The author proposes a dimensional model of our emotion concepts that is intended to be largely independent of one’s theory of emotions and applicable to the different ways in which emotions are measured. He outlines some conditions for selecting the dimensions based on these motivations and general conceptual grounds. Given these conditions he then advances an 8-dimensional model that is shown to effectively differentiate emotion labels both within and across cultures, as well as more obscure expressive language. The 8 dimensions are: (1) attracted—repulsed, (2) powerful—weak, (3) free—constrained, (4) certain—uncertain, (5) generalized—focused, (6) future directed—past directed, (7) enduring—sudden, (8) socially connected—disconnected.
Cet article propose un modèle dimensionnel des concepts des émotions qui soit indépendant d’une théorie donnée des émotions et applicable aux différentes façons de mesurer les émotions. L’auteur souligne les conditions de sélection des dimensions sur la base de ces motivations et d’ensembles conceptuels généraux. Ces conditions une fois posées, l’auteur propose un modèle à 8 dimensions dont il montre qu’il peut différencier à la fois dans une culture donnée et à travers plusieurs cultures non seulement les dénominations des émotions mais aussi un langage expressif moins explicite. Les 8 dimensions retenues sont: (1) attiré— repoussé; (2) fort—faible; (3) libre—contraint;(4) certain—incertain; (5) généralisé—ciblé; (6) orienté vers le futur—orienté vers le passé; (7) durable—soudain; (8) socialement connecté—socialement déconnecté.
Araki, H. ( 1994). Nihongo ga Mieru to Eigo mo Mieru [When you can understand Japanese, you can understand English]. Tokyo : Chuuoo Kooronsha .
2.
Averill, J.R. ( 1975) ‘A semantic atlas of emotional concepts’ , Journal supplement abstract service (JSAS): Catalog of selected documents in psychology vol. 5, no. 330 (ms no. 1103).
3.
Barrett, L.F. & Russell, J.A. ( 1999) ‘The structure of affect: controversies and emerging consensus’ , Current directions in psychological science8(1): 10-14 .
4.
Bottenberg, E.H. ( 1975) ‘Phenomenological and operational characterization of factor-analytically derived dimensions of emotion’ , Psychological reports37: 1253-4 .
5.
Briggs, J.L. ( 1970) Never in anger: portrait of an Eskimo family. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press .
6.
Bush, L.E. ( 1973) ‘Individual differences multidimensional scaling of adjectives denoting feelings’ , Journal of personality and social psychology25(1): 50-7 .
7.
Carr, J.E. & Tan, E.K. ( 1976) ‘In search of true amok: amok as viewed within the Malay’ , American journal of psychiatry133: 1295-9 .
8.
Cochrane, T. (forthcoming) ‘The character ideal’, in T. Cochrane & P. Lombardo (eds) Character and emotions.
9.
Davitz, J.R. ( 1969) The language of emotions. New York : Academic Press .
10.
Deonna, J. ( 2006) ‘Emotion, perception and perspective’ , Dialectica60(1): 29-46 .
11.
De Sousa, R. ( 1987) The rationality of emotions. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press .
12.
Doi, T. ( 1973) The anatomy of dependence. Tokyo: Kodansha .
13.
Döring, S. ( 2009) ‘The explanatory role of emotion’, in T. O’Connor & C. Sandis (eds) Blackwell companion to the philosophy of action. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell .
14.
Ekman, P. ( 1999) ‘Basic emotions’, in T. Dalgleish & M. Power (eds) The handbook of cognition and emotion, pp. 45-60. Sussex: John Wiley and Sons .
15.
Fajans, J. ( 1983) ‘Shame, social action, and the person among the Baining’ , Ethos11: 166-78 .
16.
Fillenbaum, S. & Rapoport, A. ( 1971) Structures in the subjective lexicon. New York: Academic Press .
17.
Fontaine, J. , Scherer, K. , Roesch, E. & Ellsworth, P. ( 2007) ‘The world of emotions is not two-dimensional’ , Psychological science18(12): 1050-7 .
18.
