This paper examines certain theoretical issues bearing upon the relationship between race, class and household as these impact the role and status of women. In doing so, it presents a case study of historical contradictions that have influenced the experiences of Dakota women during the past century.
References
1.
Albers, Patricia C. 1974. The Regional System of the Devil's Lake Sioux. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Wisconsin-Madison.
2.
Albers, Patricia C.1982. Sioux Kinship in a Colonial Setting. Dialectical Anthropology6:253-269.
3.
Albers, Patricia C.1983a. Introduction. In, TheHidden Half: Studies ofPlains Indian Women, P. Albers and Beatrice Medicine (eds.). pp. 1-29. Lathan, MD: University Press of America.
4.
Albers, Patricia C.1983b. Sioux Women in Transition: A Study of Their Changing Status in Domestic and Capitalist Sectors of Production. In, The Hidden Half: Studies of Plains Indian Women, P. Albers and Beatrice Medicine (eds.). pp. 175-236. Lathan, MD: University Press of America.
5.
Albers, Patricia C.
n.d. Santee (Eastern Dakota). Handbook of North American Indians: Vol. 14, The Plains (forthcoming).
6.
Albers, Patricia C.
and Beatrice Medicine. 1983. The Role of Sioux Women in the Production of Ceremonial Art Objects: The Case of the Star Quilt. In, The Hidden Half. Studies of Plains Indian Women, P. Albers and Beatrice Medicine (eds.). pp. 123-142. Lathan, MD: University Press of America.
7.
Albers, Patricia C.
and William R. James. 1986. On the Dialectics of Ethnicity: To Be or Not To Be Santee (Sioux). Journal of Ethnic Studies (forthcoming).
8.
Apodaca, Maria Linda
. 1977. The Chicana Woman: An Historical Materialist Perspective. Latin American Perspectives4:70-89.
9.
Aschenbrenner, Joyce
. 1975. Lifelines: Black Families in Chicago. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
10.
Barrett, Michele
. 1980. Women's Oppression Today. London: Verso Editions.
11.
Beechey, Veronica
. 1979. On Patriarchy. Feminist Review3:66-82.
12.
Bell, Dianne
. 1983. Daughters of the Dreaming. London: George Allen and Unwin.
13.
Bender, D. R.1967. A Refinement of the Concept of Household: Families, Co-Residency and Domestic Functions. American Anthropologist69:493-504.
14.
Beneria, Lourdes
. 1979. Reproduction, Production and the Sexual Division of Labor. Cambridge Journal of Economics3:203-225.
15.
Brown, Carol
. 1981. Mothers, Fathers, and Children: From Private to Public Patriarchy. In, Women and Revolution, Lydia Sargent (ed.). pp. 239-267, New York: Monthly Review Press.
16.
Brown, Judith
. 1970. Economic Organization and the Position of Women Among the Iroquois. Ethnohistory7:151-167.
Bryceson, Deborah
and Ulla Vuorela. 1984. Outside the Domestic Labor Debate: Towards a Theory of Modes of Human Reproduction. Review of Radical Political Economics16:137-166.
19.
Bysiewicz, Shirley
and Ruth Van de Mark. 1977. The Legal Status of Dakota Indian Women. American Indian Law Review3:255-312.
20.
Ciancanelli, P.1980. Exchange, Reproduction, and Sex Subordination Among the Kikuyu of East Africa. Review of Radical Political Economics12:25-36.
21.
Conte, Christine
. 1982. Ladies, Livestock, Land and Lucre: Women's Networks and Social Status on the Western Navajo Reservation. American Indian Quarterly6:105-124.
22.
Cook, Scott
. 1984. Peasant Capitalist Industry. Lathan, MD: University Press of America.
23.
Davis, Angela
. 1983. Women, Race, and Class. New York: Vintage Books/Random House.
24.
Deere, Carmen Diana
. 1976. Rural Women's Subsistence Production in the Capitalist Periphery. In, Women and the Economy. Special Issue, Review of Radical Political Economics 8:9-17.
25.
