Capillaroscopy in Raynaud's Syndrome

Coffman JD . Raynaud's phenomenon. An update. Hypertension 1991; 17: 593–602.

Blain A III Coller FA Carver GB . Raynaud's disease. A study of criteria for prognosis. Surgery 1951; 29: 387–97.

Velayos EE Robinson H Porciuncula FU Masi AT . Clinical correlation analysis of 137 patients with Raynaud's phenomenon. Am J Med Sci 1971; 262: 347–56.

Porter JM Bardana EJ Jr Baur GM Wesche DH Andrasch RH Rösch J. The clinical significance of Raynaud's syndrome. Surgery 1976; 80: 756–64.

Vayssairat M Fiessinger JN Housset E. Phénomène de Raynaud. Étude prospective de 100 cas. Nouv Med Presse 1979; 8: 2177–80.

Carpentier P Franco A. Capillaroscopie et phénomène de Raynaud. J Mal Vasc 1984; 9: 23–28.

Monin A Reggi M. Enquête étiologique d'un phénomène de Raynaud. Artères et Veines 1985; 4: 303–309.

Joyal F Choquette D Roussin A . Nailfold capillary microscopy in Raynaud's phenomenon: A study of 454 patients. In: Boccalon H ed. Angiologie. Paris: John Libbey Eurotext, 1988: 535–36.

Maricq HR McGregor AR Diat F Smith EA Maxwell DB LeRoy EC . Major clinical diagnoses found among subjects with Raynaud phenomenon from the general population. J Rheumatol 1990; 17: 1171–76.

Edwards JM Porter JM . Associated diseases in patients with Raynaud's syndrome. Vascular Medicine Review 1990; 1: 51–58.

Jablonska S. Cutaneous lesions in systemic scleroderma (progressive systemic sclerosis). In: Jablonska S ed. Scleroderma and pseudoscleroderma. Warsaw: Polish Medical Publishers, 1975: 243–76.

Medsger TA Jr . Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma), localized scleroderma, eosinophilic fasciitis, and calcinosis. In: McCarty DJ ed. Arthritis and allied conditions. A textbook of rheumatology. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1989: 1118–65.

Young EA Steen V Medsger TA Jr . Systemic sclerosis without Raynaud's phenomenon. Arthritis Rheum 1986; 29 (suppl): S51.

Estes D Christian CL . The natural history of systemic lupus erythematosus by prospective analysis. Medicine 1971; 50: 85–95.

Dimant J Ginzler E Schlesinger M . The clinical significance of Raynaud's phenomenon in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1979; 22: 815–19.

Carroll GJ Withers K Bayliss CE . The prevalence of Raynaud's syndrome in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1981; 40: 567–70.

Allen E Brown G. Raynaud's disease: A critical review of minimal requisites for diagnosis. Am J Med Sci 1932; 83: 187–200.

Giordano M Valentini G Migliaresi S Picillo U Vatti M. Different antibody patterns and different prognoses in patients with scleroderma with various extent of skin sclerosis. J Rheumatol 1986; 13: 911–16.

Sarkozi J Bookman AAM Lee P Keystone EC Fritzler MJ . Significance of anticentromere antibody in idiopathic Raynaud's syndrome. Am J Med 1987; 83: 893–98.

Kallenberg CGM Wouda AA Hoet MH Van Venrooij WJ . Development of connective tissue disease in patients presenting with Raynaud's phenomenon: A six year follow up with emphasis on the predictive value of antinuclear antibodies as detected by immunoblotting. Ann Rheum Dis 1988; 47: 634–41.

Steen VD Powell DL Medsger TA Jr . Clinical correlations and prognosis based on serum autoantibodies in patients with systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum 1988; 31: 196–203.

Johanet C Agostini MM Vayssairat M Abuaf N. Autoanticorps anti-Scl-70 et anticentromere. Marqueurs biologiques de 2 variétés diffèrentes de sclérodermic systémique. Presse Med 1989; 18: 207–11.

Jarzabek-Chorzelska M Blaszczyk M Kolacinska-Strasz Z Chorzelski T Jablonska S Maul GG . Antikinetochore and antitopoisomerase I antibodies in systemic scleroderma; comparative study using immunoblotted recombinant antigens, immunofluorescence, and double immunodiffusion. Arch Dermatol Res 1990; 282: 76–83.