Galati, D. , Sini, B. , Tinti, C. & Testa, S. ( 2008) ‘The lexicon of emotion in the neo-Latin languages’ , Social science information sur les sciences sociales47(2): 205-20 .
19.
Geertz, H. ( 1959) ‘The vocabulary of emotion: a study of Javanese socialization processes’ , Psychiatry22: 225-37 .
20.
Gehm, T.L. & Scherer, K.R. ( 1988) ‘Factors determining the dimensions of subjective emotional space’, in K. R. Scherer (ed.) Facets of emotion: recent research, pp. 99-113. Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
21.
Gerber, E. ( 1975) ‘The cultural patterning of emotions in Samoa’, Doctoral dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, San Diego .
22.
Gibson, J.J. ( 1979) The ecological approach to visual perception. Boston, MA: Houghton-Mifflin .
23.
Goldie, P. ( 2000) The emotions: a philosophical exploration. Oxford: Clarendon Press .
24.
Grahek, N. ( 2007) Feeling pain and being in pain. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press .
25.
Grimond, J. ( 2008) ‘English marks a million’ , The economist, 19 Nov.
26.
Herrmann, D.J. & Raybeck, D. ( 1981) ‘Similarities and differences in meaning in six cultures’ , Journal of cross-cultural psychology12: 194-206 .
27.
Hiatt, L.R. ( 1978) ‘Classification of the emotions’, in L. R. Hiatt (ed.) Australian aboriginal concepts, pp. 182-7. Princeton, NJ: Humanities Press .
28.
Hupka, R.B. , Lenton, A.P. & Hutchison, K.A. ( 1999) ‘Universal development of emotion categories in natural language’ , Journal of personality and social psychology77(2): 247-78 .
29.
Keeler, W. ( 1983) ‘Shame and stage fright in Java’ , Ethos11: 152-65 .
30.
Kundera, M. ( 1980) The book of laughter and forgetting, transl. by M. H. Heim. New York: Knopf .
31.
Lazarus, R.S. ( 1991) Emotion and adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press .
32.
Levy, R.I. ( 1973) Tahitians. Chicago: University of Chicago Press .
33.
Lutz, C. ( 1980) ‘Emotion words and emotional development on Ifaluk Atoll’, Doctoral dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Harvard University .
34.
Lutz, C. ( 1982) ‘The domain of emotion words on Ifaluk’ , American ethnologist9: 113-28 .
35.
Lutz, C. ( 1983) ‘Parental goals, ethnopsychology, and the development of emotional meaning’ , Ethos11(4): 246-62 .
36.
Lutz, C. ( 1985) ‘Ethnopsychology compared to what? Explaining behaviour and consciousness among the Ifaluk’, in G. M. White & J. Kirkpatrick (eds) Person, self, and experience: exploring Pacific ethnopsychology, pp. 35-79. Berkeley : University of California Press .
37.
Lutz, C. ( 1988) Unnatural emotions: everyday sentiments on a Micronesian atoll & their challenge to Western theory. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press .
38.
Mageo, J.M. ( 1991) ‘Samoan moral discourse and the Loto’ , American anthropologist (New series)93(2): 405-20 .
39.
Morice, R. ( 1978) ‘Psychiatric diagnosis in a transcultural setting: the importance of lexical categories’ , British journal of psychiatry132: 87-95 .
40.
Myers, F.R. ( 1988) ‘The logic and meaning of anger among Pintupi Aborigines’ , Man23: 589-610 .
41.
Oatley, K. & Johnson-Laird, P.N. ( 1987) ‘Towards a cognitive theory of emotions’ , Cognition and emotion1(1): 29-50 .
42.
Orley, J.H. ( 1970) Culture and mental illness. Nairobi : East Africa Publishing House .
43.
Ortony, A. , Clore, G. & Foss, M. ( 1987) ‘The referential structure of the affective lexicon’ , Cognitive science11: 341-64 .
44.
Osgood, C.E. , Suci, G.J. & Tannenbaum, P.H. ( 1957) The measurement of meaning. Chicago, IL ; London: University of Illinois Press .
45.
Pavlenko, A. ( 2005) Emotions and multilingualism. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
46.
