US-Iranian Relations: Sanctions and the Caspian Sea

1 Energy Information Administration (EIA), OPEC Fact Sheet, 6 February 2001; available at http://www.eia.doe.gov.

2 Robin Wright, `Powell Intends To Curb US Use of Diplomatic Sanctions', Los Angeles Times, 22 January 2001.

3 Quoted in Peg Mackey, `Analysis: US Firms Covet Iran's Big Oil Deal with Japan', Reuters, 1 November 2000.

4 Energy Information Administration, Country Profile: Iran, September 2000; available at http://www.eia.doe.gov.

5 Wright (note 2 above).

6 `Iranian Foreign Minister and Major US Oil Companies Meet To Discuss Ties and Sanctions', Middle East Monitor, vol. 31, no. 1, January 2001, p. 6.

7 Vahe Petrossian, `Raising the Stakes', Middle East Economic Digest, vol. 44, no. 36, 8 September 2000, pp. 4-5, on p. 4.

8 Ibid.

9 Derek Brower, `Iranian Buy-Back Contracts: Guaranteed Return Is Popular', Petroleum Economist, vol. 66, no. 3, March 1999, pp. 22-25, on p. 24.

10 BP Amoco, Statistical Review of World Energy, London, June 2000, p. 20.

11 `Soaring Demand, Growing Ambitions', Middle East Economic Digest, vol. 44, no. 31, 4 August 2000, p. 25.

12 `Tehran Seeks More Gas Buy-Backs', Middle East Economic Digest, vol. 44, no. 35, 1 September 2000, p. 1.

13 Ian Seymour, `Opportunities for Upstream Investment in the Middle East by International Oil Companies', Middle East Economic Survey, vol. 43, no. 24, 12 June 2000; available at http://www.mees.com.

14 Energy Information Administration, World Energy Sanctions, December 2000; available at http://www.eia.doe.gov.

15 Robert Corzine & David Owen, `US Suffers Iranian Oil Deal Blow', Financial Times, 2 March 1999.

16 `Norsk Hydro Wins First Onshore Exploration Job', Middle East Economic Digest, vol. 44, no. 16, 21 April 2000, p. 29.

17 Ibid.

18 `Shell Takes the Plunge', Petroleum Economist, vol. 66, no. 12, December 1999, p. 62.

19 `Shell Gas-to-Liquids Proposal Gets Green Light in Iran', Middle East Economic Digest, vol. 44, no. 39, 29 September 2000, p. 9.

20 Toby Shelley, `BG in LNG Joint Venture with Iran', Financial Times, 25 September 2000.

21 Matthew Jones, `Enterprise Signs Iranian Gas Deal', Financial Times, 19 December 2000.

22 `Iran Signs Major Gulf Gas Deal', BBC News Online, 27 July 2000.

23 The consortium comprises the UK's BG International, France's TotalFinaElf and Gaz de France, UK-based BP Amoco, Agip of Italy, the Royal Dutch/Shell Group, Australia's BHP Petroleum, Lasmo of the UK, and Petronas of Malaysia.

24 Energy Information Administration, Persian Gulf Oil and Gas Exports Fact Sheet, February 2001; available at http://www.eia.doe.gov.

25 Mackey (note 3 above).

26 `Iran and Japan Embark on Oil/Gas Development Partnership', Middle East Economic Survey, vol. 43, no. 45, 6 November 2000; available at http://www.mees.com.

27 The ILSA will expire in August 2001.

28 `Iranian FM Urges US Policy Change', BBC News Online, 22 December 2000.

29 `Caspian Reserves Assessed', Financial Times, 19 September 2000.

30 Bill Farren-Price, `Testing the Water', Petroleum Economist, vol. 67, no. 2, February 2000, pp. 26-27, on p. 26.

31 Energy Information Administration, Caspian Tables, Maps, June 2000; available at http://www.eia.doe.gov.

32 Ibid.

33 Stephen Kinzer, `Caspian Lands Back A Pipeline Pushed by West', New York Times, 19 November 1999, p. A12.

34 Ferruh Demirmen, `Despite Recent Gains in Momentum, Prospects for the Baku-Ceyhan Caspian Oil Export Line Remain Doubtful', Oil and Gas Journal, vol. 97, no. 46, 15 November 1999, pp. 23-28, on p. 24.

35 `Eurasian Corridor Pipeline Conundrum', Petroleum Economist, vol. 68, no. 1, January 2001, pp. 38-39, on p. 39.

36 `Iran Offers Discounts To Support Caspian Export Offer', Middle East Economic Digest, vol. 45, no. 1, 5 January 2001, p. 9.

37 `Kazakhstan May Use Turkey Pipeline', Associated Press, 1 March 2001.

38 Christopher Pala, `AGIP of Italy Picked To Manage Big Kazakh Oil Field', New York Times, 13 February 2001, p. W1.

39 `Analysis: US Scores Turkmen Hit in Caspian Gas Game', Reuters, 12 February 1999.

40 Isabel Gorst, `New Caspian Discoveries Raise Export Stakes', Petroleum Economist, vol. 67, no. 7, July 2000, pp. 38-39, on p. 38.

41 Energy Information Administration, International Petroleum Monthly (Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, December 2000), p. iii.

42 J. Robinson West & Julia Nanay, `Financing Caspian Infrastructure Projects', Middle East Economic Survey, vol. 43, no. 18, 1 May 2000; available at http://www.mees.com.

43 `Chinese Team Offered Neka-Tehran Pipeline', Middle East Economic Digest, vol. 43, no. 39, 1 October 1999, p. 18.

44 Energy Information Administration, Caspian Tables, Maps, June 2000; available at http://www.eia.doe.gov.

45 `Turkey To Buy Iranian Gas', Associated Press, 2 August 2000.

46 Ibid.

47 Najmeh Bozorgmehr & Arkady Ostrovsky, `Moscow Warms to Tehran', Financial Times, 28 December 2000.

48 US Department of Defense, Proliferation: Threat and Response (Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, January 2001), p. 34.

49 The whole text of the hearing can be found on the US Department of State web-site at http://www.state.gov/secretary/index.cfm?docid=443.

50 Alan Sipress, `Iraqi Foes To Get Aid from US', Washington Post, 2 February 2001, p. A1.

51 Meghan L. O'Sullivan, Iraq: Time for a Modified Approach, Policy Brief no. 71 (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, February 2001), p. 10.

52 Andrew Mitchell, `US Oil Chiefs Meet Iran Foreign Minister on Sanctions', Reuters, 31 January 2001.