Child Sex Tourism: A Case Study in Surabaya,Indonesia

Abstract

This article provides a case study of child sex tourism (CST) in Surabaya, Indonesia. CST cases are difficult to surface because the victims of CST are such vulnerable human beings. Victims of CST need a variety of forms of support for their recovery and reintegration. This article contends that social, economic, political, technological, and individual factors cause CST. It examines the negative impacts of CST, which are medical, social, psychological, and physical in nature. It also reveals that the techniques used for CST recruitment are fake promises, debt bondage, emotional abuse, counterfeit love, drug addiction, physical abuse, gifts and favors. The elimination of CST calls for ending certain depraved cultural practices and beliefs, rehabilitation and reintegration of the victims, proactive anti-CST government policies and programs, enactment and effective enforcement of tough laws prohibiting CST, prosecution of the offenders, raising public awareness about the ills of CST, providing education for all children, the provision of national identification documents to all children, and strict border controls to prevent the trafficking of children for sex tourism.

Keywords

Child sex tourism child abuse commercial sexual exploitation child support services

Introduction

To effectively protect children from child sex tourism (CST) and provide support services for CST survivors, the involvement of a lot of specialized organizations and personnel are required, namely, child protection services, law enforcement agencies, educators and early child care providers, healthcare providers, mental health providers, legal and judicial system professionals, substitute care providers, faith communities, various types of community organizations, and concerned citizens (Goldman et al., 2003). To deliver support services to victims of sexual abuse, there is an urgent need for collaboration between institutions which must be guided by building and maintaining trust, reaching agreement on core values and staying focused on them, developing a common language about such abuse, demonstrating knowledge and respect for the experiences of the abused, assuming the positive intention of the parties, recognizing the strength, needs, and limitations of all parties, working through conflicts, and sharing decision-making, risk taking, and accountability (Goldman et al., 2003). Similarly, in responding to the plight of the survivors, it is critical that the focus is placed on strengthening child and family services, expanding multi-sector/partner engagement, equipping professionals and service providers to recognize and respond safely to violence against children, strengthening the evidence about effective programs and mobilizing knowledge, and enhancing relevant data and monitoring (Goldman et al., 2003).

The support services needed by sexually abused children can be classified into medical, psychosocial, judicial, and social services (Muridzo et al., 2018). To effectively provide the support services required by victims of sexual molestation calls for the participation of several professions, including social workers, doctors, nurses, police officers, magistrates, prosecutors, counsellors, and psychologists (Muridzo et al., 2018). In view of the range of services the survivors need, the support for recovery, rehabilitation, and reintegration, requires the establishment of multidisciplinary teams of professionals including social workers, health workers, counsellors, psychologists, police, lawyers, and so on housed under one roof such as a university teaching hospital (Chomba et al., 2010). For survivors to remain safe while recuperating, they deserve the collaborative intervention of educators, social workers, and youth justice workers among others (GOV.UK, 2020).

CST is one of the motives of human trafficking that causes a devastating impact on the children who are victimized. To reduce the number of children involved in CST and to make sure there will be peace and justice for the victims, the underlying causes of CST need to be combatted. This is not a simple task, and a strong institutional response must be put in place to successfully carry out this endeavor. To contribute to this endeavor, this article provides a case study of the factors that underpin CST and what can be done to mitigate and/or prevent it.

The research for this case study took place during 2020–2021 in Surabaya, the second largest city in Indonesia. Qualitative research methods were applied. Interviews were carried out to explore the views and experience of the local informants with regard to CST in Surabaya, particularly their perceptions of the causes, impacts, techniques of recruitment, government efforts directed toward its eradication, strategies to eliminate it, and the main challenges and opportunities involved. This approach was adopted in response to the need to generate rich and original descriptive information about the views and experiences of those involved in one way or other and discern what exactly is happening in CST and what can be done to eradicate it. The research included in-depth interviews with 20 selected social workers who are involved in handling the abuses associated with CST.

There is a consensus in the relevant literature that the full extent of CST is unknown globally. However, what is known is that CST exists in many big cities around the world, including Surabaya in Indonesia. According to Suyanto et al. (2020), CST exists in the Dolly area of Surabaya and in Tretes in neighboring Pasuruan, which are notorious places where CST businesses are booming due to the many brothels that are located there which facilitate this abusive practice.

Although the exact number of victims is hard to document, from the testimonies of the informants as of May 2021, over 70 children were being monitored and rehabilitated, 30–40 children were still actively engaged in CST while the rest (and undisclosed number) were gradually responding to some psychosocial support. Worth noting is the normalization of CST in the area, the existing demand and supply, the number of places of abuse, the laissez-faire attitudes towards it, and the lack of awareness about the potential for it to escalate. These findings correspond with the findings of Tanielian (2013) who concludes that CST will increase as long as poverty produces the supply and international tourism provides a consistent demand as well as the country’s porous borders and corrupt law enforcement officers.

