The tumultuous 2009 election in Iran demonstrated that Islam is not a homogenous religion, but rather it presents itself in different ways and is rooted within social classes. Indeed, the rupture within the ruling establishment between the populists and reformists shows that the Islamic Republic does not represent a 7th-century medieval ideology nor a radical regime with widespread support. How well the Islamic Republic will come out of this unscathed remains to be seen as the US-led sanctions increase economic and political pressure upon both the current ruling elites and the opposition.
Note: for information on Iranian newspapers and weekly and monthly journals , see <www.magiran.com>.
2.
Abootalebi A. ( 2009) Iran’s tenth presidential elections: Candidates, issues, and implications. Middle East Review of International Affairs, September: 2.
3.
Abrahamian E. ( 2008) A History of Modern Iran. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
4.
Abrahamian E. ( 1993) Khomeinism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5.
Abrahamian E. ( 1989) The Iranian Mojahedin. New Haven: Yale University Press.
6.
Abrahamian E. ( 1982) Iran Between Two Revolutions. New Jersey : Princeton University Press.
7.
Akhavi S. ( 1983) The ideology and praxis of Shi’ism in the Iranian Revolution. Comparative Studies in Society and History25(2), April: 195-211.
8.
Alavi N. ( 2005) We Are Iran: The Persian Blogs. New York: Soft Skull Press.
9.
Anderson B. ( 1986) Imagined Communities. London: Verso.
10.
Arjomand S. ( 1989) The Turban for the Crown: The Islamic Revolution in Iran . Oxford: Oxford University Press .
11.
Arjomand S. ( 1981) Shia Islam and the Revolution in Iran. Government and Opposition16(3).
12.
Arjomand S (ed.) (1984) From Nationalism to Revolutionary Islam. New York: Suny Press.
13.
Arjomand S. ( 1986) Iran’s Islamic revolution in comparative perspective . World Politics38(3), April: 383-413.
14.
Baktiari B. ( 1996) Parliamentary Politics in Revolutionary Iran: The Institutionalization of Factional Politics. Florida: University Press.
15.
Bayat A. ( 1994) Squatters and the state: Back street politics in the Islamic Republic. Middle East Report191: Iran’s Revolutionary Impasse, November-December: 10-14.
16.
Bayat A. ( 1987) Workers and Revolution in Iran. London : Zed Press.
17.
Bina (2009) Post 2009 election Iran: Crossroads of history and a critique of prevailing political perspectives . Journal of Iranian Research and Analysis, Fall.
18.
Binder L. ( 1988) Islamic Liberalism: A Critique of Development Ideologies . Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
19.
Booth R. ( 2010) Israeli attack on Gaza flotilla sparks international outrage . The Guardian, 31 May; online at <www.guardian.co.uk>.
20.
Bromley S. ( 1994) Rethinking Middle East Politics: State Formation and Development . London: Polity.
21.
Carrington WJ, Detragiache E. ( 1999) How extensive is the brain drain?Finance & Development36(2), June; online at <www.imf.org>.
22.
Chubin S., Tripp C. ( 1988) Iran and Iraq at War. London: IB Tauris.
23.
Crystal J. ( 1995) Oil and Politics in the Gulf. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
24.
Dabashi H. ( 2007) Iran: A People Interrupted. New York : The New Press.
25.
Dabashi H. ( 2009) Iran’s younger, smarter revolution. Daily Beast Coverage, 2 January; online at < www.thedailybeast.com>.
26.
DeFronzo J. ( 1991) Revolution & Revolutionary Movements. New York: Westview Press.
27.
Ehteshami A., Zweiri M. ( 2007) Iran and the Rise of Its Neoconservatives: The Politics of Tehran’s Silent Revolution. London: IB Tauris.
28.
Erdbrink T. ( 2010) The elite Revolutionary Guard’s expanding role in Iran may limit U.S. options. Washington Post, 10 January.
29.
Farhi F. ( 2010) Iran-Iraq War skeletons rattle Tehran. Asia Times, online at <www.atimes.com>.
30.
Fathi N. ( 2010) Strike at bazaar spreads beyond Tehran. New York Times, 15 July; online at <www.nytimes.com>.
31.
Fischer MJ ( 2003) Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution. University of Madison: Wisconsin Press.
32.
Halliday F. ( 1988) The Iranian Revolution: Uneven development and religious populism. In Halliday F, Alavi H (eds.) State and Ideology in the Middle East and Pakistan. New York: Monthly Review Press.
33.
Halliday F. ( 2009) Iran’s tide of history: Counter-revolution and after . Open Democracy, 17 July; online at < www.opendemocracy.net>.
34.
Halpern M. ( 1963) Politics of Social Change in the Middle East and North Africa; cited at Martin Kramer’s website at <www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg>.
35.
Harman C. ( 2010) Selected Writing. Bookmarks.
36.
Harrison F. ( 2007) Huge cost of Iranian brain drain. Online at <http://news.bbc.co.uk>.
37.
Hegland M. ( 1983) Two images of Hussain: Accommodation and revolution in an iranian village. Religion and Politics in Iran: Shi’ism from Quietism to Revolution, Keddie N (ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press.
38.
Henry C., Springborg R. ( 2001) Globalization and the Politics of Development in the Middle East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
39.
International Campaign for Human Rights in Iran (2010) An additional prison sentence; Mansour Osanloo’s wife pleads to international bodies for his release; online at <www.iranhumanrights.org>.
40.
Kasravi A. ( 2006) History of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution: Tārikh-e Mashrute-ye Iran, Vol. I, trans. Siegel E. California: Mazda Publications.
41.
Keddie N. ( 2006) Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution. New Haven: Yale University Press.
42.
