Do Narcissistic People Exhibit More Authentic Self-Disclosure to Generative AI? The Roles of Short-Form Video Addiction,Loneliness,and Usage Intention

Abstract

The widespread application of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) technology has innovated human–AI interactions, making authentic self-disclosure to machines an emerging trend. Drawing on the cognitive–affective personality system theory, this study examined how narcissism, short-form video addiction, and loneliness contribute to the authentic self-disclosure to GenAI, as well as the moderating role of intention to use GenAI. The mediation and moderation analyses of data were collected from 524 college students (357 females, M_age = 21.25) in China. The results indicated that narcissism was positively associated with authentic self-disclosure to GenAI, and short-form video addiction and loneliness sequentially mediated this connection. Intention to use GenAI enhanced the positive association between loneliness and authentic self-disclosure to GenAI. The significance and limitations of the findings were discussed.

Keywords

narcissism authentic self-disclosure generative artificial intelligence (GenAI)short-form video addiction loneliness intention to use GenAI

Introduction

Nowadays, generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) has reshaped the frontiers of creation and interaction. Equipped with advanced capabilities such as neural networks, deep learning algorithms, and natural language processing, GenAI not merely acts on the existing data but also specializes in creating novel and distinct content tailored to the given inputs (Gozalo-Brizuela & Garrido-Merchan, 2023; Epstein et al., 2023). ChatGPT, a pioneering GenAI tool, rapidly surpassed 100 million users within its initial 2 months, followed closely by a flood of other apps like Ernie Bot and New Bing (Peres et al., 2023). These advances have significantly impacted humans’ daily lives. A recent McKinsey Global Survey reveals that within less than a year of the introduction of GenAI tools, 79% of respondents say they have experienced GenAI, either for work or outside of work (Mckinsey, 2023). Another global survey shows that 83% of Chinese respondents have adopted GenAI, positioning China at the forefront of global adoption (SAS, 2024).

The increasing use of GenAI has naturally raised interest in the possibilities for authentic self-disclosure in human–AI interactions. GenAI has chat interfaces with the “I” pronoun, providing users with a sense of human-like interaction and agency (Epstein et al., 2023). This anthropomorphic feature not only fosters frequent interactions but also cultivates a sense of intimacy with GenAI, subtly encouraging users to disclose more authentically (Dang & Liu, 2021; Hu et al., 2023). Moreover, GenAI possesses distinct affordances like perceived anonymity, the absence of social judgment, personalized responses, and the ability to mimic empathetic communication (Hu et al., 2023). All these affordances can make GenAI seem like partners and safe places for users, where they can express private and personal information and feelings, without worrying about social pressures and critique that often occur in direct human communication (Barfield, 2021; Kim et al., 2022).

Existing research has addressed self-disclosure behavior in human–AI interaction (Lee et al., 2020; Lee & Lee, 2023). For instance, GenAI systems have been employed in various roles—such as companions for the elderly, romantic partners, and psychological counselors—where these diverse applications often involve users, either actively or passively, disclosing personal information to the agents (Eyssel et al., 2017; Lee et al., 2024; Uchida et al., 2017). Additionally, several studies have revealed factors that influence users’ self-disclosure to GenAI, including perceived anthropomorphism, communication contexts (Liu et al., 2023; Zhou & Wu, 2024). However, few studies have specifically focused on authentic self-disclosure to GenAI, and even fewer have explored how personality traits, such as narcissism, relate to this behavior.

This study posits that narcissism may significantly impact authentic self-disclosure to GenAI, driven by a desire for attention and empathy (Wink, 1991). Furthermore, narcissism is often associated with a higher level of short-form video addition and feelings of loneliness (Asad et al., 2022; Erlich, 1998), factors that may interact to enhance the potential of authentic self-disclosure to GenAI. Research has shown that individuals who are addicted to short-form video tend to suffer from various negative feelings, such as loneliness, anxiety, and poor interpersonal relationships, which might lead them to turn to GenAI as an outlet for authentic self-disclosure (Mu et al., 2022). Moreover, users’ intention to use GenAI also plays a key role, as it can influence their level of trust in GenAI, moderating the relationship between loneliness and authentic self-disclosure (Emon et al., 2023). Despite these connections, few studies have examined their combined effect on authentic self-disclosure to GenAI, leaving a critical area underexplored.

Given these considerations, this study aims to employ the cognitive–affective personality system (CAPS) framework to investigate how narcissism impacts authentic self-disclosure to GenAI. Furthermore, this study also aims to investigate the roles of short-form video addiction, loneliness, and the intention to use GenAI in this context. Given that university students are at a stage where narcissistic tendencies are more likely to develop (Twenge et al., 2008) and they are eager to explore new technologies, their strong inclination toward self-disclosure makes them particularly prone to adopting GenAI as a novel communication channel (Barak, 2018; Batool & Zubair, 2018). Thus, they serve as an ideal sample for exploring these dynamics. While previous research has focused on self-disclosure to GenAI in general, this study is one of the first to explore the specific impact of narcissism on authentic self-disclosure to GenAI, as well as the underlying mechanisms of this relationship. It provides valuable insights into human–AI interaction behaviors and the underlying psychological process, offering a deeper understanding that could inform the development of more psychologically adaptive GenAI systems.