Causes of CST

The informants for this case study held different opinions about the causes of CST in Surabaya; thematically, they cited inadequate regard for religious norms and values, poor public policies, a culture of silence, bad beliefs and culture, and drug abuse (see Table 1). In our observation, the fact that people are too busy with their own lives so that they lack awareness also contributes to this problem. Other causes such as economic hardship, peer influence, and lack of parental care could be the other causes.

Table 1.

Cause of CST in Surabaya

Identified Cause	Frequency	%
Economic hardship	15	17
Drug abuse	15	17
Culture of silence	13	15
Weak social and economic policies	12	13
Lack of awareness	9	10
Peer influence	9	10
Bad beliefs and culture	7	8
Lack of proper parental care	5	6
Inadequate regard for religious norms and values	2	2
Trading in children and orphanages	2	2
Total responses	89	100

Source: The authors.

Although driven by many factors, there is some degree of consensus that the abuse of drugs by teens enables pimps to lure them into the sex industry. Some of our informants “drug abuse especially LL pill (trihexyphenidyl HCl) is turning children into harden prostitute not only facilitating pimps praying on them but trafficking them to different destination.” Tommyr and Shields (2016) suggest that heavy consumption of alcohol, marijuana, other illegal substances, and off-label drugs has pushed many women and children into the sex industry. Similarly, informants felt that bad cultural practices such as early marriage and sex with children brings good luck and cure diseases have put children at the risk of sexual abuse, CST inclusive. Saraswati (2019) suggests that cultural practices in relation to girls’ roles in society, gender insensitive legislations and policies, early marriage all enhance CST.

“Until the culture of silence is broken, children will continue to be at risk of CST because the concern authorities will never know to both support victims and prosecute perpetrator…”, asserted another participant. As per Wulandari et al. (2020), in Indonesia, sexual abuse cases are rarely reported because of wanting to maintain family image and thus, known cases are just the tip of the iceberg.

In the same vein, inadequate national child protection policies have been blamed for the sexual exploitation of children as put by informant: “…the discharge of victims after brief accommodation in victims’ shelter … They just go back to the trade as they have nothing to fall back on.” (Human Rights Watch, 2018). Government policies banning headscarf in schools, offices, public spaces, domestic workers abroad not getting salaries plus early marriage, and so on all exposed girls to sexual abuse (Riswanda et al., 2017). In Indonesia, conflicting regulations are the current policy responses to the sexual abuse of children creating confusion in both implementation and protection of children. Further, as per Buchari et al. (2017), in Indonesia, the policies presently implemented were in overall inefficient both in averting and ensuring enforcement of the law against perpetrators. However, as quoted in Tempo Magazine, he blamed the court for not giving maximal punishment to perpetrators and suggested the focus should be on the law enforcement.

In Indonesia, with the largest Muslim population in the world with 86.7% of its population affiliated to Islam, religious norms and values are influential factors in people’s lives and living. Thus, informants opined lack of it contributing to CST demands. “Many factors that made this issue on the rise, such as religion, because it is the ground of all aspects of life, when someone does not have it, they can easily lose control of everything,” stated a participant. According to Akbar et al. (2021), in addition to economic difficulties, women and children are entrapped in prostitution because of poor religious knowledge.

In Indonesia, like most middle-income and developing nations, poverty is one of the longest standing problems. However, there is a heated debate that the poverty line has declined focusing more on access to food at the expense of education, health, and employment (Firdausy, 2016). In view of families’ aspiration for better life, children are pushed into CST for cash income. As it was validated, overall, children from poor families are more at risk of sexual abuse, neglect, or physical abuse (Davidson-Arad, 2004). Poverty was cited as a reason behind CST in Kenya (UNICEF, 2018), Ferrao (2020), and The Gambia (Child Protection Alliance & Terre des Hommes, 2003).

Impacts of CST

In discussing the impacts, informants thematically felt as enumerated: tarnishing destinations’ image, contraction of diseases, mental disorders, identity crisis, psychological torture, teenage pregnancy, physical harm, and educational disruption (Table 2).

Mental disorder and psychological problems are key impacts of CST as one informant puts it: “It affects their mental health and if not addressed early it later develops into horrible things in their adulthood.” According to Sawrikar and Katz (2017), even though there are no data on child prostitutes who commit suicide in Indonesia, it clearly leads to long-term depression in adulthood.

Table 2.

Impact of CST in Surabaya

Identified Cause	Frequency	%
Educational disruption	19	20
Tarnishing destination image	16	17
Mental disorders	14	15
Physical harm	13	14
Psychological torture	11	12
Contraction of disease	9	10
Teenage pregnancy	6	6
Identity crisis	5	5
Total responses	93	100

Source: The authors.