Deere, Carmen Diana
. 1979. Changing Social Relations of Production and Peruvian Peasant Woman's Work. In, Women in Latin America. pp. 26-46. Riverside, CA: Latin American Perspectives.
26.
Deloria, Vine
and J. Lytle. 1984. The Nations Within. New York: Pantheon.
27.
Delphy, Christine
. 1977. The Main Enemy. London: Women's Research and Resources Centre Publications.
28.
Economic Development Administration
. 1971. Federal and State Indian Reservations: An Economic DevelopmentAdministration Handbook. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
29.
Edholm, Felicity
, Olivia Harris and Kate Young. 1977. Conceptualising Women. Critique of Anthropology9/10:101-130.
30.
Eisenstein, ZilIah
. 1984a. The Patriarchal Relations of the Reagan State. Signs10:329-337.
31.
Eisenstein, ZilIah
. 1984b. Feminism and Sexual Equality:-Crisis in Liberal America. New York: Monthly Review Press.
32.
Ferguson, Ann
and Nancy Folbre. 1981. The Unhappy Marriage of Patriarchy and Capitalism. In, Women and Revolution, Lydia Sargent (ed.). pp. 313-338. New York: Monthly Review Press.
33.
Folbre, Nancy
. 1982. Exploitation Comes Home: A Critique of the Marxian Theory of Family Labor. Cambridge Journal of Economics6:317-329.
34.
Folbre, Nancy
. 1984. The Pauperization of Motherhood: Patriarchy and Public Policy in the United States. Review of Radical Political Economics16:72-88.
35.
Godelier, Maurice
. 1975. Modes of Production, Kinship, and Demographic Structures. In, Marxist Analysis and Social Anthropology, M. Bloch (ed.). pp. 3-25. London: Malaby Press.
36.
Green, Rayna
. 1980. Native American Women. Signs2:248-267.
37.
Grumet, Robert
. 1980. Sunksquaws, Shamans, and Tradeswomen: Middle Atlantic Coastal Algonkian Women During the 17th and 18th Centuries. In, Women and Colonization, E. Leacock and M. Etienne (eds.). pp. 43-62. New York: Praeger.
38.
Harris, Olivia
. 1981. Households as Natural Units, In, Of Marriage and the Market, Kate Young, Carol Wolkowitz and Roslyn McCullagh (eds.). pp. 49-68. London: CSE Books.
39.
Harris, Olivia
and Kate Young. 1981. Engendered Structures: Some Problems in the Analysis of Reproduction. In, The Anthropology of Pre-Capitalist Societies, Joel S. Kahn and Josep R. Llobera (eds.). pp. 109-147. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press.
40.
Harrison, John
. 1973. The Political Economy of Housework. Bulletin of the Conference of Socialist Economists3(l):35-52.
41.
Hartmann, Heidi
. 1976. Capitalism, Patriarchy, and Job Segregation by Sex. Signs1:137-169.
42.
Hartmann, Heidi
. 1981a. The Family as a Locus of Gender, Class and Political Struggle: The Example of Housework. Signs6:366-394.
43.
Hartmann, Heidi
. 1981b. The Unhappy Marriage of Marxism and Feminism: Towards a More Progressive Union. In, Women and Revolution, Lydia Sargent (ed.). pp. 1-42. New York: Monthly Review Press.
44.
Himmelweit, Susan
. 1984. The Real Dualism of Sex and Class. Review of Radical Political Economics16:167-184.
45.
Hooks, Bell
. 1981. Ain't I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism. Boston: South End Press.
46.
House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs
. 1953. Investigation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. U.S. Congress House Report No. 2503, 82nd Congress, 2nd Session.
47.
House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs
. 1962. Indian Unemployment Survey. Committee Print 3, 88th Congress, 1st Session.
48.
James, Williams R.1973. Domestic Group Organization and Processes in a Rural Colombian Town. Research Report No. 55. University of Wisconsin-Madison: Land Tenure Center.
49.
James, Williams R.1975. Subsistence, Survival and Capitalist Agriculture: Aspects of the Mode of Production among a Colombian Proletariat. Latin American Perspectives3:84-95.
50.