Literature Review and Research Hypothesis

Cognitive–Affective Personality System Theory

The present research draws on cognitive–affective personality system (CAPS) theory, which offers a nuanced framework to understand how narcissism interacts with authentic self-disclosure to GenAI. CAPS conceptualizes personality as a dynamically stable system of interrelated cognitive–affective units that continually engage with the situation to shape diverse behaviors (Mischel & Shoda, 1995; Zheng et al., 2023). Within this system, the person, behavior, and situation influence each other reciprocally, meaning the behaviors an individual adopts can further shape their interpersonal environment and guide subsequent situational choices (Mischel & Shoda, 1995; Shoda & Smith, 2004). Previous literature has utilized the CAPS theory in digital contexts such as online shopping and digital learning (Punyatoya, 2018; Schneider et al., 2022). However, the CAPS theory has never been applied to the interactions between humans and GenAI.

In applying the CAPS theory to our study, we consider GenAI as a unique situational context, distinct from face-to-face communication and computer-mediated communication. As Meyrowitz points out, different media, as distinct information systems, create different contexts and shape different behaviors (Meyrowitz, 1986). During face-to-face interactions, where physical presence and social cues play a significant role, participants usually have to react to non-verbal messages (Goffman, 1959; Maloney et al., 2020). In contrast, GenAI interactions lack these physical cues but compensate with advanced language processing and response generation capabilities, creating a unique environment for narcissists to engage more easily. While computer-mediated communication environments offer greater anonymity and control over personal information, leading to cautious self-disclosure (Schlosser, 2020), GenAI interactions are perceived as more personalized, responsive, and anthropomorphized. This environment encourages users to disclose more authentically, as they perceive GenAI as a non-judgmental, always-available, and understanding entity.

According to the CAPS theory, when a person faces a situation, certain cognitive–affective units in their mind are triggered based on the situation’s characteristics. This activation flows through the person’s mental network, leading to certain particular behaviors. In a word, the CAPS theory asserts that individual performance results from the interaction between personality system and situational factors (Mischel & Shoda, 1995; Zheng et al., 2023). In line with this perspective, the unique feature of GenAI interactions may activate certain cognitive–affective units in narcissists, thereby eliciting various behaviors and emotional responses. Self-disclosure, a prominent element in human–AI interaction, reflects the balancing of privacy needs and disclosure needs based on individual and situational factors (Cao et al., 2022), making CAPS a fitting theoretical lens for examining this relationship. Furthermore, existing research has indicated that persons with a high level of narcissism are likely to have problematic internet usage, frequently leading to addictions such as short-form video addiction (Asad et al., 2022; Casale & Banchi, 2020). Narcissists are also more prone to experiencing loneliness (MacDonald & Schermer, 2023). Short-form video addiction and loneliness are both closely related to self-disclosure (Sanecka, 2021; Sultan, 2023). This study illustrates the extension of authentic self-disclosure within the context of human–GenAI interactions. Specifically, it examines the dynamic relationship between narcissism, short-form video addiction, loneliness, and authentic self-disclosure to GenAI. Moreover, the study explores how the intention to use GenAI may moderate the process, offering insights into the complex dynamics of narcissists’ interaction with GenAI.

Narcissism and Authentic Self-Disclosure to GenAI

Building upon the CAPS theory, we first explore the positive relationship between narcissism and authentic self-disclosure to GenAI. Narcissism is a multifaceted meta-psychological construct (Raskin & Terry, 1988). Emmons (1984) summarized and validated four main facets, including exploitativeness/entitlement, leadership/authority, superiority/arrogance, and self-absorption/self-admiration (Emmons, 1984). Authentic self-disclosure refers to the acts of sharing personal thoughts, feelings, and experiences with others honestly, usually aiming to create social bonds and develop trust (Wang et al., 2017). According to the CAPS theory, certain unique situational features of GenAI may facilitate narcissists’ authentic self-disclosure. The cognitive–affective units of narcissists include self-focus, positive self-evaluation, self-importance, superiority, need for sympathy, and a requirement for admiration (Eaton et al., 2009; Wink, 1991). GenAI facilitates interactions that mimic human engagement, acting as a communicator that engages users through verbal or textual exchanges (Guzman & Lewis, 2020; Hu et al., 2023). Its inherently reciprocal dialogue, characterized by alternating conversational turns, activates positive self-admiration in narcissists, immersing them in self-disclosure of GenAI. Moreover, GenAI’s anonymity and concealment of physical appearance may encourage narcissists to express themselves freely, allowing them to feel a sense of self-control and superiority during the process (Gozalo-Brizuela & Garrido-Merchan, 2023).

In addition, GenAI offers narcissists a platform for authentic self-disclosure, particularly for sharing negative emotions. Prior research suggests that narcissists often filter out information that could lead to negative impressions or social judgment when disclosing to others (Back et al., 2013; Grieve et al., 2020). However, since GenAI is generally perceived as an entity without a mind or emotions, narcissists may feel less concerned about facing social judgment when sharing sensitive information or negative feelings with GenAI agents (Kim et al., 2024). Furthermore, GenAI’s constant empathetic capacity allows narcissistic individuals to feel self-satisfied when expressing their true selves, even if such expressions conflict with social norms, without the concern of damaging their positive self-image (Skjuve et al., 2021). Previous studies have shown a significant association between narcissism and online authentic self-disclosure (Fu et al., 2022; Grieve et al., 2020). This is because narcissists can attract others’ attention and maintain a positive self-image online. However, this relationship has not yet been explored in the context of self-disclosure to GenAI. Based on the above discussion, we postulate a positive correlation between narcissism and authentic self-disclosure to GenAI, as outlined in the following hypotheses.

Narcissism would be positively associated with authentic self-disclosure to GenAI.

