Use of data from the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey demonstrated inconsistencies in the factor structure of the Centerfor Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) across female Hispanic household types (ie., with children living at home). There are differences in the number offactors generatedfor single females and women of couple-headed households and incongruities reganing which items load on factors across groups. Ratherthan thefourfactors that have emergedforAnglo married women, the authors'findings indicate nonidentical three-factor solutions (Psychosomatic, Interpersonal, and Positive Affect) for married Puerto Rican and Mexican American women. The findings highlight the importance of considering theoretical and cultural influences when evaluating the structural components of the CES-D.
References
1.
Angel, R.
, & Guarnaccia, P. J. (1989). Mind, body, and culture: Somatization among Hispanics. Social Science and Medicine, 28, 1229-1238.
2.
Anstett, R.
, & Lewis, B. (1986). The single-parent family. How an understanding physician can help. Postgraduate Medicine, 80, 137-140, 143-143.
3.
Bebbington, P.
(1987). Marital status and depression: A study of English national admission statistics. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 75, 640-650.
4.
Breslau, N.
(1985). Depressive symptoms, major depression, and generalized anxiety: A comparison of self-reports on CES-D and results from diagnostic interviews. Psychiatry Research, 15,219-229.
5.
Comstock, G.
, & Helsing, K. (1976). Symptoms of depression in two communities. Psychological Medicine, 6,203-214.
6.
Escobar, J. I.
, Karno, M., Golding, J., Burnam, M., & Hough, R. L. (1987). Psychosocial influences on psychiatric symptoms: The case of somatization. In M. Gaviria & J. D. Arana (Eds.), Health and behavior: Research agenda for Hispanics (pp. 207-215). Chicago: University of Illinois at Chicago.
7.
Guarnaccia, P. J.
, Angel, R., & Worobey, J. L. (1989). The factor structure of the CES-D in the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: The influences of ethnicity, gender, and language. Social Science and Medicine, 29(1), 85-94.
8.
Guarnaccia, P. J.
, Rubio-Stipec, M., & Canino, G. (1989). Ataques de nervios in the Puerto Rico Diagnostic Interview Schedule: The impact of cultural categories on psychiatric epidemiology. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 13, 275-295.
9.
Kovar, M. G.
(1985). Approaches for the analysis of data. In National Centerfor Health Statistics (Ed.), Plan and operation of the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1982-84 (Vital and Health Statistics. Series 1, No. 19. DHHS Pub. No. [PHS] 9/85-1321). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
10.
Markides, K. S.
, & Farrell, J. (1985). Marital status and depression among Mexican Americans. Social Psychiatry, 20(2), 86-91.
11.
Myers, J. K.
, & Weissman, M. M. (1980). Use of a self-report symptom scale to detect depression in a community sample. American Journal of Psychiatry, 137, 1081-1084.
12.
National Center for Health Statistics
. (1985). The Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1982-1984 (Machine-readable data file). Hyattsville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (Producer). Hyattsville, MD: Scientific and Technical Branch of the National Center for Health Statistics (Distributor).
13.
Neff, J. A.
, Hoppe, S. K., & Perea, P. (1987). Acculturation and alcohol use: Drinking patterns and problems among Anglo and Mexican American male drinkers. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 9, 151-181.
14.
Nelson, G.
(1989). Life strains, coping, and emotional well-being: A longitudinal study of recently separated and married women. American Joumal of Community Psychology, 17, 459-483.
15.
Oakley, L. D.
(1986). Marital status, gender role attitude, and Black women's report of depression. Journal of the National Black Nurses Association, 1(1), 41-51.
16.
Orme, J. G.
, Reis, J., & Herz, E. J. (1986). Factorial and discriminant validity of the Center for Epiderniological Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 42(1), 28-33.
17.
Radloff, L. S.
(1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385-401.
18.
Roberts, R. E.
(1980). Reliability of the CES-D scale in different ethnic contexts. Psychiatry Research, 2, 125-134.
19.
Ross, C. E.
, & Mirowsky, J. (1984). Components of depressed mood in married men and women: The Center for Epidemiologic Studies' Depression Scale. American Journal of Epidemiology, 119,997-1004.
20.
Schulberg, H. C.
, Saul, M., McClelland, M., Ganguli, M., Christy, W., & Frank, R. (1985). Assessig depression in primaly medical and psychiatric practices. Archives of General Psychiaay, 42, 1164-1170.
21.
Tienda, M.
, & AngeL R. (1982). Headship and household composition among Blacks, Hispanics and odter Whites.Social Forces, 61, 508-531.
22.
Vega, W. A
, Kolody, B., Hough, R. L., & Figueroa, G. (1987). Depressive symptomatology in nothern New Mexico adults. American Joural of Public Health, 77, 1215-1218.
23.
Vega, W. A
, Kolody, B., Valle, R., & Hough, R. (1986). Depressive symptoms and their cofrelates among immigrant Mexican women in the United States. Social Science and Medkiine, 22, 645-652.
