This article utilizes an integrative literature review to raise awareness of hate crimes as a form of workplace violence in today’s global work settings. This inquiry defines hate crimes in work settings and its related consequences affecting organizations and their employees along with the role human resource development (HRD) practitioners and researchers can play in the mitigation of hate crime in the workplace. This review offers specific recommendations to HRD practitioners and researchers.
Ansari, A. ( 2010). Militia arrests timed to prevent violence, official says . Retrieved on April 6, 2010, from http://www.cnn.com/2010/CRIME/03/30/michigan.militia.arrests./index.html.
2.
Barling, J. ( 1996). The prediction, experience, and consequences of workplace violence. In G. R. VandenBos, & E. Q. Bulatao (Eds.), Workplace violence (pp. 29-49). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
3.
Barnett-Queen, T., & Bergmann, L. ( 1993, September). After the incident…intervention. EAP Association Exchange, 23(9), 1.
4.
Baron, R., & Neuman, J. ( 1996). Workplace violence and workplace aggression: Evidence on their relative frequency and potential causes. Aggressive Behavior, 22, 161-173.
5.
Bates, S. ( 2001, December). Fighting the backlash. HR Magazine , 46(12), 1-3.
6.
Beachboard, J., & Davis, D. ( 2008, May 8). Do you have a racially hostile work environment?Society for Human Resource Management webcast.
7.
Brakel, S. ( 1998). Legal liability and workplace violence. Journal of the Academy of Psychiatry and Law, 26, 553-562.
8.
Bulatao, E., & VandenBos, G. ( 1996). Workplace violence: Its scope and the issues. In G. R. VandenBos & E. Q. Bulatao (Eds.), Violence on the job: Identifying risks and developing solutions (pp. 1-23). Washington, DC : American Psychological Association.
9.
Bureau of Labor Statistics. (1994). National census of fatal occupational injuries, 1993. Washington, DC: United States Department of Labor.
10.
Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2003). Census of fatal occupational injuries summary, 2003. Washington, DC: United States Department of Labor.
11.
Castillo, D., & Jenkins, E. ( 1994). Industries and occupations at high risk for work-related homicide. Journal Occupational Medicine, 36, 125-132.
12.
Central Michigan University. (2010). Administration, globalization and multiculturalism. New York: McGraw-Hill.
13.
Cooper, C., & Jackson, S. ( 1997). Creating tomorrow’s organizations: A handbook for future research in organizational behavior. New York, NY : John Wiley.
14.
Cooper, H. ( 1998). Synthesizing research: A guide for literature reviews (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
15.
Cox, T., Griffiths, A., & Rial-Gonzalez, E. (2000). Research on work-related stress. Luxembourg: European Agency for Safety and Health at Work.
16.
Dorman, P. ( 2000). The economics of safety, health and well-being at work: An overview. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Organization.
17.
Duhart, D. ( 2001, December). National Crime Victimization Survey: Violence in the workplace, 1993-1999 (Bureau of Justice Statistics, NCJ 190076, pp. 1-12). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
18.
Esen, E. ( 2004, January). SHRM workplace violence survey. Alexandria, VA: Society for Human Resource Management Research Department.
19.
Everly, G., & Mitchell, J. ( 1999). Critical incident stress management (CISM): A new era and standard of care in crisis intervention (2nd ed.). Ellicott City, MD: Chevron .
20.
Fantz, A. ( 2007, February 1). Noose incidents: Foolish pranks or pure hate?CNN. Retrieved April 20, 2008, from http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/11/01/nooses/index.html
21.
Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2006). Hate crime statistics, 2006. Washington, DC: Author.
22.
Feliu, A.G. ( 1994). Workplace violence and the duty of care: The scope of an employer’s obligation to protect against a violent employee. Employee Relations Law Journal, 20, 381-383.
23.
Fernandez, M. ( 2010, April). Guilty verdict in killing of Long Island man. New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/20/nyregion/20patchogue.html
24.
Fitzpatrick, K., & Wilson, M. ( 1999). Exposure to violence and posttraumatic stress symptomatology among abortion clinic workers. Journal of Traumatic Stress , 12(2), 227-242.
25.
Hatcher, C. ( 1996). Workplace violence: Assessment and response. San Francisco: National Assessment Services.
26.
Herman, J. ( 1997). Trauma and recovery. New York, NY : Basic Books.
27.
Hoel, H., Sparks, K., & Cooper, C. ( 2004). The cost of violence/stress at work and the benefits of a violence/stress-free working environment. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Organization. Retrieved September 23, 2004, from http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/wkpevb/econo/costs.pdf
28.
Hudson, D., Jr. ( 2008). Banning the noose (Intelligence Report132, p. 61). Montgomery, AL: Southern Poverty Law Center Publisher.
29.
Jacobs, J. ( 2010a, May). Assessing and managing workplace violence threats to provide a safer workplace. A seminar. Rochester, MI. Retrieved May 20, 2010, from http://www.oakland.edu/oakland/newsinfo/viewdetail.asp?ID=635
30.