Jorgenson, Joseph
. 1971. Indians and the Metropolis. In, The American Indian in Urban Society, J. O. Waddell and O. M. Watson (eds.). Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
51.
Jorgenson, Joseph
. 1972. The Sun Dance Religion: Powerfor the Powerless. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
52.
Jorgenson, Joseph
. 1978. A Century of Political Economic Effects on American Indian Society, 1880-1980. Journal of Ethnic Studies6:1-82.
53.
Jorgenson, Joseph
. (ed.). 1979. Native Americans and Energy Development. Boston: Anthropology Resource Center.
54.
Jorgenson, Joseph
. (ed.). 1984. Native Americans and Energy Development II. Boston: Anthropology Resource Center.
55.
Kahn, Joel
and Josep Llobera (eds.). 1981. The Anthropology of Pre-Capitalist Societies. New York: Humanities Press.
56.
Kamerman, Sheila
. 1984. Women, Children and Poverty: Public Policies and Female-headed Families in Industrialized Countries. Signs10:249-271.
57.
Keenan, Jeremy
. 1981. The Concept of the Mode of Production in Hunter-Gatherer Societies. In, The Anthropology ofPre-Capitalist Societies, J. Kahn and J. Llobera (eds.). pp. 2-21. New York: Humanities Press.
58.
Klein, Laura F.1980. Contending with Colonization: Tlingit Men and Women in Change. In, Women and Colonization, E. Leacock and M. Etienne (eds.). pp. 88-109. New York: Praeger.
59.
Knack, Martha C.1980. Life Is With People: Household Organization of the Contemporary Southern Paiute Indians. Socorro, NM: Ballena Press.
60.
Lamphere, Louise
. 1977. To Run After Them: Cultural and Social Bases of Cooperation in a Navajo Community. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
61.
Landes, Ruth
. 1968. The MysticLake Sioux: Sociology of the Mdewakantonwan Santee. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
62.
Leacock, Eleanor
and Mona Etienne. 1980. Introduction. In Women and Colonization: Anthropological Perspectives, E. Leacock and M. Etienne, (eds.). pp. 1-24. New York: Praeger.
63.
Lee, Richard
. 1976. Kalahari Hunter-Gatherers. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
64.
Lewis, Diane
. 1977. A Response to Inequality: Black Women, Racism, and Sexism. Signs3:339-361.
65.
Lewis, Mary
. 1984. The Black Matriarchy: Exercises in Culture and Ideology. Economic Forum15:17-38.
66.
McAdoo, Harriette
(ed.). 1981. Black Families. Beverly Hills: Sage Press.
67.
McDonough, Roison
and Rachel Harrison. 1978. Patriarchy and Relations of Production. In, Feminism and Materialism: Women and Modes of Production. Annette Kuhn and Ann Marie Wolpe (eds.). pp. 11-41. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
68.
Mackintosh, Maureen
. 1977. Reproduction and Patriarchy: A Critique of Meillassoux, 'Femmes, Greniers et Capitaux.' Capital and Class2:119-127.
69.
Maynard, Eileen
. 1979. Changing Sex Roles and Family Structure among the Oglala Sioux. In, Sex Roles in Changing Cultures, A. McElroy and C. Mathiasson (eds.). pp. 11-20. State University of New York at Buffalo: Occasional Papers in Anthropology Vol. 1.
70.
Medicine, Beatrice
. 1982. The American Indian Family: Culture Change and Adaptive Strategies. Journal of Ethnic Studies8:13-23.
71.
Meillassoux, Claude
. 1969. On the Mode of Production of the Hunting Band. In, French Perspectives in African Studies, P. Alexandre (ed.). London: Oxford University Press.
72.
Meillassoux, Claude
. 1972. From Production to Reproduction. Economy and Society1:93-105.
73.
Meyer, Roy W.1967. A History of the Santee Sioux: United States Indian Policy on Trial. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
74.
Moore, John
. 1985. Marx on Horseback: The Significance of Cheyenne Work in the History of American Capitalism. Paper presented at the Political Economic Research Association Conference, University of Utah.
75.