The Mediating Role of Short-Form Video Addiction

Next, we will illustrate the mediating role of short-form video addiction in the relationship between narcissism and authentic self-disclosure to GenAI. Short-form video addiction is a subtype of internet addiction, which is characterized as a condition where an individual experiences significant distress and/or functional impairment due to their inability to control their internet usage, leading to psychological, social, and /or work-related challenges (Burnay et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2019). As suggested by the CAPS theory, the unique situational characteristics of short-form video applications activate some of the cognitive–affective traits of narcissists initially, provide an immersive experience, and then cause them to rely on the use of short-form video applications. On the one hand, short-form video applications allow narcissists to present their aspirations as well as their achievements to large audiences for self-promotion (Fabris et al., 2020). On the other hand, these applications are good forums for narcissists to gain admiration from others and positive self-evaluation through the popularity of self-expression—for example, followers, likes, comments, and re-tweets (Meng & Leung, 2021). This continuous pursuit of external validation fosters dependence on these applications, and the inability to resist seeking reinforcement and approval ultimately leads to short-form video addiction (Lu et al., 2022). A recent study on university students has demonstrated that narcissism positively contributes to short-form video addiction, driven by the need to belong and the need for admiration (Asad et al., 2022).

Short-form video addiction may be positively associated with authentic self-disclosure to GenAI. Researchers have examined that people with a higher level of short-form video addiction will experience various negative psychological and physiological problems in the long run, such as lower subjective well-being, and lower happiness, potentially leading to loss of control and interruption of social relationships (Mu et al., 2022; Piko et al., 2022). In this case, GenAI provides a crucial domain for those with a higher level of short-form video addiction to alleviate psychological distress by expressing authentic emotions, particularly negative ones. Research has shown that GenAI is a safe place for individuals, in which they can freely express any feelings at any time without the fear of judgment or retaliation (Gozalo-Brizuela & Garrido-Merchan, 2023; Hu et al., 2023). Furthermore, GenAI can provide digital support to promote mental wellness (Pham et al., 2022). For instance, Replika, a popular chatbot using GenAI technology, can be a helpful tool to temporarily manage issues related to mental well-being (Ta et al., 2020). That is, Replika can help users reflect on their current state and offer useful advice. Previous research has shown that social media addiction is positively linked to self-disclosure online, as addicts are able to derive continuous gratification and a sense of social accomplishment from self-disclosure (Sultan, 2023). However, the relationship between short-form video addiction and authentic self-disclosure during interactions with GenAI has not been examined.

Short-form video addiction may mediate the relationship between narcissism and authentic self-disclosure to GenAI. The CAPS theory posits that an individual’s behavior can, in turn, influence their selection of situations (Mischel & Shoda, 1995). Individuals tend to select or create situations that align with their tendencies, reinforcing their patterns and shaping both behavior and situational preferences over time (Shoda & Smith, 2004). For narcissistic individuals with a high level of addiction to short-form video platforms, the validation and reinforcement received from likes, comments, and shares likely guide them toward environments that affirm their self-image. Hence, they are more inclined to tell GenAI about themselves honestly, where their needs to feed the ego are fulfilled. In addition, narcissists with a high level of short-form addiction usually disclose an idealized self-image with various filters rather than an authentic one (Asad et al., 2022). This tendency to show a perfect image often conceals their authentic selves. In these instances, GenAI provides a secure and always accessible outlet for them to disclose their true self. However, few studies have specifically explored the integrated relationship between narcissism, short-form video addiction, and authentic self-disclosure to GenAI. Drawing on the above discussions, it can be suggested that short-form video addiction may mediate the relationship between narcissism and authentic self-disclosure to GenAI. Hence, we propose the following hypothesis:

Short-form video addiction would mediate the association between narcissism and authentic self-disclosure to GenAI.

The Mediating Role of Loneliness

Subsequently, we will delve into the concept of loneliness, a state often experienced by narcissists, and its potential mediating role in the relationship between narcissism and self-disclosure to GenAI. Loneliness is characterized as a personal and psychological condition in which individuals sense a mismatch between their real and socially desired connections, whether in terms of quantity or quality (Peplau & Perlman, 1979). Individuals with a high level of narcissism tend to suffer loneliness (Kealy et al., 2022; MacDonald & Schermer, 2023). In accordance with the CAPS theory, individuals with high narcissism typically exhibit a cognitive tendency wherein they perceive themselves as superior to others (Lange et al., 2016). Additionally, they tend to view others as potential threats and tend to distrust them. These cognitive characteristics are likely to lead to social withdrawal and further experience more loneliness (MacDonald & Schermer, 2023). Besides, research has shown that narcissists usually have emotional needs for admiration and praise but show little empathy for others (American Psychiatric Association, 2013; Grapsas et al., 2020). These may make them think that they possess fewer relationships than desired or that the existing relationships fail to fulfill their needs, thereby increasing their feelings of loneliness (MacDonald & Schermer, 2023).

Lonely individuals may turn to GenAI for authentic self-disclosure as a way to alleviate their loneliness. This behavior can be explained by self-determination theory, which identifies relatedness as a fundamental psychological need (Deci & Ryan, 2012a, 2012b), and the computers as social actors framework, which suggests that people instinctively socially interact with machines, triggered by specific cues (Nielsen et al., 2022). Lonely people’s social needs are usually not met in offline situations (Hu et al., 2023). In this case, they are prone to unconsciously engage in authentic self-disclosure to GenAI to obtain social support and satisfy their social needs. Another research also demonstrated GenAI applications, such as Replika, provide a safe place for lonely individuals to express their true feelings and thoughts (Maples et al., 2024).