Weiner ES Hildebrandt S Senecal J-L . Prognostic significance of anticentromere antibodies and anti-topoisomerase I antibodies in Raynaud's disease. Arthritis Rheum 1991; 34: 68–77.

Lombard WP . The blood pressure in the arterioles, capillaries, and small veins of the human skin. Am J Physiol 1912; 29: 335–62.

Müller O. Die Kapillaren der menschlichen Körperoberfläche in gesunden und kranken Tagen. Stuttgart: Enke, 1922.

Maricq HR . Nailfold capillary photography. In: Messmer K Hammersen F eds. Progress in applied microcirculation. Techniques in clinical capillary microscopy. Basel: Karger, 1986: 11–27.

Bosley PGHJ . A consideration of pathological morphology in the nailbed capillary network of human subjects. Bibl Anat 1960; 1: 229–38.

Rouen LR Terry EN Doft BH Clauss RH Redisch W. Classification and measurement of surface microvessels in man. Microvasc Res 1972; 4: 285–92.

Houtman PM Kallenberg CGM Fidler V Wouda AA . Diagnostic significance of nailfold capillary patterns in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon. An analysis of patterns discriminating patients with and without connective tissue disease. J Rheumatol 1986; 13: 556–63.

Statham BN Rowell NR . Quantification of the nailfold capillary abnormalities in systemic sclerosis and Raynaud's syndrome. Acta Derm Venereal (Stockholm) 1986; 66: 139–43.

Lefford F Edwards JCW . Nailfold capillary microscopy in connective tissue disease: A quantitative morphological analysis. Ann Rheum Dis 1986; 45: 741–49.

Maricq HR . Comparison of quantitative and semiquantitative estimates of nailfold capillary abnormalities in scleroderma spectrum disorders. Microvasc Res 1986; 32: 271–76.

Mahler F Kneubühl F. Application of fluorescein-tagged albumin in human nailfold capillaries. Bibl Anat 1981; 20: 684–87.

Bollinger A Butti P Barras J-P Trachsler H Siegenthaler W. Red blood cell velocity in nailfold capillaries of man measured by a television microscopy technique. Microvasc Res 1974; 7: 61–72.

Fagrell B Fronek A Intaglietta M. A microscope-television system for studying flow velocity in human skin capillaries. Am J Physiol 1977; 233: H318–21.

Östergren J Fagrell B. Skin capillary blood cell velocity in man. Characteristics and reproducibility of the reactive hyperemia response. Int J Microcirc Clin Exp 1986; 5: 37–51.

Mahler F Muheim MH Intaglietta M Bollinger A Anliker M. Blood pressure fluctuations in human nailfold capillaries. Am J Physiol 1979; 236: H888–93.

Tooke JE Williams SA . Capillary blood pressure. Adv Exp Med Biol 1987; 220: 209–14.

Bollinger A Jäger K Roten A Timeus C Mahler F. Diffusion, pericapillary distribution and clearance of Na-fluorescein in the human nailfold. Pflugers Arch 1979; 382: 137–43.

Spittell JA Jr . Raynaud's phenomenon and allied vasospastic disorders. In: Juergens JL Spittell JA Jr Fairbairn JF II eds. Peripheral vascular diseases. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1980: 555–83.

Schmidt C Schmitt J Velcker J. La capillaroscopie digitale dans la maladie de raynaud idiopathique. J Mal Vasc 1983; 8: 43–45.

Brown GE O'Leary PA . Skin capillaries in scleroderma. Arch Intern Med 1926; 36: 73–88.

Spencer-Green G Crowe W Bove K Levinson J. Correlation of muscle angiopathy with nailfold capillary abnormalities in childhood dermatomyositis. Bibl Anat 1981; 20: 702–707.

Gertner E Sukenik S Gladman DD . HLA antigens and nailfold capillary microscopy studies in patients with insulin dependent and noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus and limited joint mobility. J Rheumatol 1990; 17: 1375–79.

Maricq HR . Widefield capillary microscopy. Technique and rating scale for abnormalities seen in scleroderma and related disorders. Arthritis Rheum 1981; 24: 1159–65.

