram in the cat. J Appl Physiol 1982; 52: 1261–5.

Fisher B. , Rodarte A. Use of doxapram to increase respiration without a concommitant increase in intracranial pressure. Crit Care Med 1987; 15: 1072–3.

Hornbein T.F. Anesthetics and ventilatory control, in Covino B.G. , Fozzard H.A. , Rehder K. (eds): Effects of Anesthesia. Bethesda, MD, American Physiological Society, c. 1985, p. 80.

Broadman L.M. , Rice L.J. , Vaughan M. Parent-assisted ‘OPCA” for postoperative pain control in young children. Anesth Analg 1990; 70: S34.

Broadman L. , Vaughan M. , Rice L. Patient controlled analgesia provides more effective postoperative pain control following pectus excavatum repair in children than does conventional narcotic therapy. Anesthesiology 1989; 71: 3A: A1045.

Broadman L. , Patel R. , Feldman B. The effects of peritonsillar infiltration on the reduction of intraoperative blood loss and post-tonsillectomy pain in children. Laryngoscope 1989; 99: 578–91.

Violaris N.S. , Tuffin J.R. Can post-tonsillectomy pain be reduced by topical bupivacaine? Double blind controlled trial. J Laryngol Otol 1989; 103: 592–3.

Haidmayer R. , Kurz R. , Kenner T. Physiological and clinical aspects of respiratory control in infants with relation to the sudden infant death syndrome. Klin Wochenschrift 1982; 60(1): 9–18.

Liu L.M. , Cote C.J. , Goudsouzian N.G. Life threatening apnea in infants recovering from anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1983; 59: 605–10.

Welborn L.G. , Ramirez N. , Oh T.H. Postanesthetic apnea and periodic breathing in infants. Anesthesiology 1986; 65(6): 658–61.

Kurth C.D. , Spitzer A.R. , Broennle A.M. Postoperative apnea in preterm infants. Anesthesiology 1987; 66: 483–8.

Purcell-Jones G. , Dormon F. , Sumner E. The use of opioids in neonates. A retrospective study of 933 cases. Anaesthesia 1987; 42(12): 1316–20.

Welborn L.G. , DeSoto H. , Hannallah R.S. The use of caffeine in the control of post-anesthetic apnea in former premature infants. Anesthesiology 1988; 65(5): 796–8.

Kurth C.D. , Spitzer A.R. , Broennle A.M. Postoperative apnea in preterm infants. Anesthesiology 1987; 66: 483–8.

Strong M.S. , Vaughan C.W. , Healy G.B. Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Management with the CO2 laser. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1976; 85L508–16.

Sanders R.D. Two ventilating attachments for bronchoscopes. Del Med J 1967; 39: 170–6.

Albert S.N. , Shibuya J. , Albert C.A. Ventilation with an oxygen injector for suspension laryngoscopy. Anesth Analg 1972; 51: 866–72.

Cozine K. , Stone J.G. , Shulman S. Ventilatory complications of carbon dioxide laser laryngeal surgery. J Clin Anesth 1991; 3: 20–25.

Snow J.C. , Norton M.L. , Saluja T.S. Fire hazard during CO2 laser microsurgery on the larynx and trachea. Anesth Analg 1976; 55: 146–7.

Sosis M. , Dillon F. , Heller S. Rubber and PVC endotracheal tube cuffs are highly vulnerable to the CO2 laser Anesth Analg 1990; 70: S382.

Urban G.E. Laryngeal microsurgery without intubation. Southern Medical Journal 1976; 69: 828–30.

Lawson N.H. , Rogers D. , Seifen A. Intravenous procaine as a supplement to general anesthesia for carbon dioxide laser resection of laryngeal papillomas in children. Anesth Analg 1979; 58: 492–6.

Hermens J.M. , Bennett M.J. , Hirshman C.A. Anesthesia for laser surgery. Anesth Analg 1983; 62: 218–29.

Fried M.P. A survey of complications of laser laryngoscopy. Arch Otolaryngol 1984; 110: 31–4.

DeSoto H. , Patel R.I. , Soliman I.E. Changes in oxygen saturation following general anesthesia in children with upper respiratory infection signs and symptoms undergoing otolaryngological procedures. Anesthesiology 1988; 68: 276–9.

Cohen M.M. , Cameron C.B. Should you cancel the operation for a childhood URI? Anesth Analg 1990; 70: S63.

Tait A.R. , Knight P.R. The effects of general anesthesia on upper respiratory tract infections in children. Anesthesiology 1987; 67: 930–5.

Schwartz L. , Rockoff M.A. , Koka B.V. Masseter spasm with anesthesia: incidence and implications. Anesthesiology 1984; 61: 772–5.

Rosenberg H. , Fletcher J.E. Masseter muscle rigidity and malignant hyperthermia susceptibility. Anesth Analg 1986; 65: 161–4.

Van der Spek A.F. , Fang W.B. , Ashton-Miller J.A. The effects of succinylcholine on mouth opening. Anesthesiology 1987; 67: 459–65.

Allen G.C. , Rosenberg H. , Fletcher J.E. Safety of general anesthesia in patients previously tested negative for malignant hyperthermia susceptibility. Anesthesiology 1990; 72: 619–22.

Littleford J.A. , Patel L.R. , Bose D. Masseter muscle spasm in children: Implications of continuing the triggering anesthetic. Anesth-Analg 1991; 72: 151–60.

Britt B.A. Dantrolene - an update, in Britt B.A. (ed): Malignant Hyperthermia. Boston, Martinus Nijhoff, c. 1987.

Britt B.A. Dantrolene - an update, in Britt B.A. (ed): Malignant Hyperthermia. Boston, Martinus Nijhoff, c. 1987.

Holzman R.S. Mass spectrometry for early diagnosis and monitoring of malignant hyperthermia crisis. Anes Review 1988; 15: 2: 31–34.