The Recycling of Linz-Donawitz (Ld) Converter Slag By Use as a Liming Agent On Pasture Land

Abstract

Slag is a major by-product of the basic oxygen steelmaking converter process (BOS). Methods are being developed to make use of this by-product and large quantities are now employed in agriculture and in the production of aggregates in several European Community (EC) countries. However, a great deal of slag is still either simply discarded or discharged in landfills. This paper reports the effects over a 3-year period on both soil and crops, of the application of Linz-Donawitz (LD) converter slag on pasture land. Comparative studies were performed using different quantities of low phosphorus LD converter slag and fertilizer on land sown with Dactylis glomerata, Trifolium repens and Lolium perenne. The results showed an increase in soil pH and in the availability of Ca and Mg in the soil exchange complex. Aluminium content was reduced. When LD converter slag and fertilizer were applied together, plants were seen to contain the greatest concentrations of nutrients and greater yields were obtained. © 1995 ISWA

Keywords

Linz-Donawitz (LD) converter slag recycling nutrient content acidic soils Dactylis glomerata Trifolium repens and Lolium perenne.

References

Alexandre, J. , Beisser, R. , Geiseler, J. , Kühn, M. , Motz, H. , Juckes, L.M. , Koller, W. & Piret, J. (1993) Utilization of BOS Slag in Europe Meets High Standards . In Proceedings First European Oxygen Steelmaking Congress. Düsseldorf, Germany: pp. 168-171.

Allemand, B. , Lehn, B. & Pluquet, R. (1993) Recycling of BOF Slag. In Proceedings First European Oxygen Steelmaking Congress. Düsseldorf, Germany: pp. 168-171.

Andrew, C.S. & Hegarty, M.P. (1969) Comparative responses to manganese excess in eight tropical and four temperate legumes. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 20, 687-696.

Balcázar, N. , Formoso, A. , Sáinz, E. & López, F.A. (1993) The Use of LD Slag in Agronomy and Forestry. In Proceedings First European Oxygen Steelmaking Congress . Düsseldorf, Germany: pp. 294-295.

Blunk, G. (1979) Utilization of Blast Furnace Slag and Steelmaking Slag in the Federal Republic of Germany. In Proceedings Symposium on Utilization of Steelplant Slags. Victoria , Australia: Illawara Branch, pp. 35-39.

Coleman, N.T. , Thorup, J.T. & Jackson, W.E. (1960) Phosphate sorption reactions that involve exchangeable Al. Soil Science 90, 1-7.

Coleman, N.T. & Grant, W.T. (1967) The Basic Chemistry of Soil Acidity. In Soil Acidity and Liming. Agronomy 12, 1-34 ( Pearson & Adams , eds). Wisconsin, U.S.A.: Am. Soc. Agron.

Cripps, R.W. , Young, J.L. & Leonard, A.T. (1989) Effects of potassium and lime applied for Coastal Bermuda grass production in sandy soil. Soil Science Society of America Journal 53, 127-132.

Crush, J.R. , Evans, J.P.M. & Cosgrove, G.P. (1989) Chemical composition of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and prairie grass (Bromus willdenowii Kunth) pastures. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 32, 461-468.

10.

Edmeades, D.C. , Smart, C.E. & Weeler, D.M. (1983) Aluminium toxicity in New Zealand soils: Preliminary results on the development of diagnosis criteria. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 26, 493-501.

11.

Follet, R.H. , Murphy, L.S. & Donahue, R.L. (1981) Lime. In Fertilizers and Soil Amendments. New Jersey, U.S.A.: Prentice-Hall International Inc., pp. 393-422.

12.

Franson, M.H. (1975) Standard methods for the examination of wastewaters (14th ed.). American Public Health Association. Washington D.C., U.S.A.

13.

Geiseler, J. (1988) Steelmaking Slags: Properties and Uses. In Proceedings Information Day on Utilization of Blast Furnace and Steelmaking Slags, EC, Liège, Belgium: 10 pp.

14.

Geiseler, J. (1991a) Untersuchungen zur Eignung grobkörniger Hochofen und Stahlwerksschlaken als Düngemittel für die Land- und Forstwirtschaft (Characterization and tests with blast furnace and steelmaking coarse slags as liming agent in agriculture and forestry). ECSC Technischer Zwischenbericht Nr. 6. Convention 7210-XA/110. FEhS, Duisburg, Germany.

15.

Geiseler, J. (1991b) Verwertung der Stahlwerksschlagen (Use of steelmaking slag) Stahl und Eisen Nr. 111 (1), 133-138.

16.

