CampbellPMLeRoyEC. Pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis: A vascular hypothesis. Semin Arthritis Rheum1975; 4: 351–68.
2.
KahalehMB. The role of vascular endothelium in the pathogenesis of connective tissue disease: Endothelial injury, activation, participation and response. Clin Exp Rheumatol1990; 8: 595–601.
3.
MaricqHRHarperFEKhanMMTanECLeRoyEC. Microvascular abnormalities as possible predictors of disease subsets in Raynaud's phenomenon and early connective tissue disease. Clin Exp Rheumatol1983; 1: 195–205.
4.
SmithEALeRoyEC. Systemic sclerosis. Etiology and pathogenesis. In: KlippelJHDieppePA eds. Rheumatology, Volume vmr-6. St. Louis: Mosby, 1994: 9.1–9.10.
HirataYYoshimiHTakataSCellular mechanism of action by a novel vasconstrictor endothelin in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun1988; 154: 868–75.
8.
KuriharaHYoshizumiMSugiyamaTTransforming growth factor β stimulates the expression of endothelin mRNA by vascular endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Comm1989; 159: 1435–40.
9.
MeidellRS, Southwestern Internal Medicine Conference.Endothelial dysfunction and vascular disease. Am J Med Sci1994; 307: 378–89.
10.
SmithEA. Connective tissue metabolism including cytokines in scleroderma. Curr Opin Rheumatol1992; 4: 869–77.
11.
YamakageAKikuchiKSmithEALeRoyECTrojanowskaM.Selective upregulation of platelet-derived growth factor α receptors by transforming growth factor β in scleroderma fibroblasts. J Exp Med1992; 175: 1227–34.
12.
KahalehMB. Endothelin, an endothelial-dependent vasoconstrictor in scleroderma. Arthritis Rheum1991; 34: 978–83.
MoncerdaSHiggsA.The L-arginine–nitric oxide pathway. N Engl J Med1993; 329: 2002–12.
17.
FeelischM.The biochemical pathways of nitric oxide formation from nitrovasodilators: Appropriate choice of exogenous NO donors and aspects of preparation and handling of aqueous NO solutions. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol1991; 17 (suppl 3): S25–S33.
18.
CachofeiroVSakakibaraTNasjlettiA.Kinins, nitric oxide and the hypotensive effect of captopril and ramiprilat in hypertension. Hypertension1992; 19: 138–45.
19.
Pepke-ZabaJHigenbottamTWDinh-XuanATStoneDWallworkJ.Inhaled nitric oxide as a cause of selective pulmonary vasodilatation in pulmonary hypertension. Lancet1991; 338: 1173–74.
20.
KahalehMBFanPSMatucci-CerinicMStefanovic-RacicMIgnarroL.Study of endothelial dependent relaxation in scleroderma [Abstract]. Arthritis Rheum1993; B233: S180.
21.
ChristmanBWMcPhersonCDNewmanJHAn imbalance between the excretion of thromboxane and prostacyclin metabolites in pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med1992; 327: 70–75.
CronsteinBNWeissmannG.The adhesion molecules of inflammation. Arthritis Rheum1993; 36: 147–57.
24.
CarsonCWBeallCLHunderGGJohnsonCMNewmanW.Serum ELAM-1 is increased in vasculitis, scleroderma, and systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol1993; 20: 809–14.
25.
ClamanANGiornoRCSeiboldJR. Endothelial and fibroblastic activation in scleroderma. The myth of the ‘uninvolved skin’. Arthritis Rheum1991; 34: 1495–501.
26.
KahalehMBOsbornILeRoyEC. Elevated levels of circulating platelet aggregates and beta-thromboglobulin in scleroderma. Ann Intern Med1982; 96: 610–13.
27.
WareJAHeistadDD. Platelet–endothelium interactions. N Engl J Med1993; 328: 628–35.
28.
KahalehMBOsbornILeRoyEC. Increased factor VIII/von Willebrand factor antigen and von Willebrand factor activity in scleroderma and in Raynaud's phenomenon. Ann Intern Med1981; 94: 482–84.
29.
KahalehMBScharsteinKKLeRoyEC. Enhanced platelet adhesion to collagen in schleroderma. Effect of scleroderma plasma and scleroderma platelets. J Rheumatol1985; 12: 468–71.