This paper reviews the procedural justice literature published since 1990. The distinction between procedural justice and distributive justice, with few exceptions, is well accepted in the literature. Four theories exploring procedural justice are presented. The antecedents, consequences and contexts for procedural justice effects are reviewed. Two additional issues discussed are the relationship between procedural justice and distributive justice and higher-order procedural justice effects. The paper concludes with recommendations for future research.
References
1.
Adams, J. S., & Freedman, S.1976. Equity theory revisited: Comments and annotated bibliography. In L. Berkowitz & E. Walster (Eds.), Advances in experimental social psychology, Vol. 9: 43–90. New York: Academic Press.
2.
Ball, G. A., Trevino, L. K., & Sims, H. P., Jr.1994. Just and unjust punishment: Influences on subordinate performance and citizenship. Academy of Management Journal, 37: 299–322.
3.
Barnard, C. I.1938. The functions of the executive. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
4.
Beer, M., Eisenstat, R. A., & Spector, B.1990. Why change programs don’t produce change. Harvard Business Review, November–December: 158–166.
5.
Bies, R. J. In press. Interactional (in)justice: The sacred and the profane. In J. Greenberg & R. Cropanzano (Eds.), Advances in organizational justice. Lexington, MA: New Lexington Press.
6.
Bies, R. J., & Moag, J. S.1986. Interactional justice; Communication criteria of fairness. In R. J. Lewicki, B. H. Sheppard, & B. H. Bazerman (Eds.), Research on negotiation in organizations, Vol. 1: 43–55. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
7.
Bies, R. J., & Shapiro, D. L.1988. Voice and justification: Their influence on procedural fairness judgments. Academy of Management Journal, 31: 676–685.
8.
Bies, R. J., & Tripp, T. M.1996. Beyond distrust: “Getting even” and the need for revenge. In R. M. Kramer & T. R. Tyler (Eds.), Trust in organizations: Frontiers of theory and research: 246–260. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
9.
Blau, P.1964. Exchange and power in social life. New York: Wiley.
10.
Bobocel, D. R., Agar, S. E., Meyer, J. P., & Irving, P. G.1998. Managerial accounts and fairness perceptions in conflict resolution: Differentiating the effects of minimizing responsibility and providing justification. Basic and Applied Psychology, 20: 133–143.
11.
Bowen, D. E., Gilliland, S. W., & Folger, R.1999. HRM and service fairness: How being fair with employees spills over to customers. Organizational Dynamics, 27: 7–23.
12.
Brockner, J.1990. Scope of justice in the workplace: How survivors react to co-worker layoffs. Journal of Social Issues, 46: 95–106.
13.
Brockner, J., DeWitt, R. L., Grover, S., & Reed, T.1990. When it is especially important to explain why: Factors affecting the relationship between managers’ explanations of a layoff and survivors’ reactions to the layoff. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 26: 389–407.
14.
Brockner, J., & Greenberg, J.1990. The impact of layoffs on survivors: An organizational justice perspective. In J. S. Carroll (Ed.), Applied social psychology and organizational settings: 45–75. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
15.
Brockner, J., Konovsky, M., Cooper-Schneider, R., Folger, R., Martin, C., & Bies, R. J.Interactive effects of procedural justice and outcome negativity on victims and survivors of job loss. Academy of Management Journal, 37: 397–409.
16.
Brockner, J., Tyler, T. R., Cooper-Schneider, R.1992. The influence of prior commitment to an institution on reactions to perceived unfairness: The higher they are, the harder they fall. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37: 241–261.
17.
Brockner, J., & Wiesenfeld, B. M.1996. An integrative framework for explaining reactions to decisions: Interactive effects of outcomes and procedures. Psychological Bulletin, 120: 189–208.
18.
Citera, M., & Rentsch, J. R.1993. Is there justice in organizational acquisitions? The role of distributive and procedural fairness in corporate acquisitions. In R. Cropanzano (Ed.), Justice in the workplace: Approaching fairness in human resource management: 211–230. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
19.
Clawson, J. G.1999. Level three leadership: Getting below the surface. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
20.
