Neuropsychological Correlates of Self-Reported Depression and Self-Reported Cognition Among Patients With Mild Cognitive Impairment

Abstract

Patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) frequently experience significant depressive symptomatology and report cognitive disturbances. To date, no studies have examined the relationship between MCI patients' neuropsychologic functioning, self-reported depressive symptoms, and self-reported cognitive difficulties. In this study, 82 MCI patients completed a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation that included the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). A subset of 41 patients and informants also completed a measure of cognitive difficulties. Poorer memory functioning was associated with fewer self-reported depressive symptoms and fewer cognitive complaints.

Keywords

mild cognitive impairment depression neuropsychology awareness anosognosia

References

Petersen RC Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity. J Intern Med. 2004;256:183-194.

Busse A. , Bischkopf J. , Riedel-Heller SG , Angermeyer MC Mild cognitive impairment: prevalence and incidence according to different diagnostic criteria. Br J Psychiatry. 2003 ;182:449-454.

Bennet DA , Wilson RS , Schneider JA , et al. Natural history of mild cognitive impairment in older persons . Neurology. 2002;23:198-205.

Petersen RC , Smith GE , Waring SC , Ivnik RJ , Tangalos EG , Kokmen E. Mild cognitive impairment: clinical characterization and outcome. Arch Neurol. 1999;56: 303-308.

Lyketsos CG , Lopez O. , Jones B. , Fitzpatrick AL , Breitner J. , DeKosky S. Prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia and mild cognitive impairment . JAMA. 2002;288:1475-1483.

Barnes DE , Alexopoulos G. , Lopez O. , Williamson JD , Yaffe K. Depressive symptoms, vascular disease, and mild cognitive impairment . Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63: 273-280.

Gabryelewicz T. , Stycznska M. , Pfeffer A. , et al. Prevalence of major and minor depression in elderly persons with mild cognitive impairment: MADRS factor analysis. Int| J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2004;19:1168-1172.

Modrego PJ , Ferrandez J. Depression in patients with mild cognitive impairment increases the risk of developing dementia of the Alzheimer type. Arch Neurol . 2004; 61:1290-1293.

Rozzini L. , Chilovi B. , Trabucchi M. , Padovani A. Depression is unrelated to conversion to dementia in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Arch Neurol. 2005 ;62:505-506.

10.

Chong MS , Sahadevan S. Preclinical Alzheimer's disease: diagnosis and prediction of progression . Lancet Neurol. 2005;4:576-579.

11.

Ott BR , Fogel BS Measurement of depression in dementia: self vs. clinician rating. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1992; 7:899-904.

12.

Burke W. , Roccaforte W. , Wengel S. , McArthur-Miller D. , Folks DG , Potter JF Disagreement in the reporting of depressive symptoms betweeen patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type and their collateral sources. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1998;6:308-319.

13.

Kazui H. , Hirono N. , Hashimoto M. , et al. Symptoms underlying unawareness of memory impairment in patients with mild Alzheimer's disease. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2006;19:3-12.

14.

Smith CA, Henderson VW , McCleary CA , Murdock GA , Buckwalter JG Anosognosia and Alzheimer's disease: the role of depressive symptoms in mediating impaired insight. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2000;22:437-444.

15.

Vogel A. , Stokholm J. , Gade A. , Andersen BB , Hejl A. , Waldemar G. Awareness of deficits in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: do MCI patients have impaired insight? Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2004;17:181-187.

16.

Kalbe E. , Salmon E. , Perani D. , et al. Anosognosia in very mild Alzheimer's disease but not mild cognitive impairment. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2005 ;19:349-356.

17.

Elliott R. The neuropsychological profile in primary depression. In: Harrison JJ , Owens A , eds. Cognitive Deficits in Brain Disorders. London, England : Taylor and Francis; 2002:273-293.

18.

Hughes CP , Berg L. , Danziger WL , Coben LA , Martin RL A new clinical scale for the staging of dementia. Br J Psychiatry . 1982;140:566-572.

19.

Beck AT , Steer RA , Brown GK Beck Depression Inventory-II: Manual. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation; 1996.

20.

Derouesne C. , Dealberto MJ , Boyer P. , et al. An empirical evaluation of the “Cognitive Difficulties Scale” to assess memory complaints in general practice . Int J Geriatr Psychiatry . 1993;8:599-607.

21.

McNair DM , Kahn RJ Self-assessment of cognitive deficits. In: Crook T , Ferris S , Bartus R , eds. Assessment in Geriatric Psychopharmacology. New Canaan , CT: Mark Powley; 1983:119-136.

22.

Barona A. , Chastain RL An improved estimate of pre-morbid IQ for blacks and whites on the WAIS-R . Int J Clin Neuropsychol. 1986;8:169-173.

23.

Teng EL , Chui HC The Modified Mini Mental State (3MS) examination. J Clin Psychiatry . 1987;48:314-318.

24.

Wechsler D. Wechsler Memory Scale-III. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation; 1997.

25.

Reitan RM Validity of the Trail Making Test as an indicator of organic brain damage . Percept Motor Skills. 1958;8:271-276.

26.

Benton AL , Hamsher K. Multilingual Aphasia Examination. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources; 1989.

27.

Kaplan EF , Goodglass H. , Weintraub S. The Boston Naming Test. Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Febiger; 1983.

28.

Goodglass H. , Kaplan EF The Assessment of Aphasia and Related Disorders . 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Febiger; 1983.

29.

Stern RA , Javorsky DJ , Singer EA , et al. The Boston Qualitative Scoring System. Odessa , CA: Psychological Assessment Resources; 1999.

30.

Benedict RHB , Schretlen D. , Groninger L. , Brandt J. Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised: normative data and analysis of inter-form and test-retest reliability. Clin Neuropsychol. 1998;16:381-397.

31.

Hachinski V. , Iliff L. , Zilhka E. Cerebral blood flow in dementia. Arch Neurol. 1975;32:632-637.

32.

Touhcon J. Recent consensus efforts in the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment . Psychogeriatrics. 2006;6: s23-s25.