Additionally, loneliness may negatively influence individuals’ social skills and performance (Hu et al., 2023). GenAI agents are capable of customizing replies to user inputs predictably and reliably, eliminating the need for advanced social skills (Kouroupa et al., 2022). In some instances, GenAI can be a promising source of empathic feedback and social skill guidance, which reduces the stress and burden on lonely individuals aiming for authentic self-disclosure (Hu et al., 2023; Skjuve et al., 2021). In accordance with existing literature on narcissism, loneliness, and authentic self-disclosure to GenAI, we posit that loneliness may mediate the relationship between narcissism and authentic self-disclosure. We propose the following hypothesis.

Loneliness would mediate the association between narcissism and authentic self-disclosure to GenAI.

Individuals with short-form video addiction are often more susceptible to loneliness. According to the displacement hypothesis, high levels of social media addiction can lead people to substitute time spent on social activities, negatively impacting their interpersonal skills and exacerbating isolation (Kraut et al., 1998; Peng et al., 2022). Additionally, short-form video applications tend to promote superficial social connections over more meaningful ones, weakening their social ties (Kraut et al., 1998; Rogier et al., 2021). This increased loneliness may drive individuals to seek self-disclosure in GenAI, where they can express themselves authentically without the judgments and constraints of human relationships. Despite these findings, limited research exists on the sequential mediating role of short-form video addiction and loneliness in the relationship between narcissism and authentic self-disclosure. Given that narcissistic individuals are more prone to short-form video addiction and its associated loneliness, this may compel them to turn to GenAI for self-disclosure. Based on this, we propose the following hypothesis.

Short-form video addiction and loneliness would mediate the association between narcissism and authentic self-disclosure to GenAI sequentially.

The Moderating Role of the Intention to Use GenAI

Finally, we will examine the moderating role of the intention to use GenAI. This factor might moderate the association between loneliness and authentic self-disclosure to GenAI. The intention to use GenAI refers to the extent to which an end-user regards the technology as useful and user-friendly, along with their willingness to adopt and use it for making decisions (Turja et al., 2020). Research has determined that users’ intention to use GenAI is an indicator of an individual’s readiness to engage in certain activities and a direct antecedent to the actual behavior (Emon et al., 2023; Choudhury & Shamszare, 2023). Moreover, usage intention to GenAI is positively associated with trust, which is defined as a user’s willingness to take chances based on the recommendations made by this technology (Emon et al., 2023). In this context, lonely individuals with a higher intention to use GenAI may exhibit greater trust in this technology, making them more inclined to engage in authentic self-disclosure to GenAI. Conversely, if lonely individuals perceive GenAI as difficult to understand or use, they may show lower intention to use this technology, potentially limiting their authentic self-disclosure to GenAI. Since little research has examined the modest importance of intention to use GenAI, especially in the connection between authentic self-disclosure and loneliness, it is imperative to delve into this area. Consistent with earlier hypotheses about the mediating role and serial mediation effect of loneliness, we proposed the following hypothesis.

The relationship between loneliness and authentic self-disclosure to GenAI would be enhanced when the level of intention to use GenAI is high.

The indirect effect of narcissism on authentic self-disclosure to GenAI via loneliness would be enhanced when the level of intention to use GenAI is high.

The indirect effect of narcissism on authentic self-disclosure to GenAI via short-form video addiction and loneliness would be enhanced when the level of intention to use GenAI is high.

Method

Participants

We conducted an online survey of Chinese university students in August 2023. The survey was carried out using Sojump, one of the most popular survey platforms in China (Chen & Fu, 2022). All participants submitted their voluntarily informed permission at the beginning of the survey. We employed a convenience sampling method within online university student communities to recruit participants, especially targeting those with experience using GenAI.

Out of the total 567 respondents, we excluded those who lacked experience with GenAI, failed attention checks, or had response times that were significantly longer or shorter than the average, suggesting a potential lack of engagement or rushed responses. Attention checks were embedded in the survey to ensure data quality, including questions with instructions to select a specific answer and consistency checks for similar items. Participants who failed these checks were excluded from the analysis. After this screening, 524 valid samples (357 females, M_age = 21.25, SD_age = 3.49) were retained for data analysis. With α = 0.05 and a statistical power of 0.99, sensitivity analyses using G*Power (Faul et al., 2009) indicated that the collected sample size of 524 participants was sufficient to detect an effect size as small as d = 0.2, confirming that the study was adequately powered for detecting small effects. Among them, 349 (66.6%) participants reported being in undergraduate studies, 102 (19.5%) in master’s studies, 38 (7.3%) in associate degree programs, and 35 (6.7%) in doctoral studies. Each participant received a reward of 5 RMB.

Measures

Narcissism

Narcissism was measured using four items from the Dark Triad Scale (Jonason & Webster, 2010). Participants rated their agreement (1 = strongly disagree, 7 = strongly agree) with statements like “I seek others’ admiration” and “I desire others’ attention.” A higher score indicates a stronger tendency toward narcissism (Cronbach’s α = 0.865, McDonald’s ω = 0.866).

Short-Form Video Addiction

This study utilized and adapted the Internet Addiction Scale by Young (1998) with eight items to assess the participants’ perceived addiction levels to short video usage. The original scale was adapted for this study by replacing “internet” with “short-form videos” (Wang & Lei, 2022). A sample item is “How often do you find that you need to use short-form videos with increasing amounts of time in order to achieve satisfaction.” Higher mean scores on the 5-point scale ranging from “not at all” to “always” correspond to a higher inclination toward short-form video addiction (Cronbach’s α = 0.911, McDonald’s ω = 0.913).