Clemmer, E. C.1993. An investigation into the relationship of fairness and customer satisfaction with services. In R. Cropanzano (Ed.), Justice in the workplace: Approaching fairness in human resource management: 193–207. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
21.
Cobb, A. T., & Frey, F. M.1996. The effects of leader fairness and pay outcomes on superior/subordinate relations. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 26: 1401–1426.
22.
Cohen, R. L.1985. Procedural justice and participation. Human Relations, 38: 643–663.
23.
Collins, J. C., & Porras, J. I.1997. Built to last: Successful habits of visionary companies. New York: Harper Collins.
24.
Colquitt, J. A., Conlon, D. E., Wesson, M. J., Porter, C. O. L. H., & Ng, K. Y. 1999. Justice at the millenium: A meta-analytic review of 25 years of organizational justice research. Unpublished paper.
25.
Cooper, C. L., Dyck, B., & Frohlich, N.1992. Improving the effectiveness of gainsharing: The role of fairness and participation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37: 471–490.
26.
Crant, J. M., & Bateman, T. S.1990. An experimental test of the impact of drug testing programs on potential job applicants’ attitudes and intentions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75: 127–131.
27.
Cropanzano, R., & Ambrose, M. L. In press. Procedural and distributive justice are more similar than you think: A monistic perspective and a research agenda. In J. Greenberg and R. Cropanzano (Eds.), Advances in organizational justice. Lexington, MA: New Lexington Press.
28.
Cropanzano, R., Aguinis, H., Schminke, M., & Denham, D. L. In press. Disputant reactions to managerial conflict resolution tactics: A comparison among Argentina, the Dominican Republic, Mexico, and the United States. Group and Organization Studies.
29.
Cropanzano, R., & Greenberg, J.1997. Progress in organizational justice: Tunneling through the maze. In C. L. Cooper & I. T. Robertson (Eds.), International review of industrial and organizational psychology: 317–372. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
30.
Cropanzano, R., & Konovsky, M. A.1995. Resolving the justice dilemma by improving the outcomes: The case of employee drug screening. Journal of Business and Psychology, 10: 221–243.
31.
Cropanzano, R., & Prehar, C. A. 1999. Using social exchange theory to distinguish procedural from interactional justice. Paper presented at the 1999 meeting of the Society for Industrial/Organizational Psychology, Atlanta.
32.
Cropanzano, R., & Schminke, M. In press. Using social justice to build effective workgroups. In M. Turner (Ed.), Groups at work: Advances in theory and research. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
33.
Daly, J. P., & Geyer, P. D.1994. The role of fairness in implementing large-scale change: Employee evaluations of process and outcome in seven facility relocations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15: 623–638.
34.
Dulebohn, J. H., & Martocchio, J. J.1998. Employee perceptions of the fairness of work group incentive pay plans. Journal of Management, 24: 469–488.
35.
Folger, R., & Cropanzano, R.1998. Organizational justice and staffing decisions: On the horns of the justice dilemma?Organizational justice and human resource management: 81–107. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
36.
Folger, R., & Greenberg, J.1985. Procedural justice: An interpretive analysis of personnel systems. In G. Ferris & K. Rowland (Eds.), Research in personnel and human resources management, Vol. 3: 141–183. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
37.
Folger, R., & Konovsky, M.1989. Effects of procedural and distributive justice on reactions to pay raise decisions. Academy of Management Journal, 32: 115–130.
38.
Folger, R., Konovsky, M. A., & Cropanzano, R.1992. A due process metaphor for performance appraisal. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior, Vol. 13: 29–177. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
39.
Folger, R., & Skarlicki, D. P.1999. Unfairness and resistance to change: Hardship as mistreatment. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 12: 35–50.
40.
Giacobbe-Miller, J. K., Miller, D. J., & Victorov, V.1998. A comparison of Russian and U.S. pay allocation decision, distributive justice judgments, and productivity under different payment conditions. Personnel Psychology, 51: 137–163.
41.
Gilliland, S. W.1993. The perceived fairness of selection systems: An organizational justice perspective. Academy of Management Review, 4: 694–734.