Plutchik, R. ( 1982) ‘A psychoevolutionary theory of emotions’ , Social science information sur les sciences sociales21(4-5): 529-53 .
47.
Prinz, J. ( 2004) Gut reactions: a perceptual theory of emotion. Oxford: Oxford University Press .
48.
Riesman, P. ( 1977) Freedom in Fulani social life: an introspective ethnography, transl. by M. Fuller. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press .
49.
Rosaldo, M.Z. ( 1980) Knowledge and passion: Ilongot notions of self and social life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press .
50.
Rosaldo, M.Z. ( 1983) ‘The shame of headhunters and the autonomy of self’ , Ethos11: 135-51 .
51.
Roseman, I. ( 1984) ‘Cognitive determinants of emotions: a structural theory’, in P. Shaver (ed.) Review of personality and social psychology, vol. 5, pp. 11-36. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications .
52.
Roseman, I. & Evdokas, A. ( 2004) ‘Appraisals cause experienced emotions: experimental evidence’ , Cognition and emotion18(1): 1-28 .
53.
Russell, J.A. ( 1980) ‘A circumplex model of affect’ , Journal of personality and social psychology39: 1161-78 .
54.
Russell, J.A. ( 1983) ‘Pancultural aspects of the human conceptual organization of emotions’ , Journal of personality and social psychology45: 1281-8 .
55.
Russell, J.A. ( 1991) ‘Culture and the categorization of emotions’ , Psychological bulletin110(3): 426-50 .
56.
Russell, J.A. ( 2003) ‘Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion’ , Psychological review110(1): 145-72 .
57.
Russell, J.A. , Lewicka, M. & Niit, T. ( 1989) ‘A cross-cultural study of a circumplex model of affect’ , Journal of personality and social psychology57: 848-56 .
58.
Scherer, K. ( 1984) ‘On the nature and function of emotion: a component process approach’, in K. R. Scherer & P. Ekman (eds) Approaches to emotions, pp. 293-318. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
59.
Scherer, K. , Dan, E.S. & Flykt, A. ( 2006) ‘What determines a feeling’s position in affective space? A case for appraisal’ , Cognition and emotion20(1): 92-113 .
60.
Shaver, P.R. , Murdaya, U. & Fraley, R.C. ( 2001) ‘Structure of the Indonesian emotion lexicon’ , Asian journal of social psychology4: 201-24 .
61.
Shaver, P. , Schwartz, J. , Kirson, D. & O’ Connor, G. ( 1987) ‘Emotion knowledge: further exploration of a prototype approach’ , Journal of personality and social psychology52(6): 1061-86 .
62.
Shostak, M. ( 1983) Nisa: the life and words of a !Kung woman. New York: Vintage .
63.
Smith, C. & Ellsworth, P. ( 1985) ‘Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion’ , Journal of personality and social psychology48(4): 813-38 .
64.
Solomon, R.C. ( 2006) ‘Against valence ("positive" and "negative" emotions)’, Not passion’s slave. Oxford: Oxford University Press .
65.
Solomon, R.C. ( 2007) True to our feelings: what our emotions are really telling us. Oxford: Oxford University Press .
66.
Storm, C. & Storm, T. ( 1987) ‘A taxonomic study of the vocabulary of emotions’ , Journal of personality and social psychology53(4): 805-16 .
67.
Teroni, F. ( 2007) ‘Emotions and formal objects’ , Dialectica61(3): 395-415 .
68.
Wierzbicka, A. ( 1986) ‘Human emotions: universal or culture-specific?’ , American anthropologist88: 584-94 .
69.
Wikan, U. ( 1989) ‘Illness from fright of soul loss: a North Balinese culture-bound syndrome?’, Culture , medicine and psychiatry13: 25-50 .
70.
Wilson, R. ( 2004) Boundaries of the mind: the individual in the fragile sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press .
71.
Wundt, W. ( 1897) Outlines of psychology, transl. by C. H. Judd. (Located at http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Wundt/Outlines/14.02.09.)
72.
Youngstrom, E.A. & Green. K.W. ( 2003) ‘Reliability generalization of self-report of emotions when using the differential emotions scale’ , Educational and psychological measurement63: 279-95 .