Similarly, CST victims suffer from some physical harm either because of beatings or because of bruises when forced to engage in deviant sex such as anal sex, sadomasochism, and so on. Suyanto et al. (2020) indicates that survivors are subjected to physical and verbal abuse if they refuse the commands of pimps and/or customers. CST victims also contract a lot of diseases including sexually transmitted infections. According to Ghorbani et al. (2020), sex tourism contributes to the spread of various diseases, including HIV/AIDS, of which children are not exempted, and which negatively impact their growth and development or lead to their death.

Techniques of Recruiting Children into CST

Various techniques are used to recruit children into the sex industry. Some of the methods are online techniques, counterfeit love, drug addiction, debt bondage, and fake compassion (see Table 3). According to Kristiningsih and Kasuma (2018), ECPAT Indonesia documented 504 cases of both online and child pornography between 2016 and 2017 in the major cities such as Surabaya, Bandung, and Jakarta, powered by online social media websites and messaging applications which have become the favorite modus operandi. Sutinah and Kinuthia (2019) indicates that in East Java, crime syndicates have devised different strategies to traffick children into sexual abuse, including the use of persuasion, deceit, violence, and gendam or hypnosis.

Fake love and different types of debt bondage are widely used to lure children into the ugly trade of CST. “They lured me because of fake love from my boyfriend … customers give children material things hoping for something in return later because they cannot pay,” lamented one of the informants. According to Subarkah (2018), in recruiting children in Indonesia, strategies are applied such as assisting poor children with their basic needs or perpetrators residing with families to establish their trust and confidence and to avoid suspicion in case the children try to disclose their sexual abuse.

Table 3.

Techniques for Recruitment of Children into CST in Surabaya

Identified Cause	Frequency	%
Fake friendship technique	14	26
Counterfeit love technique	10	19
Debt bondage technique	9	17
Online technique	9	17
Drug addiction technique	7	13
Fake compassion technique	4	8
Total responses	53	100

Source: The authors.

Methods of Preventing CST

In discussing the methods of preventing CST in the communities, our informants mentioned the use of foster placement and adoption, the empowering of disadvantaged families and communities, enrolling children in school, sex education for teenagers, and public sensitization (raising awareness). According to the literature, to protect children from CST, a series of efforts are involved such as “raising the awareness of children, parents and the community through sex education, livelihood skills, school enrolment, etc.” (Aiffah & Religia, 2020). The Indonesian government has adopted various methods, including teachers delivering modules on CST and child abuse experts facilitating sessions with parents and caregivers.

According to the informants involved in this case study, the battle against CST involves the prosecution and punishment of the perpetrators, the provision of psychosocial interventions on behalf of the victims, and teaching CST survivors new livelihood skills. The literature on this subject reveals that there are an array of services that are required by the victims for their rehabilitation and reintegration and the prosecution and punishment of the guilty perpetrators and their associates is a prerequisite, which is emphasized by the informants involved in this case study. According to ECPAT Indonesia (2016), the Indonesian government has established over 41 service centers in the major towns and cities to offer short term housing accommodations, medical, legal, psychosocial, and recreational services for CST victims. However, some are not fully operational and don’t offer social reintegration rather they just reunite the victims with their families, which can be problematic.

The Importance of Partnerships

Working in partnerships to amicably resolve a community problem has become an integral part of national development programming and project implementation. This has become necessary because of the complexity of today’s social problems and their ramifications. These partnerships can involve collaboration between local, sectoral, national, and even international organizations. At the national level, the most common types of partnership, in addition to inter-organizational partnerships, are between government agencies and NGOs which pool their resources together to address regional and national problems. Recently, this has become a critical approach in addressing social problems such as violence against women and children and CST, bearing in mind its sophistication and the networks of perpetrators (Mandell, 2001). In generic terms, the rationale is to effectively and efficiently address social problems that institutions acting alone cannot tackle. In view of the unprecedented increase in complex social problems, it is imperative that non-state actors and government collaborate (Glaister, 1999, as cited in Blomqvist et al., 2006). Thus, it is not uncommon to notice a plethora of partnerships even at the grassroots level.