42.
Greenberg, J.1990. Organizational justice: Yesterday, today and tomorrow. Journal of Management, 16: 399–432.
43.
Greenberg, J.1993a. The social side of fairness: Interpersonal and informational classes of organizational justice. In R. Cropanzano (Ed.), Justice in the workplace: Approaching fairness in human resource management: 79–103. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
44.
Greenberg, J.1993b. Stealing in the name of justice: Informational and interpersonal moderators of theft reactions to underpayment inequity. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 54: 81–103.
45.
Greenberg, J.1994. Using socially fair treatment to promote acceptance of a work site smoking ban. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79: 288–297.
46.
Grover, S. L.1991. Predicting the perceived fairness of parental leave policies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76: 247–255.
47.
Hauenstein, N. M. A., McGonigle, T., & Finder, S. 1997. Meta-analysis of the relationship between procedural and distributive justice. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society of Industrial/Organizational Psychology, St. Louis.
48.
Holbrook, R. L., Jr, 1999a. Managing reactions to performance appraisal: The influence of multiple justice mechanisms. Paper presented at the National Academy of Management Meeting, Chicago.
49.
Holbrook, R. L., Jr, 1999b. Managing recipient responses to performance evaluation: The influence of multiple justice mechanisms. Paper presented at the National Academy of Management Meeting, Chicago.
50.
Holmes, J. G.1981. The exchange process in close relationships: Microbehavior and macromotives. In M. J. Lerner & S. C. Lerner (Eds.), The justice motive in social behavior: 261–284. New York: Plenum.
51.
Hundley, G., & Kim, J.1997. National culture and the factors affecting perceptions of pay fairness in Korea and the United States. The International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 5: 325–341.
52.
Hunton, J. E., Hall, T. W., & Price, K. H.1998. The value of voice in participative decision making. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83: 788–797.
53.
Huo, Y. J., Smith, H. J., Tyler, T. R., & Lind, E. A.1996. Superordinate identification, subgroup identification, and justice concerns: Is separatism the problem; Is assimilation the answer?Psychological Science, 7: 40–45.
54.
James, K.1993. The social context of organizational justice: Cultural, intergroup, and structural effects on justice behaviors and perceptions. In R. Cropanzano (Ed.), Justice in the workplace: Approaching fairness in human resource management: 21–50. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
55.
Joy, V. L., & Witt, L. A.1992. Delay of gratification as a moderator of the procedural justice–distributive justice relationship. Group and Organization Management, 17: 297–308.
56.
Kim, W. C., & Mauborgne, R. A.1991. Implementing global strategies: The role of procedural justice. Strategic Management Journal, 12: 125–143.
57.
Kirkman, B. L., & Rosen, B.1999. Beyond self management: Antecedents and consequences of team empowerment. Academy of Management Journal, 42: 58–74.
58.
Kirkman, B. L., Shapiro, D. L., Novelli, L., & Brett, J. M.1996. Employee concerns regarding self-managing work teams: A multidimensional justice perspective. Social Justice Research, 9: 47–67.
59.
Konovsky, M. A., & Cropanzano, R.1991. Perceived fairness of employee drug testing as a predictor of employee attitudes and job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76: 698–707.
60.
Konovsky, M. A., Elliot, J., & Pugh, S. D. 1995. Citizenship behavior and its determinants in Mexico. Paper presented at the National Academy of Management Meetings, Vancouver, CA.
61.
Konovsky, M., & Folger, R.1991. The effects of procedures, social accounts, and benefits level on victims’ layoff reactions. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 21: 630–650.
62.
Konovsky, M. A., & Organ, D. W.1996. Dispositional and contextual determinants of organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 17: 253–266.
63.
Konovsky, M. A., & Pugh, S. D.1994. Citizenship behavior and social exchange. Academy of Management Journal, 37: 656–669.
64.
Korsgaard, A. M., & Roberson, L.1995. Procedural justice in performance evaluation: The role of instrumental and non-instrumental voice in performance appraisal discussions. Journal of Management, 59: 952–959.
65.