Lee P Leung FY-K Alderdice C Armstrong SK . Nailfold capillary microscopy in the connective tissue diseases: A semiquantitative assessment. J Rheumatol 1983; 10: 930–38.

Maricq HR . The microcirculation in scleroderma and allied diseases. In: Davis E ed. Advances in microcirculation. Basel: Karger, 1982; 17–52.

Thompson RP Harper FE Maize JC Ainsworth SK LeRoy EC Maricq HR . Nailfold biopsy in scleroderma and related disorders. Correlation of histologic, capillaroscopie and clinical data. Arthritis Rheum 1984; 27: 97–103.

Granier F Vayssairat M Priollet P Housset E. Nailfold capillary microscopy in mixed connective tissue disease. Comparison with systemic sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1986; 29: 189–95.

Harper FE Maricq HR Turner RE Lidman RW LeRoy EC . A prospective study of Raynaud phenomenon and early connective tissue disease. A five-year report. Am J Med 1982; 72: 883–88.

Maricq HR Harper FE Khan MM Tan EM LeRoy EC . Microvascular abnormalities as possible predictors of disease subsets in Raynaud phenomenon and early connective tissue disease. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1983; 1: 195–205.

Maricq HR Weinberger AB LeRoy EC . Early detection of scleroderma-spectrum disorders by in vivo capillary microscopy: A prospective study of patients with Raynaud's phenomenon. J Rheumatol 1982; 9: 289–91.

Gerbracht DD Steen VD Ziegler GL Medsger TA Jr Rodnan GP . Evolution of primary Raynaud's phenomenon (Raynaud's disease) to connective tissue disease. Arthritis Rheum 1985; 28: 87–92.

Priollet P Vayssairat M Housset E. How to classify Raynaud's phenomenon. Long-term follow-up study of 73 cases. Am J Med 1987; 83: 494–98.

Fitzgerald O Hess EV O'Connor GT Spencer-Green G. Prospective study of the evolution of Raynaud's phenomenon. Am J Med 1988; 84: 718–26.

Carpentier PH Maricq HR . Microvasculature in systemic sclerosis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1990; 16: 75–91.

McGill NW Gow PJ . Nailfold capillaroscopy: A blinded study of its discriminatory value in scleroderma, systemic lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis. Aust N ZJ Med 1986; 16: 457–60.

Caspary L Schmees C Schoetensack I . Alterations of the nailfold capillary morphology associated with Raynaud phenomenon in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 1991; 18: 559–66.

Studer A Hunziker T Lüitolf O Schmidli J Chen D Mahler F. Quantitative nailfold capillary microscopy in cutaneous and systemic lupus erythematosus and localized and systemic scleroderma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991; 24: 941–45.

Maricq HR LeRoy EC D'Angelo WA . Diagnostic potential of in vivo capillary microscopy in scleroderma and related disorders. Arthritis Rheum 1980; 23: 183–89.

Maricq HR LeRoy EC . Patterns of finger capillary abnormalities in connective tissue disease by ‘wide-field’ microscopy. Arthritis Rheum 1973; 16: 619–28.

Maricq HR Maize JC . Nailfold capillary abnormalities. Clin Rheum Dis 1982; 8: 455–78.

Maricq HR Blume RS LeRoy EC . Wide-field study of nailfold capillary bed in disorders of connective tissue. In: Ditzel J ed. Sixth European Conference on Microcirculation, Aalborg, 1970. Basel: Karger, 1971: 116–22.

Maricq HR . Prevalence of a high nailfold plexus visualization score (PVS) in the general population. Hum Biol 1977; 49: 485–87.

Ranft J Lammersen T Heidrich H. In vivo capillary-microscopical findings in patients with thrombangiitis obliterans, progressive systemic scleroderma, and rheumatoid arthritis, respectively. Klin Wochenschr 1986; 64: 946–50.

Maricq HR . Vinyl chloride disease. In: Black CM Myers AR eds. Current topics in rheumatology. Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). New York: Gower Medical Publishing Ltd, 1985; 105–13.

Maricq HR Johnson MN Whetstone CL LeRoy EC . Capillary abnormalities in polyvinyl chloride production workers. Examination by in vivo microscopy. JAMA 1976; 236: 1368–71.