Loneliness

The 3-item Loneliness Scale (Hughes et al., 2004) was used to measure loneliness. Participants rated how much they agreed (1 = strongly disagree, 7 = strongly agree) with statements like “I feel without companionship” and “I feel excluded.” A higher score reflects a more pronounced sense of loneliness (Cronbach’s α = 0.847, McDonald’s ω = 0.852).

Authentic Self-Disclosure to GenAI

The Chinese version of the Honest Self-Presentation Scale (Wang et al., 2019), originally designed by Kim and Lee (2011), was employed and adapted to measure how genuinely participants expressed their emotions, thoughts, and life events on generative artificial intelligence platforms (e.g., ChatGPT and Ernie Bot). The original scale was modified to focus on GenAI interaction, with irrelevant items removed, resulting in two final items: “I freely reveal to GenAI negative emotions I feel- for example, sadness, anxiety, or anger” and “I don’t mind writing about bad things that happen to me on GenAI platforms.” Each item was assessed using a 7-point ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree). A higher score indicates a higher level of authentic self-disclosure (Cronbach’s α = 0.858, McDonald’s ω = 0.858).

Intention to Use GenAI

The scale of intention to use GenAI was measured and adapted from Venkatesh and Bala (2008) and Moon and Kim (2001), which refers to an individual’s willingness to employ GenAI based on their attitudes, beliefs, and perceived usefulness of this technology. It contains 4 items (e.g., As I have access to GenAI, I intend to use it. Given that I had access to GenAI, I predict that I would use it. I plan to use GenAI in the next three months). Higher mean scores on the 7-point scale ranging from “strongly disagree” to “strongly agree” imply a higher level of willingness to use (Cronbach’s α = 0.899, McDonald’s ω = 0.907).

Control Variables

Gender, age, and education were used as control variables due to their known impact on GenAI and short-form video acceptance and behavior. Studies have shown that younger individuals and those with higher levels of education tend to have more positive perceptions of and greater skills with AI technology and short-form videos (Chan & Lee, 2023; Hu et al., 2023). Additionally, research has shown that there are also gender differences in self-disclosure, with females having higher disclosure than males (Wessel, 2017).

Data Analysis

The analysis utilized SPSS 25.0 and PROCESS (version 3.0) for both descriptive and correlational studies. The investigation into the link between narcissism and authentic self-disclosure to GenAI, including the sequential mediation by loneliness and addiction to short-form videos, was conducted with PROCESS macro-Model 6 in SPSS. Additionally, PROCESS macro-Model 87 was applied to assess how the intention to use GenAI moderates the connection between loneliness and authentic self-disclosure to GenAI. PROCESS allows using 5000 bootstrap samples to generate 95% bias-corrected confidence intervals for the indirect effects in simple mediation and for the conditional indirect effects in moderated mediation. Participants’ age, gender, and educational background were systematically controlled in both models to ensure a comprehensive analysis. Scores for all variables were standardized before conducting the models.

Results

Check for Common Method Bias and Data Distribution

Harman’s single-factor test was conducted by entering all main variable items into a principal component analysis (Podsakoff et al., 2003). The results revealed no evidence of common method bias, as the first factor explained only 29.59% of the variance, while the total variance explained by all factors was 72.29%. The measures for skewness and kurtosis—narcissism (−0.274; 0.379), short-form video addiction (0.401; −0.177), loneliness (0.261; −0.099), authentic self-disclosure to GenAI (0.018; 0.107), and intention to use GenAI (−0.478; 0.070)—were all within the acceptable range (kurtosis < |7.0|; skewness < |2.0|), confirming that the data meet the assumption of normal distribution (Cohen, 2013; Hancock & Mueller, 2010).

Descriptive Statistics and Correlation Analysis

Table 1 displays the descriptive statistics and correlation coefficients for the study variables. Narcissism was positively correlated with short-form video addiction (r = 0.277, p < .001), loneliness (r = 0.223, p < .001), authentic self-disclosure to GenAI (r = 0.199, p < .001), and intention to use GenAI (r = 0.268, p < .001). Short-form video addiction was positively correlated with loneliness (r = 0.338, p < .001), authentic self-disclosure to GenAI (r = 0.229, p < .001), and intention to use GenAI (r = 0.095, p < .05). Loneliness was positively correlated with authentic self-disclosure to GenAI (r = 0.234, p < .001). Authentic self-disclosure to GenAI (r = 0.229, p < .001) was positively correlated with intention to use GenAI (r = 0.258, p < .001).

Table 1.

Descriptive Statistics and Correlations of Variables.

	M	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
1. Age	21.25	3.49
2. Gender	1.68	0.47	−0.093*
3. Education	2.26	0.69	0.408***	−0.074
4. Narcissism	4.46	1.14	0.017	0.037	0.049
5. Short-form video addiction	2.47	0.93	−0.003	0.108*	−0.034	0.277***
6. Loneliness	3.43	1.31	−0.075	0.021	−0.145**	0.223***	0.338***
7. ASDG	3.83	1.72	−0.066	0.050	−0.047	0.199***	0.229***	0.234***
8. IUG	5.04	1.34	−0.121**	−0.012	0.196***	0.268***	0.095*	−0.008	0.258***

N = 524. Note. ASDG = authentic self-disclosure on GenAI, IUG = intention to use GenAI.

Gender: 1 = male, 2 = female. Education: 1 = associate degree, 2 = undergraduate, 3 = master, 4 = doctor. ***p < .001, **p < .01, *p < .05.