Korsgaard, M. A., Schweiger, D. M., & Sapienza, H. J.1995. Building commitment, attachment, and trust in strategic decision-making teams: The role of procedural justice. Academy of Management Journal, 38: 60–84.
66.
Kozan, M. K.1997. Culture and conflict management: A theoretical framework. The International Journal of Conflict Management, 8: 338–360.
67.
Latham, G. P., & Finnegan, B. J.1993. Perceived practicality of unstructured, patterned and situational interviews. In H. Schuler, J. L. Farr, & M. Smith (Eds.), Personnel selection and assessment: Individual and organizational perspectives: 41–55. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
68.
Lee, C., Law, K., & Bobko, P. In press. Importance of justice perceptions on pay effectiveness: A two year study of a skill-based pay plan. Journal of Management.
69.
Lerner, M. J.1981. The justice motive in human relations: Some thoughts on what we know and need to know about justice. In M. J. Lerner and S. C. Lerner (Eds.), The justice motive in social behavior: 11–35. New York: Plenum Press.
70.
Leung, K., & Lind, E. A.1986. Procedural justice and culture: Effects of culture, gender, and investigator status on procedural preferences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50: 1134–1140.
71.
Leventhal, G. S., Karuza, J., & Fry, W. R.1980. Beyond fairness: A theory of allocation preferences. In G. Mikula (Ed.), Justice and social interaction: 167–218. New York: Springer-Verlag.
72.
Lind, E. A. In press. Fairness heuristic theory: Justice judgments as pivotal cognitions in organizational relations. In J. Greenberg & R. Cropanzano (Eds.), Advances in organizational behavior. San Francisco, CA: New Lexington Press.
73.
Lind, E. A., & Earley, P. C.1992. Procedural justice and culture. International Journal of Psychology, 27: 227–242.
74.
Lind, E. A., Greenberg, J., Scott, K. S., & Welchans, T. D. 1998. The winding road from employee to complainant: Situational and psychological determinants of wrongful termination claims. Paper presented at the National Academy of Management Meetings, San Diego.
75.
Lind, E. A., Kanfer, R., & Earley, P. C.1990. Voice, control and procedural justice; Instrumental and non-instrumental concerns in fairness judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59: 952–959.
76.
Lind, E. A., Kulik, C. T., Ambrose, M., & de Vera Park, M. V.1993. Individual and corporate dispute resolution: Using procedural fairness as a decision heuristic. Administrative Science Quarterly, 38: 224–251.
77.
Lind, E. A., & Tyler, T. R.1988. The social psychology of procedural justice. New York: Plenum Press.
78.
Lind, E. A., Tyler, T. R., & Huo, T. J.1997. Procedural context and culture: Variation in the antecedents of procedural justice judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73: 767–780.
79.
Lowe, R. H., & Vodanovich, S. J.1995. A field study of distributive and procedural justice as predictors of satisfaction and organizational commitment. Journal of Business and Psychology, 10: 99–114.
80.
Malatesta, R. M., & Byrne, Z. S. 1997. The impact of formal and interactional justice on organizational outcomes. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Industrial/Organizational Psychology, St. Louis, MO.
81.
Masterson, S. S., Lewis-McClear, K., Goldman, B. M., & Taylor, M. S. 1997. Organizational justice and social exchange: An empirical study of the distinction between interactional and formal procedural justice. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management, Boston, MA.
82.
McFarlin, D. B., & Sweeney, P. D.1992. Distributive and procedural justice as predictors of satisfaction with personal and organizational outcomes. Academy of Management Journal, 35: 626–637.
83.
McFarlin, D. B., & Sweeney, P. D.1998. Does having a say matter only if you get your way?Basic and Applied Psychology, 18: 289–303.
84.
Mellor, S.1992. The influence of layoff severity on post-layoff union commitment among survivors: The moderating effect of the perceived legitimacy of a layoff account. Personnel Psychology, 45: 579–600.
85.
Miceli, M. P.1993. Justice and pay system satisfaction. In R. Cropanzano (Ed.), Justice in the workplace: Approaching fairness in human resource management: 257–283. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
86.
