The nature of special education has changed appreciably over the past several decades. As a result, the role of special educators needs to be examined and further developed to provide the most effective education for all learners at-risk and those with high- and low-incidence disabilities. In this article, the authors discuss five important roles in which special educators should possess skills to collaboratively educate learners at-risk within a multitiered instructional system.
Bradley, R., Danielson, L., & Doolittle, J. (2005). Response to intervention. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 38(6), 485—486.
2.
Council for Exceptional Children (CEC). (1998 a). CEC's standards for preparation of special education personnel . Reston, VA: Author.
3.
Council for Exceptional Children (CEC). (1998 b). What every special educator must know: The international standards for the preparation and certification of special educators (3rd ed.). Reston, VA: Author.
4.
Council for Exceptional Children. (2006). Evidence-based practice— Wanted, needed, and hard to get. CEC Today. Arlington, VA: Author .
5.
Crone, D.A., & Horner, R.H. (2003). Building positive behavior support systems in schools: Functional behavioral assessment. New York: Guildford.
6.
Dunn, L.M. (1968). Special education for the mildly retarded—Is much of it justified? Exceptional Children, 35, 5—22.
7.
Fisher, D., Frey, N., & Thousand, J. (2003). What do special educators need to know and be prepared to do for inclusive schooling to work? Teacher Education and Special Education, 26(1), 42—50.
8.
Friend, M., & Cook, L. (2003). Interactions: Collaborations skills for school professionals (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
9.
Fuchs, D., Mock, D., Morgan, P.L., & Young, C.L. (2003). Responsiveness-to-intervention: Definitions, evidence, and implications for the learning disabilities construct. Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, 18, 157-171.
10.
Gearheart, B.R., Weishahn, M.W., & Gearheart, C.J. (1991). The exceptional student in the regular classroom (4th ed). Columbus, OH: Merrill.
11.
Hammill, D.D. (1972). Training visual perceptual processes. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 5, 552-559.
12.
Harris, W.J., & Schutz, P.N.B. (1986). The special education resource program: Rationale and implementation. Columbus, OH: Merrill.
13.
Hasbrouck, J. (2002). Washington State Reading Initiative. Olympia. WA: Washington Department of Education .
14.
Hoover, J.J. (2006, April). Framework for implementing culturally competent response to intervention. Invited Presentation at the New York City Summit on Differentiated Instruction and AcademicIntervention, New York.
15.
Hoover, J.J., & Patton, J.R. (2004). Perspective: Differentiating standards-based education to meet diverse needs. Remedial and Special Education, 25(1), 74—78.
16.
Hoover, J.J., & Patton, J.R. (2005). Curriculum adaptations for students with learning and behavior problems: Differentiating instruction to meet divers needs (3rd ed.). Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.
17.
Idol, L. (2002). Creating collaborative and inclusive schools. Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.
18.
Kauffman, J.M., & Hallahan, D.P. (1995). The illusion of full inclusion . Austin, TX: Pro-Ed .
19.
Klingner, J.K., & Edwards, P.E. (2006, January/February/March). Cultural considerations with response to intervention models. Reading Research Quarterly , 41, 108-115.
National Joint Committee on Learning Disabilities (NJCLD). (2005). Responsiveness to intervention and learning disabilities . Retrieved January 2007 from http://www.ldonline.org/about/partners/njcld
23.
Odom, S.L., Brantlinger, E., Gersten, R., Horner, R.H., Thompson, B., & Karris, K.R. (2005). Research in special education: Scientific methods and evidence-based practices. Exceptional Children, 71(2), 137—148.
24.
O'Shea, D.J., Hanmittee, D., Maninzer, R., & Crutchfield, M.D. (2000). From teacher preparation to continuing professional development. Teacher Education and Special Education, 23(2), 71—77.
25.
Polloway, E.A., Smith, J.D., Patton, J.R., & Smith, T.E.C. (1996). Historic changes in mental retardation and developmental disabilities. Education and Training in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, 31, 3—12.
26.
Skrtic, T.M., Harris, K.R., & Shriner, J.G. (2005). Special education policy and practice: Accountability, instruction and social change. Denver, CO: Love Publishing.
27.
Thomas, G., & Pring, R. (2004). Evidence-based practice in education. New York: Open University Press.
28.
U.S. Department of Education. (2002). The facts about investigating in what works. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved October 15, 2006, from www.ed.gov/nclb/methods/whatworks/whatworks.html
29.
Vaughn, S. (2003, December). How many tiers are needed for response to intervention to achieve acceptable prevention outcomes?Paper presented at the National Center on Learning Disabilities Responsiveness-to-Interventions Symposium, Kansas City, MO.
30.
Vaughn, S., & Fuchs, D. (2003). Redefining learning disabilities as inadequate response to instruction: The promise and potential problems. Learning Disabilities: Research & Practice, 18(3), 137—146.
31.
Vaughn, S., Linan-Thompson, S., & Hickman, P. (2003). Response to instruction as a means of identifying students with reading/learning disabilities. Exceptional Children , 69, 391-409.
32.
Wanzek, J. (2003). A prevention model for reducing reading difficulties in kindergarten through third grade students. Austin: University of Texas Center for Reading and Language Arts.
33.
Wiederholt, J.L., Hammill, D.D., & Brown, V. (1993). The Resource Program: Organization and implementation . Austin, TX: Pro-ed.
34.
Winston, M.L. (2006, July 31—August 2). From unique to universal: An urban district's journey toward universally designed instruction. Presented at the OSEP Project Director's Meeting, Washington, DC.
35.
Yell, M. (2004, February). Understanding the three-tier model. Presentation at the Colorado State Directors of Special Education Meeting, Denver, CO.