Maricq HR Darke CS Archibald RMcL LeRoy EC . In vivo observations of skin capillaries in workers exposed to vinyl chloride. An English-American comparison. Br J Ind Med 1978; 35: 1–7.

Taylor W. The vibration syndrome. New York: Academic Press, 1974.

Vayssairat M Patri B Guilmot JL Housset E Dubrisay J. La capillaroscopie dans la maladie des vibrations. Presse Med 1982; 11: 3111–15.

Vayssairat M Patri B Mathieu J-F Lienard M Dubrisay J Housset E. Raynaud's phenomenon in chain saw users. Hot and cold finger systolic pressures and nailfold capillary findings. Eur Heart J 1987; 8: 417–22.

Bellmunt J Navarro M Morales S . Capillary microscopy is a potentially useful method for detecting bleomycin vascular toxicity. Cancer 1990; 65: 303–309.

Maricq HR Downey JA LeRoy EC . Standstill of nailfold capillary blood flow during cooling in scleroderma and Raynaud's syndrome. Blood Vessels 1976; 13: 338–49.

Bollinger A Frey J Jäger K Furrer J Seglias J Siegenthaler W. Patterns of diffusion through skin capillaries in patients with long-term diabetes. N Engl J Med 1982; 307: 1305–10.

Bollinger A Jäger K Siegenthaler W. Microangiopathy of progressive systemic sclerosis. Evaluation by dynamic fluorescence videomicroscopy. Arch Intern Med 1986; 146: 1541–45.

Diat F Intaglietta M Weinrich MC Maricq HR . Effect of temperature on capillary blood flow in scleroderma spectrum disorders and in Raynaud phenomenon. Int J Microcirc Clin Exp 1986; 5: 259.

Mahler F Saner H Boss C Annaheim M. Local cold exposure test for capillaroscopie examination of patients with Raynaud's syndrome. Microvasc Res 1987; 33: 422–27.

Jacobs MJHM Breslau PJ Slaaf DW Reneman RS Lemmens JAJ . Nomenclature of Raynaud's phenomenon: A capillary microscopic and hemorheologic study. Surgery 1987; 101: 136–45.

Grassi W Felder M Thüring-Vollenweider U Bollinger A. Microvascular dynamics at the nailfold in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1989; 7: 47–53.

Bollinger A Saesseli B Hoffmann U Franzeck UK . Intravital detection of skin capillary aneurysms by videomicroscopy with indocyanine green in patients with progressive systemic sclerosis and related disorders. Circulation 1991; 83: 546–51.

Brülisauer M Bollinger A. Measurement of different human microvascular dimensions by combination of videomicroscopy with Na-fluorescein (NaF) and indocyanine green (ICG) in normals and patients with systemic sclerosis. Int J Microcirc Clin Exp 1991; 10: 21–31.

Martin MFR Tooke JE . Effects of prostaglandin E1 on microvascular haemodynamics in progressive systemic sclerosis. Br Med J 1982; 285: 1688–90.

Hanes FM . Multiple hereditary telangiectases causing hemorrhage (hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia). Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital 1909; 20: 63–73.

Maire R Schnewlin G Bollinger A. Videomikroskopische Untersuchungen von Teleangiektasien bei Morbus Osier und Sklerodermie. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1986; 116: 335–38.

Walls EW Buchanan TJ . Observations on the capillary blood vessels of the human nailfold. J Anat 1956; 90: 329–36.

Nussbaum AI Silver RM Maricq HR . Serial changes in nailfold capillary morphology in childhood dermatomyositis. [Brief Report] Arthritis Rheum 1983; 26: 1169–72.

Silver RM Maricq HR . Childhood dermatomyositis: Serial microvascular studies. Pediatrics 1989; 83: 278–83.

Chen Z Silver RM Ainsworth SK Dobson RL Rust P Maricq HR . Association between fluorescent antinuclear antibodies, capillary patterns, and clinical features in scleroderma spectrum disorders. Am J Med 1984; 77: 812–22.

Maricq HR Diat F Smith EA Fink GE Weinrich MC . Frequency of antinuclear antibodies among subjects with ‘cold sensitivity’, primary Raynaud phenomenon and ‘pre-diagnostic’ systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum 1991; 34 (suppl): R30.