Mediation Analysis

The mediation analysis results are presented by the framework suggested by Lee et al. (2021). Table 2 outlines the findings from the multiple mediation analyses, and Figure 1 depicts the standardized coefficients for the proposed pathways. Narcissism was positively associated with authentic self-disclosure to GenAI (β = 0.126, p < .01), which supported H1. Narcissism is positively associated with short-form video addiction (β = 0.276, p < .001), and short-form video addiction is linked to authentic self-disclosure to GenAI (β = 0.140, p < .01). The indirect effect of narcissism on authentic self-disclosure to GenAI via short-form video addiction was significant (effects = 0.039, SE = 0.014, 95% CI [0.012, 0.068]), as the confidence interval does not contain zero, indicating a significant mediation effect (Coutts & Hayes, 2023). This mediation effect accounts for 19.5% of the total effect, thereby supporting H2. Specifically, individuals with higher narcissism levels are more likely to become addicted to short-form videos, which in turn increases their tendency to engage in authentic self-disclosure to GenAI.

Table 2.

Bootstrap Results for Direct and Indirect Effects.

	Estimate	SE	95% CI
Path/effect
Direct effect
Narcissism → short-form video addiction	0.276***	0.042	(0.193, 0.358)
Narcissism → loneliness	0.149**	0.042	(0.066, 0.232)
Short-form video addiction → loneliness	0.295***	0.042	(0.212, 0.378)
Short-form video addiction → ASDG	0.140**	0.046	(0.050, 0.230)
Loneliness → ASDG	0.154***	0.045	(0.065, 0.243)
Narcissism → ASDG	0.126**	0.044	(0.040, 0.213)
Indirect and total effects
Narcissism → short-form video addiction → ASDG	0.039	0.014	(0.012, 0.068)
Narcissism → loneliness → ASDG	0.023	0.011	(0.005, 0.047)
Narcissism → short-form video addiction → loneliness → ASDG	0.013	0.005	(0.004, 0.024)
Total indirect effect	0.074	0.019	(0.040, 0.115)
Total effect	0.200	0.043	(0.116, 0.285)

N = 524. Note. ASDG = authentic self-disclosure on GenAI.

***p < .001, **p < .01, *p < .05.

Next, narcissism positively predicted loneliness (β = 0.149, p < .01), and loneliness was positively correlated with authentic self-disclosure to GenAI (β = 0.154, p < .001). The indirect effect of narcissism on authentic self-disclosure to GenAI via loneliness was also significant (effects = 0.023, SE = 0.011, 95% CI [0.005, 0.047]). The mediation effect constituted 11.5% of the total effect, thereby supporting H3. Specifically, this suggests that individuals with higher narcissism may experience greater feelings of loneliness, which in turn increases their likelihood of engaging in authentic self-disclosure to GenAI.

Moreover, the results revealed a positive relationship between short-form video addiction and loneliness (β = 0.295, p < .001). Additionally, a significant serial indirect effect of narcissism on authentic self-disclosure to GenAI, mediated sequentially by short-form video addiction and loneliness, was observed (effects = 0.013, SE = 0.005, 95% CI [0.004, 0.024]). The mediation effect represented 6.5% of the total effect, offering strong support for H4, asserting that the individuals with higher narcissism are more likely to become addicted to short-form videos, experience higher loneliness, and consequently engage in more authentic self-disclosure to GenAI.

Moderated Mediation Analysis

Model 87 in SPSS PROCESS was utilized to assess the moderating role of intention to use GenAI on the effect of loneliness on authentic self-disclosure to GenAI, controlling for gender, age, and education. As indicated in Table 3 and illustrated in Figure 2(a), the interaction effect between loneliness and intention to use GenAI on authentic self-disclosure was significant (β = 0.111, p < .01). Simple slope analyses showed that the association between loneliness and authentic self-disclosure to GenAI was more pronounced at high levels of intention to use GenAI (1 SD above the mean; β = 0.269, p < .001) compared to low levels (1 SD below the mean; β = 0.062, p > .05), thus supporting H5. The Johnson–Neyman technique in Figure 2(b), as outlined by Hayes (2017), was also applied, revealing that the link between loneliness and authentic self-disclosure to GenAI became significantly positive when the intention to use GenAI scores were above 4.437 (standardized value is −0.450).

Table 3.

Test of Moderated Mediation.

	Short-form video addiction			Loneliness			ASDG
	β	SE	t	β	SE	t	β	SE	t
Gender	0.096*	0.042	2.276	−0.029	0.041	−0.704	0.171	0.041	0.42
Age	0.022	0.046	0.479	−0.025	0.044	−0.568	−0.072	0.044	−1.62
Education	−0.05	0.046	−1.082	−0.134	0.044	−3.02	−0.037	0.045	−0.824
Narcissism	0.276***	0.042	6.569	0.149***	0.042	3.54	0.069	0.044	1.564
Short-form video addiction				0.295***	0.042	6.962	0.126**	0.044	2.85
Loneliness							0.148***	0.044	3.341
IUG							0.258***	0.043	6.022
IUG*loneliness							0.111**	0.038	2.891
R2	0.298***			0.392***			0.407***
F	12.599			18.795			12.776

N = 524. Note. ASDG = authentic self-disclosure to GenAI, IUG = intention to use GenAI.

