In 1863 and 1864, Thomas Hodgkin travelled to Morocco, accompanying his close friend Sir Moses Montefiore, who stopped in Madrid on the way there and back to attend an audience with the Queen of Spain. Thomas Hodgkin's impressions of Spain were recounted in his book Narrative of a Journey to Morocco. The book reveals new aspects of Hodgkin's personality as well as his capacity for observation. It also describes Spain in the second half of the nineteenth century. Thus Thomas Hodgkin was a witness to one of the most vivid periods of the history of the country. The paper considers both aspects of Hodgkin's commentaries on Spain.
References
1.
HodgkinT. On some morbid appearances of the absorbent glands and spleen. Medico-Chirurgical Transactions1832;17:68–114.
2.
KassAMKassBADoctors afield. Dr. Thomas Hodgkin's friendship with Sir Moses Montefiori. New England Journal of Medicine1984;310:401–4.
3.
SakulaA. Dr Thomas Hodgkin and Sir Moses Montefiore Bart — The friendship of two remarkable men. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine1979;72:382–7.
4.
RosenfeldL. Thomas Hodgkin. Morbid Anatomist and Social Activist. Lanham, MD: Madison Books, 1993: p. 241.
5.
Martínez-de-VelascoASânchez-ManteroR. El Siglo XIX. De la Guerra de la Independencia a la Primera República. In: González-AlvaroJ, ed. Historia de España, 14 vols. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1997: vol. X, pp. 251–4.
6.
Espadas-BurgosM. La España de Isabel II. Cuadernos Historia 161996;54:26.
7.
HodgkinT. Narrative of a Journey to Morocco. New York: Arno Press and the New York Times, 1971.
8.
Hodgkin gave the manuscript to the publisher some days before he left for the unfortunate journey to Jerusalem, during which he died. According to the words of the editor in the preface, the manuscript was in such crude condition that some inaccuracies might appear in the book, taking into account that Hodgkin could not revise the final version. Ibid.: preface.
9.
SpillaneJDMedical Travellers. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984: p. 209.
10.
Medical Travellers.: p. 212.
11.
CornellasJLIsabel II. Una reina y un reinado. Barcelona: Ariel, 1999: p. 172.
12.
Espadas-BurgosM (op. cit. ref. 6): p. 19.
13.
A British company was, for example, involved with the Madrid-Irún line in 1845. Sir Joshua Walmsley was in charge of the project, and contracted famous engineers such as Stephenson. Gil-y-MontanaJ. Historia de los ferrocarriles. Barcelona: Establecimiento Tipográfico de Narciso Ramirez y Compañía, 1866: pp. 88–9.
14.
Espadas-BurgosM (op. cit. ref. 6): p. 19.
15.
De-SalasJTCrónica deEspaña. Esplugas de Llobregat, Barcelona: Plaza & Janes, 1991: p. 681.
16.
Gil-y-MontanaJ (op. cit. ref. 13): pp. 94–107.
17.
HodgkinT (op. cit. ref. 7): p. 123.
18.
RosenfeldL (op. cit. ref. 4): pp. 22–7.
19.
RoseM. Curator of the Dead. Thomas Hodgkin (1798–1866).London: Peter Owen, 1981: p. 43.
20.
HodgkinT (op. cit. ref. 7): p. 123.
21.
KassAMKassEHThe Life and Times of Dr. Thomas Hodgkin 1798–1866.Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1988: pp. 27–19.
22.
The Life and Times of Dr. Thomas Hodgkin 1798–1866.: p. 251.
23.
HodgkinT (op. cit. ref. 7): p. 114.
24.
Gómez-de-la-SernaG. Castilla La Nueva. Barcelona: Destino, 1964: p. 438.
25.
LasterraC. El Greco. In: BioscaFMDirector. Gran Enciclopedia Del Mundo (5th impression of the 1st edn). Bilbao: Durvan, 1968: vol. VI, pp. 750–1.
26.
HodgkinT (op. cit. ref. 7): p. 116.
27.
Gômez-de-la-SernaG (op. cit. ref. 24): p. 454.
28.
Benito-RevueltaV. Toledo.Madrid: Publicaciones Españolas, 1956: p. 23.
29.
HodgkinT (op. cit. ref. 7): pp. 115–16.
30.
De-AzcárateJMArte. In: CepedaAGudialJLópez-GómezA, coordinators. Castilla La Nueva. Madrid: Fundación Joan March-Noguer, 1983: vol. II, p. 112.
31.
Encyclopaedia Britannica (De Luxe CD-ROM edn, 2000). London: Britannica, 2000: shoe, materials.
32.
Enciclopedia Universal Ilustrada Europeo-Americana.Barcelona: Hijos de J Espasa; 1930: vol. VI, p. 1064.
33.
HodgkinT (op. cit. ref. 7): p. 13.
34.
DescolaJ. La vida cotidiana en la España Romántica 1833–1868.Barcelona: Argos Vergara, 1984: p. 142.
35.
CornellasJL (op. cit. ref. 11): p. 181.
36.
Montoliú-CampsP. Enciclopedia de Madrid. Barcelona: Planeta, 2002: p. 200.
37.
De-SalasJTCrónica de Madrid. Esplugas de Llobregat, Barcelona: Plaza & Janes, 1991: p. 424.
38.
