Routine activities theory has not fully considered the role of gender in shaping victimization and yet, the research literature clearly demonstrates that gender is associated with an individual’s risk of victimization. In addition to the pervasive effect of gender on victimization, gender shapes an individual’s daily routines and thus may create a gender-specific relationship with victimization. This article explores the importance of gender in understanding the relationship between student’s participation in extracurricular routine activities (e.g., student government, clubs, sports, and etc.) and the risk of victimization. From the Education Longitudinal Study of 2002, a sample of 10th-grade students was drawn for analyses. Hierarchical Generalized Linear Modeling was employed to explore the role of gender in the relationship between extracurricular routine activities and victimization at school. The results reveal that students’ gender indeed interacts with several of the extracurricular routine activities creating gender-specific risks of victimization. This article highlights the importance of gender in explaining victimization and suggests researchers should consider how gender may interact with other routine activities and victimization.
Astor, R.A., Meyer, H.A. and Behre, W.J. ( 1999). Unowned Places and Times: Maps and Interviews about Violence in High Schools. American Educational Research Journal36, 3-42.
2.
Augustine, M.C., Wilcox, P., Ousey, G.C., & Clayton, R.R. ( 2002). Opportunity theory and adolescent school-based victimization . Violence and Victims, 17, 233-353.
3.
Baker, R.L., Mednick, B.R., & Carothers, L. ( 1989). Association of age, gender, and ethnicity with juvenile victimization in and out of school. Youth and Society, 20, 320-341.
4.
Battistich, V., & Solomon, D. ( 1997). Caring school communities. Educational Psychologist, 32, 137-151.
5.
Belknap, J. ( 2007). The invisible women: Gender, crime and justice (3rd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
6.
Bryk, A.S., & Driscoll, M. ( 1988). The school as community: Shaping forces and consequences for students and teachers. Madison: University of Wisconsin, National Center on Effective Secondary Schools.
7.
Burrow, J.D. and Apel, R. ( 2008). Youth Behavior, Social Structure, and Student Risk of Victimization. Justice Quarterly, 25, 349-380.
8.
Cohen, L.E., & Felson, M. ( 1979). Social change and crime rate trends. American Sociological Review, 52, 170-183.
9.
Cohen, L.E., Kleuegel, J.R., & Land, K.C. ( 1981). Social inequality and predatory criminal victimization: An exposition and test of a formal theory. American Sociological Review, 46, 505-524.
10.
Crowe, T.D. ( 1990). Designing Safer Schools. School Safety , Fall, 9-13.
11.
Daly, K., & Chesney-Lind, M. (1988). Feminism and criminology . Justice Quarterly, 5, 497-538.
12.
Darling, N., Caldwell, L.L., & Smith, R. ( 2005). Participation in school-based extracurricular activities and adolescent adjustment. Journal of Leisure Research, 37, 51-76.
13.
Devoe, J.F., Peter, K., Noonan, M., Snyder, T.D., & Baum, K. ( 2005). Indicators of school crime and safety: 2005 (NCES2006-001/NCJ 210697). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education and Justice.
14.
Dugan, L., & Apel, R. ( 2003). An exploratory study of the violent victimization of women: Race/ethnicity and situational context. Criminology , 41, 959-979.
15.
Eder, D., & Parker, S. ( 1987). The cultural production and reproduction of gender: The effect of extracurricular activities on peer group culture. Sociology of Education, 60, 200-213.
16.
Faircloth, B.S. and Hamm, J.V. ( 2005). Sense of Belonging Among High School Students Representing 4 Ethnic Groups. Journal of Youth and Adolesence, 34, 293-309.
17.
Feldman, A.F., & Matjasko, J.F. (2007). Profiles and portfolios of adolescent school-based extracurricular activity participation. Journal of Adolescence, 30, 313-332.
18.
Feldman, A.F., & Matjasko, J.F. (2005). The role of school-based extracurricular activities in adolescent development: A comprehensive review and future directions. Review of Educational Research, 75, 159-210.
19.
Felson, M. ( 1986). Linking Criminal Choices, Routine Activities, Informal Control and Criminal Outcomes. The Reasoning Criminal, 119-128 edited by D. B. Cornish and R. V. Clarke.New York: Springer-Verlag .
20.
Felson, M. ( 1998). Crime and Everyday Life. Impact and Implications for Society. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publishers .