Helyar, K.R. (1978) Effects of Al and Mn Toxicity on Legumes Growth. C.S. In Mineral Nutrition in Tropical and Subtropical Soils (A. & E. J. Kamprath , eds). Melbourne, Australia: CSIRO.

17.

Jackson, W.A. (1967) Physiological Effects of Soil Acidity. In Soil Acidity and Liming. Agronomy 12, 43-66 ( Pearson & Adams , eds). Wisconsin, U.S.A.: Am. Soc. Agron.

18.

Juckes, L.M. (1988) Improved utilization of blast furnace and steel works slags. Commission of the European Communities. Bruxelles, Belgium: EUR-11681 EN.

19.

Koller, W. (1988) Practical Experience in Road Construction using LD Slag. In Proceedings Information Day on Utilization of Blast Furnace and Steelmaking Slags, European Community , Liège, Belgium: 9 pp.

20.

Kondo, R. , Daiman, M. , Song, C.T. & Jiwath, S. (1990) Effect of lime on the hydratation of supersulphated slag cement. Ceramic Bulletin 59, 848-851.

21.

López, F.A. , Medina, F. , Clérigo, Z. & González, L. (1989a) Utilización de Escorias LD Como Enmendante de Suelos Ácidos (Use of LD Slag as Acidic Soils Liming Agent). Afinidad, XLVI (420), 162-166.

22.

López, F.A. , Formoso, A. & Medina, F. (1989b) Escorias LD: Coproductos de las Industrias Siderúrgicas. I Parte. Composición, Tratamiento y Aplicación (LD Slags: Iron and Steelmaking By-products. Part 1. Composition, Treatment and Use). Revista de Metalurgia 25, 247-254.

23.

MAPA Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación (1981) Metodologia Analitica. Madrid , Spain.

24.

Mengel, K. & Kirkby, E.A. (1982) Principles of Plant Nutrition. Berne, Switzerland: International Potash Institute , pp. 462-464.

25.

Olsen, S.R. (1954) Estimation of available phosphorous in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. U.S. Dep. Agric. Cir. , 939 pp.

26.

Ono, H. , Inagaki, A. , Masui, T. , Narita, H. , Nosaka, S. , Mitsuo, T. & Gonda, S. (1981) Removal of phosphorus from LD converter slag by floating separation of dicalcium silicate during solidification. Transaction ISIJ 21, 135-144.

27.

Pinto, M. , Rodriguez, M. , Trueba, C. , Larburu, I. , Aldecoa, R. & López, F.A. (1992) LD Slags as Liming Material: Effects on Pasture Yield and Soil Parameters. In Proceedings Second European Society of Agronomy Congress. Warwick, U.K.: pp. 290-291.

28.

Piret, J. (1991) Valorisation de la Scorie LD en Sylviculture (Valorization of LD Slag on Forestry). ECSC Rapport Technique No. 1-6. Convention 7210-XA/204. Liège, Belgium: CRM.

29.

Piret, J. (1993) Utilization of LD Slags. In Proceedings First European Oxygen Steelmaking Congress. Düsseldorf, Germany, pp. 296-297.

30.

Porbert, M.E. (1980) The responses to various Ca sources on a Yellow Earth soil with low Ca status. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 20, 240-246.

31.

Rainbott, T.M. & Blevins, D.G. (1991) Phosphate interaction with uptake and leaf concentration of magnesium, calcium and potassium in winter wheat seedlings. Agronomy Journal 83, 1043-1046.

32.

Reneau, R.B. , Jones, G.D. & Friedericks, J.B. (1983) Effect of P and K on yield and chemical composition of forage sorghum. Agronomy Journal 75, 5-8.

33.

Salette, J. & Lemaire, G. (1982) Sur le variation de la teneur en azote des graminees furrageres pendant leur croissance: formulation d'une loi de dilution (About the variation of forage gramineous nitrogen content through its growth: formulation of a law for dilution). Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences de Paris 292, 875-878.

34.

Smith, F.W. (1988) Pasture Species. In Plant Analysis. An Interpretation Manual ( Reuter & Robinson , eds). Melbourne , Australia: Inkata Press.

35.

Spector, P.C. & Goodnight, J.H. (1988) The ANOVA Procedure. In SAS User's guide: Statistics. Version 6 Cary, North Carolina , U.S.A.: SAS Institute.

36.

Whitehead, D. , Barnes, R.J. & Jones, Ll. H. (1983) Nitrogen, sulphur and other mineral elements in Trifolium repens and perennial ryegrass in mixed swards with and without fertiliser N at a range of sites in the U.K. Journal of the Sciences of Food and Agriculture 34, 901-909.