Mora, Magdelina
and Adelaida R. del Castillo (eds.). 1980. Mexican American Women in the United States: Struggles Past and Present. Los Angeles: University of California, Chicano Studies Center Publications.
76.
Moraga, Cherrie
and Gloria Anzaldua (eds.). 1981. The Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color. Watertown, MA: Persephone Press.
77.
Netting, Robert
, Richard Wilk and Eric J. Arnould (eds.). 1984. Households: Comparative and Historical Studies of the Domestic Group. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
78.
Peterson, Jacqueline
and John Anfinson. 1984. The Indian and the Fur Trade. In, Scholars and the Indian Experience, W. R. Swagerty (ed.). pp. 223-257. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
79.
Pond, Samuel
. 1908. The Dakota as They Were in 1834. Minnesota Historical Society Collections12:319-501.
80.
Power, Marilyn
. 1984. Unity and Division Among Women: Feminist Theories of Gender and Class in Capitalist Society. Economic Forum15:39-62.
81.
Puryear, Gwendolyn
. 1980. The Black Woman: Liberated or Oppressed? In, Comparative Perspectives of Third World Women: The Impact of Race, Sex, and Class, B. Lindsey (ed.). pp. 251-275. New York: Praeger.
82.
Reich, Michael
. 1981. Racial Inequality: A Political-Economic Analysis. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
83.
Robertson, Claire
. 1984. Sharing the Same Bowl:A Socioeconomic History of Women and Class in Accra, 'hana. Bloomington, Ind.: University of Indiana Press.
84.
Rosaldo, Michelle
. 1974. Women, Culture, and Society: A Theoretical Overview. In, Women, Society, and Culture, M. Rosaldo and L. Lamphere, (eds.). pp. 17-42. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
85.
Roseberry, William
. 1985. The Ideology of Domestic Production. Paper presented at the Political Economic Research Association Conference, University of Utah.
86.
Ruffing, Lorraine
. 1979. The Navajo Nation: A History of Dependence and Underdevelopment. Review of Radical Political Economics2:25-37.
87.
Sacks, Karen
. 1982. Sisters and Wives. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
88.
Sahlins, Marshall
. 1972. Stone Age Economics. Chicago: Aldine.
89.
Sanday, Peggy
. 1981. Female Power and Male Dominance. New York: Cambridge University Press.
90.
Seccombe, Wally
. 1974. The Housewife and Her Labour Under Capitalism. New Left Review83:3-24.
91.
Simmons, Margaret A.1979. Racism and Feminism: A Schism in Sisterhood. Feminist Studies2:384-401.
92.
Smith, Joan
. 1984. The Paradox of Women's Poverty: Wage-earning Women and Economic Transformation. Signs10:291-310.
93.
Sokoloff, Natalie
. 1981. Between Money and Love: The Dialectics of Women's Home and Market Work. New York: Praeger.
94.
Stack, Carol
. 1974. All Our Kin. New York: Harper & Row.
95.
Stallard, Karin
, Barbara Ehrenreich and Holly Sklar. 1983. Poverty in the American Dream: Women & Children First. Boston: South End Press.
96.
Tahkofper, Carl
. 1982. Political Pressures Affecting Natural Resource Development on Indian Reservations. Ethnicity and Public Policy, Winston Van Home (ed.). pp. 105-120. Milwaukee: University of Wisconsin System American Ethnic Studies, Coordinating Committee/Urban Corridor Consortium, Vol. 1.
97.
Wilcox, Lloyd. 1942. Group Structure and Personality Types Among Sioux Indians of North Dakota. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
98.
Wolf, Eric R.1982. Europe and the People Without History. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
99.
Wyler, Rex
. 1984. Blood of the Land: The Government and Corporate WarAgainst the American Indian Movement. New York: Vintage Books.
100.
Yanigasako, Sylvia
. 1979. Family and Household: The Analysis of Domestic Groups. Annual Review of Anthropology8:161-205.
101.
Ybarra, Lea
. 1982. When Wives Work: The Impact on the Chicano Family. Journal of Marriage and the Family44:169-178.
102.
Zinn, Maxine Baca
. 1982. Mexican-American Women in the Social Sciences. Signs8:259-272.