21.
Finkelhor, D., & Asdigian, N.L. (1996). Risk factors for youth victimization: Beyond a lifestyle/routine activities theory approach. Violence and Victims, 11, 3-19.
22.
Fisher, B.S., Sloan, J.J., Cullen, F.T., & Lu, C. ( 1998). Crime in the Ivory Tower: The level and source of student victimization. Criminology, 36, 671-710.
23.
Garofalo, J., Siegel, L. and Laub, J. ( 1987). School-Related Victimization Among Adolescents: An Analysis of National Crime Survey (NCS) Narratives. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 3, 321-338.
24.
Gottfredson, D.C. ( 2001) School and Delinquency. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
25.
Gottfredson, D.C. and Gottfredson, G.D. ( 2002). Quality of School-Based Prevention Programs: Results from a National Survey. The Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 39, 3-39.
26.
Hindelang, M.J., Gottfredson, M., & Garafalo, J. ( 1978). Victims of personal crime: An empirical foundation for a theory of personal victimization. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
27.
Jenkins, P.H. ( 1997). School delinquency and the school social bond. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 34, 337-367.
28.
Jensen, G.F., & Brownfield, D. (1986). Gender, lifestyles, and victimization: Beyond routine activity. Violence and Victims , 1, 85-99.
29.
Meier, R.F., & Miethe T.D. ( 1993). Understanding theories of criminal victimization. Crime and Justice, 17, 459-499.
30.
Miethe, T.D., & Meier, R.F. ( 1990). Opportunity, choice, and criminal victimization: A test of a theoretical model. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , 27, 243-266.
31.
Miethe, T.D., Stafford, M.C., & Long, J.S. ( 1987). Social differentiation in criminal victimization: A test of routine activities/lifestyle theory. American Sociological Review, 52, 184-194.
32.
Mustaine, E.E., & Tewksbury, R. ( 1998). Predicting risks of larceny theft victimization: Routine activity analysis using refined lifestyle measures. Criminology , 36, 829-857.
33.
National Center for Education Statistics. ( 2004). Educational longitudinal study: 2002 base year data file user’s manual. Washington, DC: Author.
34.
Payne, A.A., Gottfredson, D.C., & Gottfredson, G.D. (2003). Schools as communities: The relationships among communal school organizations, student bonding and school disorder. Criminology, 41, 749-777.
35.
Payne, A. ( 2008). A multilevel model of the relationships among communal school disorder, student bonding, and delinquency. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 45, 429-455.
36.
Peguero, A.A. ( 2009). Opportunity, involvement, and student exposure to school violence. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 7, 299-312.
Schreck, C.J., Miller, J.M., & Gibson, C.L. ( 2003). Trouble in the school yard: A study of the risk factors of victimization at school. Crime and Delinquency, 49, 460-484.
39.
Schreck, C.J., Wright, R., & Miller, J. ( 2002). A study of individual and situational antecedents of violent victimization. Justice Quarterly, 19, 159-180.
40.
Stewart, E.A. ( 2003) School Social Bonds, School Climate and School Misbehavior: A Multilevel Analysis. Justice Quarterly, 20, 575-604.
41.
Tewksbury, R., & Mustaine, E.E. (2000). Routine activities and vandalism: A theoretical and empirical study. Journal of Crime and Justice, 23, 81-110.
42.
U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs. (1997). Sex differences in violent victimization, 1994 (Special ReportNCJ-164508). Washington, DC: Author.
43.
Van Dorn, R.A. ( 2004). Correlates of violent and nonviolent victimization in a sample of public high school students. Violence and Victims , 19, 303-320.
44.
Welsh, W.N.Greene, J.R., and Jenkins, P.H. ( 1999). School Disorder: The Influence of Individual, Institutional and Community Factors. Criminology, 37, 73-115.
45.
Welsh, W.N., Stokes, R. and Greene, J.R. ( 2000). A Macro-level model of school Disorder. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 37, 243-283.
46.
Welsh, W. ( 2001). Effects of Student and School Factors on Five Measures Of School Disorder. Justice Quarterly, 18, 911-947.
47.
Wilcox, P., Tillyer, M.S., and Fisher, B.S. ( 2009). Gendered Opportunity? School-Based Adolescent Victimization . Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 46, 245-269.