***p < .001, **p < .01, *p < .05.

Bootstrap analysis revealed that the mediation path from narcissism through loneliness to authentic self-disclosure to GenAI was moderated by the intention to use GenAI (Index = 0.017, SE = 0.008, 95% CI [0.003, 0.035]). At low intention levels, the indirect effect was not significant (effects = 0.009, SE = 0.009, 95% CI [−0.007, 0.029]), but at high intention levels, it became significant (effects = 0.040, SE = 0.017, 95% CI [0.011, 0.078]), indicating stronger sequential mediation with higher intention to use GenAI. Thus, H6 was supported. Additionally, the serial mediation involving short-form video addiction and loneliness was also moderated by intention to use GenAI (Index = 0.009, SE = 0.004, 95% CI [0.002, 0.181]), with significant effects at high intention levels (effects = 0.022, SE = 0.008, 95% CI [0.009, 0.040]) and nonsignificant at low levels (effects = 0.005, SE = 0.005, 95% CI [−0.004, 0.015]), confirming H7.

Discussion

Interaction between humans and GenAI boosts the tendency of authentic self-disclosure to GenAI, attracting significant research interest. Yet, few studies are exploring the relationship between narcissism and authentic self-disclosure to GenAI, as well as the underlying psychological mechanisms. Given the rapid development of human–GenAI interaction and the predictive role of narcissism in authentic self-disclosure online, this study uniquely explored how short-form video addiction and loneliness sequentially mediate the link between narcissism and authentic self-disclosure to GenAI, and how intention to use GenAI moderates this dynamic in Chinese university students. Overall, we revealed that narcissism was positively associated with authentic self-disclosure to GenAI. Short-form video addiction and loneliness played significant mediation roles. Besides, the intention to use GenAI moderated the relationship between loneliness and authentic self-disclosure.

Narcissism and Authentic Self-Disclosure to GenAI

Consistent with H1, our results showed a positive link between narcissism and authentic self-disclosure to GenAI, suggesting that people with higher narcissism levels tend to be more honest when communicating with GenAI. This tendency may be attributed to the narcissists’ strong desire for recognition and admiration from others (Emmons, 1984). Unlike in human interactions where narcissists often present “ideal selves” (Grieve et al., 2020), GenAI provides a more comfortable and relaxed exit for them to disclose their “true selves,” particularly when expressing negative feelings, in line with the CAPS theory. Narcissistic individuals can interact with GenAI agents without fearing damage to their self-image from disclosing their authentic selves. They can acquire instant feedback and empathy from these pseudo-human interactions, thereby augmenting their sense of superiority and self-efficacy. This responds to previous research that narcissistic individuals usually focus on self-expression and its popularity (Alloway & Ross Alloway, 2020).

The Mediation Roles of Short-Form Video Addiction and Loneliness

Aligned with H2, our findings indicate that short-form video addiction mediates the relationship between narcissism and authentic self-disclosure. Individuals with high narcissistic traits are naturally drawn to the interactive and immersive environment of short-form video platforms, seeking validation and admiration. This attraction often evolves into a short-form video addiction, which then promotes them toward GenAI as a source of nonjudgemental interaction, thereby facilitating more authentic self-disclosure, in line with the CAPS theory. Additionally, when people are addicted to short-form videos, they may experience various negative psychological and physiological problems, which can lead to an increased reliance on external sources of validation and support (Cohen et al., 2018; Peng et al., 2022). This reliance is particularly pronounced in individuals with high narcissism, who often seek admiration and positive reinforcement to maintain their inflated self-concepts (Gąsiorowska et al., 2021). Consequently, this drives them to seek empathy and understanding through authentic self-disclosure to GenAI. This finding aligns with prior research suggesting GenAI can facilitate interactions yielding relational outcomes akin to those of human–human interactions and mitigate users’ negative emotions (Drouin et al., 2022; Ho et al., 2018). In this study, short-form video addiction serves as a bridge, intensifying the narcissistic traits that facilitate authentic self-disclosure to GenAI.

Consstent with hypotheses 3–4, the results highlight loneliness’s mediating role and the sequential mediation of short-form video addiction and loneliness in linking narcissism with authentic self-disclosure to GenAI. Individuals with pronounced narcissistic tendencies, while seeking entitlement and showing little empathy to others, often feel a sense of social exclusion from real social interactions. This is in line with earlier research that narcissistic individuals usually have fewer relationships than they would like or that the relationship they do have are not meeting their needs (MacDonald & Schermer, 2023 ; Prendergast et al., 2019). Furthermore, our study innovatively demonstrates that people’s feelings of loneliness are exacerbated by their addiction to short-form video applications. This result responds to the displacement hypothesis, which indicates that exclusive and rigid use of social media would reinforce isolation from interpersonal contexts (Kraut et al., 1998; Mckenna et al., 2002; Zhang et al., 2019). Short-form video addiction, coupled with loneliness, creates a compounded mediating pathway that drives individuals toward GenAI for authentic self-disclosure in a safe environment. Perceived as an unbiased platform, GenAI acts as a quasi-social confidant, offering care and social support to alleviate loneliness. This aligns with self-determination and compensation theories (Davis & Kraus, 1989; Deci & Ryan, 2012a, 2012b), where disclosing to GenAI helps lonely individuals satisfy their social needs. These findings also suggest that narcissists may underestimate available social support, seeking excessive admiration and empathy due to their self-focus and sense of entitlement.

The Moderation Role of Intention to Use GenAI

Supporting hypotheses 5–7, we found that the intention to use GenAI amplifies the relationship between loneliness and authentic self-disclosure, strengthening the mediating role of loneliness in the connection between narcissism and self-disclosure to GenAI, whether loneliness acts alone or is combined with short-form video addiction. Individuals with a pronounced intention to adopt GenAI tend to exhibit a greater openness and trust toward the technology, thereby displaying a propensity for more profound and genuine interactions (Amoozadeh et al., 2023). This inclination underscores how an individual’s technological affinity substantially shapes their interaction with GenAI, leveraging it as a conduit for disclosing their true self. The result also responds to an earlier study that the tendency to disclose more to a computer is a crucial component of what seems to be happening on the internet (Ampong et al., 2018).