Keshavarzian A. ( 2007) Bazaar and State in Iran: the Politics of the Tehran Market Place. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
43.
Khomeini R. ( 1981) Islam and Revolution. Berkeley: Mizan Press.
44.
Khomeini R. ( 1986) Rahnomoud Hai-e Eqhtesadi (Guidance to Economy), 2 vols., trands. Kabir A. Tehran: Amir Kabir Publication.
45.
Kiely R. ( 2006) The New Political Economy of Development: Globalization, Imperialism, Hegemony. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
46.
Kienan V. ( 1989) The Lords of Human Kind: Black Man, Yellow Man, and White Man in an Age of Empire. London: Ebury Press.
47.
Laffin J. ( 1979) Dagger of Islam. London: Sphere.
48.
Lapidus L. ( 2002) A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge , Cambridge University Press.
49.
Lewis A. ( 2001) What Went Wrong? Western Impact and Middle East Response . Oxford: Oxford University Press .
50.
Majlis Report Center (2009) A review of women, family and children laws after three decades of Islamic Revolution. Iran: MRC. Online at <www.majlis.ir>.
51.
Mansoor M.(2009) The Iranian revolution and its nemesis: The rise of liberal values among Iranians. Comparative Studies of South, Africa and the Middle East, The Thirtieth Anniversary of the Iranian Revolution, 29(1): 126.
52.
Mather Y.(2009) The latest economic crisis in Iran and the continued threat of war. Critique 37(1), Feburuary67-79. Oxford: Taylor & Francis.
53.
Martin V. ( 1989) Islam and Modernism: The Iranian Revolution of 1906. London: IB Tauris.
54.
Mehr News Agency <www.mehrnews.com>.
55.
Moaddel M. ( 1993) Class, Politics and Ideology in the Iranian Revolution . Cambridge: Columbia University Press, pp. 215-218.
56.
Momen M. ( 1987) An Introduction to Shi’i Islam: History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi’ism. New Haven: Yale University Press.
57.
Morady F. ( 2005) Oil, State and Development in Iran. Unpublished paper.
58.
Morady F. ( 1996) Oil, the state and industrial development in post-revolutionary Iran. Amsterdam Middle East Paper. Amsterdam : Amsterdam International Studies.
59.
Morady F. ( 1994) Continuity and Change: Study of Shia Islam and Modernisation in Iran. Leeds University: Unpublished Ph.D paper.
60.
Moslem M. ( 2002) Factional Politics in Post-Khomeini Iran. New York: Syracuse University Press.
61.
Mottale MM ( 2010) Focus: the birth of a new class. Al Jazeera, 22 April. Online at <http://english.aljazeera.net>.
62.
Nasr N. ( 2005) The conservative wave rolls on. Journal of Democracy16(4): 9-22.
63.
National Iranian Oil Company (2009) Brief history of Iran’s oil nationalization; online at <www.nioc.ir>.
64.
Nikzad S. ( 2010) Jonbesh-e kargari, mobarezeye madani dar zire khatte faqr (Workers’ movement, a syndicate under the poverty line). BBC Persian, 17 March. Online at <www.bbc.co.uk/persian>.
65.
Open Democracy <www.opendemocracy.net>.
66.
Owen R. ( 2004) State, Power and Politics in the Making of the Modern Middle East. Oxford: Routledge.
67.
Parliament News in Farsi <http://parlemannews.com>.
68.
Parsa M. ( 1989) Social Origins of the Iranian Revolution. Oxford: Rutgers University Press.
69.
Petras J. ( 2009) Iranian Elections: The ‘stolen elections’ hoax. Global Research, online at < www.globalresearch.ca>.
70.
Press TV <http://www.shiatv.net>.
71.
Publication of Revolutionary Guard, Sobehe Sadegh in Farsi < www.sobhesadegh.ir>.
72.
Rakel PE ( 2009) Power, Islam, and Political Elite in Iran: A Study on the Iranian Political Elite from Khomeini to Ahmadinejad. Hendon: Brill Press.
73.
Randall V., Theobald R. ( 1998) Political Change and Underdevelopment: A Critical Introduction to Third World Politics. Durham: Duke University Press.
74.
Renner M. ( 1984) Determinants of the Islamic Republic’s oil policies: Iranian revenue needs, the Gulf War, and the transformation of the world oil market. In Amirahmadi, Parvin (eds.) (1988) Post-Revolutionary Iran. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, p. 194.
75.
Reuters (2010) Iranians shout for jobs during Ahmadinejad speech. Online at <www.reuters.com>, 24 May.
76.
Richards A., Waterbury J. ( 2007) A Political Economy of the Middle East. New York: Westview Press.
77.
Rodinson M. ( 1977) Islam and Capitalism. London: Saqi Essentials.
78.
Rodinson M. ( 1978) Islam Resurgent?Le Monde, December, pp. 6-8; cited in Afary J. and Anderson KB ( 2005), Foucault and the Iranian Revolution: Gender and the Seductions of Islamism.
79.
Roy O. ( 1980) Islam and Resistance in Afghanistan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 38-44.
80.
Said Amir Arjomand ( 1990) The Turban for the Crown: The Islamic Revolution in Iran . Oxford: Oxford University Press .
81.
Takeyh R. ( 2007) Hidden Iran: Paradox and Power in the Islamic Republic . New York: Henry Holt.
82.
Turner B. ( 1984) Capitalism and Class in the Middle East: Theories of Social Change and Economic Development. London: Heinemann.
83.
Voll JO ( 1994) Islam: Continuity and Change in the Modern World. New York: Westview Press.
84.
Zubaida S. ( 1989), Islam, the People and the State: Political Ideas and Movements in the Middle East, 2nd ed. London: IB Taurus.