Mikula, G.1998a. Does it only depend on the point of view? Perspective-related differences in justice evaluations of negative incidents in personal relationships. European Journal of Social Psychology, 28: 931–962.
87.
Mikula, G.1998b. The role of injustice in the elicitation of differential emotional reactions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24: 769–783.
88.
Mishra, A. K., & Spreitzer, G. M.1998. Explaining how survivors respond to downsizing: The roles of trust, empowerment, justice and work redesign. Academy of Management Journal, 23: 567–588.
89.
Mollica, K. A., Gray, B., Trevino, L. K., & DeWitt, R. L. 1999. A social identity perspective on organizational justice among layoff survivors. Paper presented at the National Academy of Management Meetings, Chicago, IL.
90.
Moorman, R. H.1991. Relationship between organizational justice and organizational citizenship behaviors: Do fairness perceptions influence employee citizenship?Journal of Applied Psychology, 76: 845–855.
91.
Moorman, R. H., Blakely, G. L., & Niehoff, B. P.1998. Does perceived organizational support mediate the relationship between procedural justice and organizational citizenship behavior?Academy of Management Journal, 41: 351–357.
92.
Mossholder, K. W., Bennett, N., & Martin, C. L.1998. A multilevel analysis of procedural justice context. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19: 131–141.
93.
Niehoff, B. P., & Moorman, R. H.1993. Justice as a mediator of the relationship between methods of monitoring and organizational citizenship behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 36: 527–556.
94.
Nord, W. R., & Doherty, E. M.1994. Toward an improved framework for conceptualizing the conflict process. In R. J. Lewicki, B. H. Sheppard, & R. Bies (Eds.), Research on negotiations in organizations, Vol. 4: 173–240. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
95.
Novelli, L., Jr, Kirkman, B. L., & Shapiro, D. L.1995. Effective implementation of organizational change: An organizational justice perspective. In C. L. Cooper & D. M. Rousseau (Eds.), Trends in organizational behavior, Vol. 2: 15–36. New York: Wiley.
96.
Pillai, R., Schriesheim, C., & Williams, E. S. In press. Fairness perceptions and trust as mediators for transformational and transactional leadership: A two-sample study. Journal of Management.
97.
Pillai, R., & Williams, E. S. 1999. Are the scales tipped in favor of procedural or distributive justice? An investigation of the U.S., India, and Germany. Paper presented at the National Academy of Management Meetings, Chicago, IL.
98.
Price, K. H., Hall, T. W., Hunton, J. E., van den Bos, K., Lovett, S., & Tippett, M. J. 1999. Features of the value function for voice and their consistency across participants from four countries: Great Britain, Mexico, The Netherlands, and The United States. Paper presented at the National Academy of Management meetings, Chicago.
99.
Rawls, J.1971. A theory of justice. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
100.
Schaubroeck, J., May, D. R., & Brown, F. W.1994. Procedural justice explanations and employee reactions to economic hardship: A field experiment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79: 455–460.
101.
Schminke, M., Ambrose, M. L., & Cropanzano, R. S. In press. The effect of organizational structure on perceptions of procedural fairness. Journal of Applied Psychology.
102.
Schmitt, N., & Gilliland, S. W.1992. Beyond differential prediction: Fairness in selection. In D. M. Saunders (Ed.), New approaches to employee management: Fairness in employee selection: Vol. 1, 21–46. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
103.
Scott, W. G.1988. The management governance theories of justice and liberty. Journal of Management, 14: 277–298.
104.
Shapiro, D. L.1991. The effects of explanations on negative reactions to deceit. Administrative Science Quarterly, 36: 614–630.
105.
Shapiro, D. L.1993. Reconciling theoretical differences among procedural justice researchers by re-evaluating what it means to have one’s view “considered”: Implications for third-party managers. In R. Cropanzano (Ed.), Approaching fairness in human resource management: 51–78. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
106.
Shapiro, D. L., & Brett, J. M.1993. Comparing three processes underlying judgments of procedural justice: A field study of mediation and arbitration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65: 1167–1177.