Implications

This study enriches the current body of research in three key ways. First, building on existing work examining the drivers and psychological processes behind authentic self-disclosure to GenAI agents (Kim et al., 2022; Lee & Lee, 2023), this study is one of the first to explore the impact of personality traits on such disclosures, which is crucial in the fields of psychology and human–AI interactions. Second, this study applies the CAPS theory to investigate how narcissism influences authentic self-disclosure to GenAI. We examine the mediating roles of short-form video addiction and loneliness, along with the moderating effect of the intention to use GenAI, to uncover the mechanisms linking narcissism to authentic self-disclosure to GenAI. This work enriches the theoretical understanding of personality systems and presents a novel application of the CAPS theory in the context of human–AI interactions. Third, this study innovatively reveals the positive correlation between short-form video addiction and authentic self-disclosure to GenAI. This suggests that individuals with higher levels of narcissism engage in cross-media usage to satisfy various cognitive and affective needs, offering new insights into the interplay between media habits and personality in the context of GenAI interactions. Moreover, the study highlights how the sequential mediation of short-form video addiction and loneliness serves as a dual cause for narcissists’ self-disclosure to GenAI. This sequential relationship provides a more comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms compared to studies focusing on single mediators.

Our findings offer practical insights for GenAI designers and practitioners working with narcissistic individuals or those struggling with loneliness. For GenAI systems, incorporating personalized interactive feedback and emotional support functions like mood tracking can help address users’ psychological needs, encouraging more authentic self-disclosure. For practitioners, GenAI can serve as a supplementary tool in mental health care. Research has shown that GenAI can be a useful instrument in aiding the psychiatric management of mental issues (Brandtzaeg et al., 2022). It can provide social support, help users practice communication skills, and offer emotional relief. GenAI can also act as a preliminary step before traditional therapy, such as face-to-face counseling or group therapy, easing the transition by allowing users to express their feelings and receive initial support.

Limitations and Future Study

This study has its constraints. First, the cross-sectional nature of the data prevents us from confirming the direction of causality among the variables. Future research could employ longitudinal data to examine these relationships more conclusively. Second, although this study examines the mediating effects of short-form video addiction and loneliness and the moderating influence of usage intention, it does not account for other potential factors like social anxiety and depression that could affect the associations between narcissism and authentic self-disclosure to GenAI. These unconsidered factors might influence our understanding of these complex relationships. Future studies should investigate other variables to provide a more comprehensive view. Furthermore, future study is essential to explore the application of psychological intervention mechanisms in GenAI, enabling GenAI agents to provide better psychological support and healing. Third, the potential for self-reporting bias could significantly impact the validity of measures. Individuals with high narcissistic traits might overestimate or underestimate their level of authentic self-disclosure or may not accurately report their usage of short-form videos and feelings of loneliness. Future research could employ more sophisticated tools to assess these variables. Fourth, despite targeting university students with GenAI experience, the convenience sampling method can introduce selection bias, potentially overrepresenting individuals more familiar with this technology. This limits the generalizability of the findings. Future studies could use alternative sampling methods to obtain a more representative sample. Fifth, this study was conducted in the Chinese context. Considering cultural differences may influence individuals’ attitudes and behaviors toward GenAI, future research could explore these dynamics in various cultural settings. Sixth, the rapid advancement of GenAI technology suggests that these findings may quickly become outdated. As GenAI becomes more sophisticated and widespread, users’ attitudes and behaviors are expected to evolve, underlining the importance of ongoing research in the area.

Conclusion

Based on the CAPS theory, this study investigated how short-form video addiction and loneliness mediate the association between narcissism and authentic self-disclosure to GenAI and how usage intention to GenAI moderates the association between loneliness and authentic self-disclosure to this technology. The results revealed that narcissism positively influences authentic self-disclosure to GenAI, mediated in sequence by short-form video addiction and loneliness. Furthermore, the intention to use GenAI intensified the positive association between loneliness and authentic self-disclosure to GenAI. This research provides distinctive contributions by applying the CAPS theory to human–GenAI interactions and examining the psychological mechanisms between personality traits and authentic self-disclosure to GenAI.

Footnotes

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The authors disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: Humanities and Social Science Fund of Ministry of Education of China (23YJCZH220) and Shanghai Jiao Tong University Humanities Youth Talent Cultivation Program (2023QN016).

ORCID iD

Yongjie Yue

Author Biographies

Pengcheng Wang, PhD, is an assistant professor of School of Media and Communication at Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. He researches focus on cyberpsychology and human-machine communication. He may be contacted at .

Yongjie Yue, PhD candidate, is a PhD candidate in the School of Journalism and Communication, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. Her research addresses media psychology and human-machine communication. She may be contacted at .

Mingkun Ouyang, PhD, is an associated professor of School of Education Science, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning, China. He researches focus on cyberpsychology and linguistic psychology. He may be contacted at .

Lipeng Yin, PhD candidate, is a PhD candidate of Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong. He researches focus on cyberpsychology and social psychology. He may be contacted at .

Yulong Yin, PhD, is an associated professor of School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China. He researches focus on cyberpsychology and linguistic psychology. He may be contacted at .

Biao Li, PhD, is a professor of Department of Communication, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China. He researches focus on media psychology and social media. He may be contacted at .

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