This modern bullring was situated where Palacio de Los Deportes is nowadays. Montoliú-Camps P (op. cit. ref. 36): pp. 621–2.
39.
CornellasJL (op. cit. ref. 11): p. 174.
40.
HodgkinT (op. cit. ref. 7): p. 11.
41.
Emigration from rural areas and villages to the big cities was a marked phenomenon in nineteenth-century Spain. The main reason was economic: booming industry attracted thousands of workers from the agricultural sector, which at the time was in crisis. Apart from Madrid, two other important nuclei of immigration were Barcelona (200,000 inhabitants) and Sevilla (120,000 inhabitants). Martínez-de-Velasco A, Sánchez-Mantero R (op. cit. ref. 5): pp. 224–5.
42.
Calvo-SerrallerF. Breve historia del Museo del Prado. Madrid: Alianza, 1994: p. 5.
43.
Montoliú-CampsP (op. cit. ref. 36): p. 609.
44.
In 1802 Herschel brought a telescope from London to equip the observatory. When the French army occupied the building and used it as a strategic point for defence, an explosion destroyed the telescope. Montoliú-Camps P (op. cit. ref. 36): p. 609.
45.
Espadas-BurgosM (op. cit. ref. 6): p. 28.
46.
Espadas-BurgosM (op. cit. ref. 6): p. 27.
47.
Sainz-de-RoblesFCMadrid. Crónica y guía de una ciudad impar. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1962: p. 333.
48.
CarandellL. Madrid.Madrid: Alianza, 1995: p. 64.
49.
De-SalasJT (op. cit. ref. 37): p. 282.
50.
Montoliú-CampsP (op. cit. ref. 36): pp. 212–13.
51.
Hodgkin's impression of Spanish inns contrasts with that of Richard Ford: “The breakdown of a wheel of my carriage allowed me to stop for half an hour in an inn on my way. Having my brain full of scenes about inns by the immortal Cervantes, I was surprised to find an excellent meal made of fowl and roast beef, after the soup and the famous cooking pot, besides the vegetables, grapes, plums, pears and chocolates, all of them abundant. Bread was very good.” (In Spanish in the original.) Díaz-PlajaF. La vida cotidiana en la España Romántica.Madrid: Edaf, 1993: p. 113.
52.
Hodgkin's impression of Spanish inns contrasts with that of Richard Ford: “The breakdown of a wheel of my carriage allowed me to stop for half an hour in an inn on my way. Having my brain full of scenes about inns by the immortal Cervantes, I was surprised to find an excellent meal made of fowl and roast beef, after the soup and the famous cooking pot, besides the vegetables, grapes, plums, pears and chocolates, all of them abundant. Bread was very good.” (In Spanish in the original.) Díaz-PlajaF. La vida cotidiana en la España Romántica.Madrid: Edaf, 1993: p. 289.
53.
CornellasJL (op. cit. ref. 11): pp. 289–94.
54.
CornellasJL (op. cit. ref. 11): pp. 294–305.
55.
HodgkinT (op. cit. ref. 7): p. 120.
56.
HodgkinT (op. cit. ref. 7): p. 112.
57.
HodgkinT (op. cit. ref. 7): p. 113.
58.
Encyclopaedia Britannica (op. cit. ref. 31): Pontificate from Pius II.
59.
Pope Pius II was not successful in convincing the Christian European kings to organize a crusade. He decided to organize it himself and led his troops in 1464, but he died soon after the Venetian navy joined them to fight against the Turks. CrenoraJM GonzalezGonzalez-Crenora-NogalesPD. Diccionario de los Papas. Barcelona: Mitra, 1989: pp. 126–7.
60.
De-AzcárateJMArte. In: VepedaAGudialALópez-GómezA, coordinators. Castilla La Nueva. Madrid: Fundación Joan March-Noguer, 1983: vol. II, p. 188.
61.
HodgkinT (op. cit. ref. 7): p. 113.
62.
DescolaJ (op. cit. ref. 34): p. 68.
63.
Díaz-PlajaF (op. cit. ref. 51): p. 26.
64.
Gómez-de-la-SernaG (op. cit. ref. 24): p. 440.
65.
Construction of the building began in 1777. Benito-Revuelta V (op. cit. ref. 28): p. 25.
66.
HodgkinT (op. cit. ref. 7): p. 116.
67.
Encyclopaedia Britannica (op. cit. ref. 31): Toledo.
68.
Benito-RevueltaV (op. cit. ref. 28): p. 25.
69.
HodgkinT (op. cit. ref. 7): p. 18.
70.
PemánJMAndalucía: Barcelona: Destino, 1973: p. 166.
71.
HodgkinT (op. cit. ref. 7): p. 19.
72.
PemánJM (op. cit. ref. 70): p. 172.
73.
HodgkinT (op. cit. ref. 7): p. 19.
74.
Enciclopedia Universal Ilustrada Europeo-Americana (op. cit. ref. 32): Morales, Ambrosio de, vol. XXXVI, pp. 900–2.
75.
IrvingW. Cuentos de la Alambra. Leon: Everest, 1981.
76.
LarrayaJMUn Rey en la Casa Blanca. El Pais, 25 February 2000: secc. ultima página: p. 88.
77.
HodgkinT (op. cit. ref. 7): p. 123.
78.
JayV. A portrait in history. Thomas Hodgkin. Archives of Pathological Laboratory Medicine1999;123:1144.