107.
Shapiro, D. L., Buttner, E. H., & Barry, B.1994. Explanations: What factors enhance their perceived adequacy?Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 58: 346–368.
108.
Shapiro, D. L., & Kirkman, B. L.1999. Employees’ reaction to the change to work teams: The influence of “anticipatory” injustice. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 12: 51–66.
109.
Shapiro, D. L., Trevino, L. K., & Victor, B.1995. Correlates of employee theft: A multi-dimensional justice perspective. The International Journal of Conflict Management, 6: 404–414.
110.
Sheppard, B. H., Lewicki, R. J., & Minton, J. W.1992. Organizational justice: The search for fairness in the workplace. New York: Lexington Books.
111.
Singer, M. A.1992. Procedural justice in managerial selection: Identification of fairness determinants and associations of fairness perceptions. Social Justice Research, 5: 49–70.
112.
Singer, M.1993. Fairness in personnel selection: An organizational justice perspective. Aldershot, England: Avebury.
113.
Skarlicki, D. P., & Folger, R.1997. Retaliation in the workplace: The roles of distributive, procedural, and interactional justice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82: 434–443.
114.
Skarlicki, D. P., & Latham, G. P.1996. Increasing citizenship within a union: A test of organizational justice theory. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81: 161–169.
115.
Skarlicki, D. P., & Latham, G. P.1997. Leadership training in organizational justice to increase citizenship behavior within a labor union: A replication. Personnel Psychology, 50: 617–633.
116.
Spreitzer, G. M.1995. Psychological empowerment in the workplace: Dimensions, measurement and validation. Academy of Management Journal, 38: 1442–1465.
117.
Sweeney, P. D., & McFarlin, D. B.1993. Workers’ evaluations of the “ends” and the “means”: An examination of four models of distributive and procedural justice. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 55: 23–40.
118.
Taylor, S. M., Tracy, K. B., Renard, M. K., Harrison, J. K., & Carroll, S. J.1995. Due process in performance appraisal: A quasi-experiment in procedural justice. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40: 495–523.
Tripp, T. M., Sondak, H., & Bies, R. J.1995. Justice as rationality: A relational perspective on fairness in negotiations. In R. Bies, R. Lewicki, & B. Sheppard (Eds.), Research on negotiation in organizations: Vol. 5, 45–64. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
121.
Tyler, T. R.1989. The psychology of procedural justice: A test of the group-value model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57: 830–838.
122.
Tyler, T. R.1994. Psychological models of the justice motive: Antecedents of distributive and procedural justice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67: 850–863.
123.
Tyler, T. R., & Bies, R. J.1990. Beyond formal procedures: The interpersonal context of procedural justice. In J. S. Carroll (Ed.), Applied social psychology and organizational settings: 77–98. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
124.
Tyler, T. R., & Lind, E. A.1992. A relational model of authority in groups. In M.P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, Vol. 25: 115–191. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
125.
van den Bos, K., Lind, E. A., Vermunt, R., & Wilke, H. A. M.1997. How do I judge my outcomes when I do not know the outcome of others? The psychology of the fair process effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72: 1034–1046.
126.
van den Bos, K., Vermunt, R., & Wilke, H.1997. Procedural and distributive justice: What is fair depends more on what comes first than on what comes next. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72: 95–104.
127.
van den Bos, K., Wilke, H., & Lind, E. A.1998. When do we need procedural fairness? The role of trust in authority. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75: 1449–1458.
128.
Weiss, H. M., Suckow, K., & Cropanzano, R. In press. Effects of justice conditions on discrete emotions. Journal of Applied Psychology.
129.
Welbourne, T. M., Balkin, D. B., & Gomez-Mejia, L. R.1995. Gainsharing and the mutual monitoring; A combined agency-organizational justice interpretation. Academy of Management Journal, 38: 881–899.
130.
Whitener, E. M., Brodt, S. E., Korsgaard, M. A., & Werner, J. M.1998. Managers as initiators of trust: An exchange relationship framework for understanding managerial trustworthy behavior. Academy of Management Review, 23: 513–530.