Today’s social problems, including CST, are not only on the increase but they are complex in both nature and causation. Thus, addressing them requires complex cutting-edge knowledge, skills, methods, reasonably large financial resources, and political commitment—sometimes from the highest offices of the land. No single institution can do it all, particularly in the fight against CST and the criminal syndicates behind it. In fact, the unequivocal international condemnation of CST has pushed the perpetrators underground. According to one of the regional officials in Surabaya:

Yes, we understand that work in one community or one organization even if it is the government is not enough to eradicate CST, we need all the help we can get from other NGOs, and our organization also has a branch in other cities, to give education and raise awareness to more people in different cities in East Java. (Regional manager, Surabaya, KII)

According to another informant in Surabaya, many of these partnerships are being put to the test because of the existing hard times:

Yes, I agree, to fight this issue we can’t do this alone. There are many NGOs out there that are focusing on the welfare of children, and we partner with them. I think it is also a good time to reflect on how the nation handles this issue. Especially during hard times like these, many partnerships will be put to the test. (General coordinator, Surabaya, FGD)

This corroborates the earlier findings of Miller et al. (2000) and Goddard (2006)—as cited in Radermacher et al. (2011). In accordance with Aesop’s philosophy ‘united we stand, divided we fall’, partnerships are currently being widely utilized by governments across the globe in order to address community problems and needs. The United States Department of Justice (2010) argues that the fight against CST requires that governments, the private sector, and NGOs collaborate and devise programs that increase outreach and educational activities, create a national database and dissemination of information, increase prosecutions, and support national and regional research.

As the informants in this case indicated, addressing social problems at the community level is challenging when they are very sensitive such as CST, domestic violence, female genital cutting, and so on. It is fundamental that a strong and genuine partnership exist between the government agencies, NGOs, and the local communities involved, bearing in mind that the local communities are not only the beneficiaries but they also supply both local expertise and resources. As one of the informants indicated:

Indeed, we have partnered with many organizations, and one of the programs is sensitization of the public, to raise awareness among them. And we are doing this with a task force that is specialized in this task. And then with the government, we have partnered with them as well, and the last project that we did together is a talk show on a local radio station. We have partnered with MWECR to do sensitization in Sidoarjo. It is worth noting that city is also a main source of sex tourism in East Java, like Surabaya. And then with the private sector, we have partnered with the Pakuwon Group, they are doing their corporate social responsibility. We also have partnered with some international NGOs in a campaign to raise awareness about CST. (Regional secretary, Indonesia, FDG)

Another informant emphasized the importance of partnerships to provide psychological support and medical assistance to the children involved:

Because we are dealing with the mentality and psychology of children, we mostly have partnerships with psychological support groups, either from a university or an NGO. We also have partnerships with medical-related groups, because on average not only the children’s psychological health is affected but also their physical health as well. (Leader, Study group, FDG)

According to another informant,

We’ve partnered with Surabaya Children Crisis Centre and Jaringan Nasional (JARNAS), or National Network, in which ECPAT joined as well. Recently, we’ve joined an online webinar collaborating with ECPAT on the prevention of CST through the online media. We are also trying to get to know other organizations so that we can know what their function is and what facilities are available. We hope that in the future, if problems exist, we will know which organization is best to partner with. (Assistant director of development, KII)

This use of partnerships is in agreement with Huijstee et al. (2015), who have found that partnerships are beneficial in many respects, such as broadening community participation, bolstering organizational effectiveness, facilitating innovative and creative solutions, learning in networks, the generation and dissemination of knowledge, and gaining access to local knowledge and expertise, gaining legitimacy and credibility, policy formulation and implementation, setting common agendas for development and resource mobilization.

In summary, there is considerable collaboration in the fight against CST, particularly in the travel and hospitality industry due to the fact that no single institution can do all that is needed and there are willing partners at the community level. This strategy concurs with some of the key findings reported in the scholarly literature on this subject.

Conclusion

In conclusion, to support the recovery and reintegration of the victims of CST requires the provision of safe shelter, education and empowerment, medical support, psychological and mental health support, group support, communication and information sharing, the prosecution of the perpetrators of CST, and the provision of economic support for the victims.

The causes of CST can be catalogued into social, cultural, economic, political, and individual factors. The techniques used to recruit children are debt bondage, emotional abuse, counterfeit love, drug addiction, physical abuse, gifts, favors, and fake promises. The elimination of CST calls for ending depraved cultural practices and beliefs, rehabilitation and reintegration of the victims, proactive anti-CST government policies and programs, effective enforcement of tough laws prohibiting CST, prosecution of the offenders, raising public awareness about the ills of CST, providing education for the victims as well as all children, the provision of national identification documents to all children, and strict border controls to prevent the trafficking of children for sex tourism.

A strong collaboration and partnerships among government agencies, NGOs, and the private sector is required to support the recovery and reintegration of the survivors of CST and for the provision of safe shelter, education, medical assistance, psychological support, positive adult mentoring, and economic assistance for the victims. Frontline social workers are partnering with numerous organizations, and the combination of all of their efforts are yielding positive results in spite of the existing local, national, and international challenges.

Footnotes

Acknowledgements

We acknowledge the technical assistance and support of our Gambian colleagues and the Information and Technology Department in preparing this manuscript. We would also like to express our gratitude to Universitas Airlangga for allowing us to conduct this research.

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship and/or publication of this article.

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