Jacobs, J. ( 2010b, February). Innovative session. Workplace violence prevention: Identifying and minimizing organizational risk training-the-trainers. AHRD International Research Conference in the Americas, Knoxville, TN.
31.
Jacobs, J., & Porter, W. ( 1999). Workplace violence in healthcare toolkit: A guide to establishing a prevention & training program. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
32.
Jacobs, J., & Scott, C. ( 2009, February). Workplace violence- the persistence of hate crimes: Implications for HRD. Presentation and Proceeding for 2009 AHRD International Research Conference of the Americas , Washington, DC.
33.
Jossi, F. ( 1999, Fall). Defusing workplace violence. Business & Health, 17(2), 34-39.
34.
Keim, J. ( 1999, January/March). Workplace violence and trauma: A 21st century rehabilitation issue. Journal of Rehabilitation, 65(1), 6-20.
35.
Keyes, C., & Keim, J. ( 1996). Workplace violence: What is it and how do we prevent it? In Minnesota Department of Children, Families and Learning, Office of Community Services and Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry, Workplace Safety Consultation (Eds.), Preventing workplace violence: Guidelines for preventing violence in the workplace: A comprehensive guide for schools, small businesses and communities (pp.1-7). St. Paul, MN: Published by editors.
36.
Kinney, J. ( 1995). Violence at work: How to make your company safer for employees and customers. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
37.
Labig, C. ( 1995, August). Forming a violence response team. HR Focus, 72(8), 15-16.
38.
Lanza, M., & Carifio, J. ( 1991). Blaming the victim: Complex (nonlinear) patterns of causal attributions by nurses in response to vignettes of a patient assaulting a nurse. Journal of Emergency Nursing, 17, 299-309.
39.
Levick, K. ( 1996, July). Violence: Are you in danger?HealthCARE Business Monthly, 26-27.
40.
Levin, R. ( 1996). Workplace violence: Sources of liability, warning signs, and ways to mitigate damages. Labor Law Journal, 46, 418-428.
41.
McPhail, S. ( 1996). A proposed taxonomy of workplace violence. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology. San Diego, CA.
42.
Mullen, E. ( 1997). Workplace Violence: Cause for concern or the construction of a new category of fear. The Journal of Industrial Relations , 39, 21-32.
43.
Neuman, J., & Baron, R. ( 1997). Aggression in the workplace. In R. Giacalone & J. Greenberg (Eds.), Antisocial behavior in organizations, (pp. 37-67). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
44.
Neuman, J., & Baron, R. ( 1998). Workplace violence and workplace aggression: Evidence concerning specific forms, potential causes, and preferred targets. Journal of Management, 24(3), 391-419.
45.
Nigro, L., & Waugh, W. ( 1996). Violence in the American workplace: Challenges to the public employer. Public Administration Review, 56, 326.
46.
O’Leary-Kelly, A., Griffin, R., & Glew, D. ( 1996). Organization-motivated aggression: A research framework . Academy of Management Review, 21, 225-253.
47.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration. ( 1996). Guidelines for preventing workplace violence for health care and social service workers (OSHA Publication No. 3148). Retrieved December 10, 2003, from http://www.osha-slc.gov/oshinfo.html
48.
Reio, T.G., & Ghosh, R. ( 2009). Antecedents and outcomes of workplace incivility: Implications for human resource development research and practice. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 20(3), 237-264.
49.
Scott, C. ( 2010, February). The twelfth annual diverse voices event. Rochester, MI. Retrieved July 20, 2010, from http://www.oakland.edu/?id=2738&sid=66
50.
Shipkowski, B. ( 2010, March 18). Black people must leave, NJ Walmart announcer says. Associated Press. Retrieved from http://finance.yahoo.com/news/Black-people-must-leave-NJapf-1749619349
51.
SPLC Intelligence Report. (2009). Campaign ends in Lou Dobbs’ resignation. Southern Poverty Law Center. 39(4), pp. 1, 8.
52.
SPLC Intelligence Report.(2010, Summer). For the record. Southern Poverty Law Center, 138, 46-47.
53.
Thomas, E., & Conant, E.(2010, April 19). HATE antigovernment extremists are on the rise- and on the march. Newsweek, VCLV(16), 44-47.
54.
Torraco, R. ( 2005). Writing integrative literature reviews: Guidelines and examples. Human Resource Development Review,4(3), 356-367.
55.
U.S. Department of Justice. (2001). National Crime Victimization Survey: Violence in the workplace, 1993-1999 (NCJ 190076, pp. 1-12). Washington, DC : Author.
56.
U.S. Department of Justice. (2003). Workplace violence issues in response (Monograph). Quantico, VA: Author.
57.
U.S. Department of Justice. (2005). National Crime Victimization Survey and Uniform Crime Reporting: Hate crime reported by victims and police (Bureau of Justice Statistics , NCJ 209911, pp. 1-12). Washington, DC : Author.
58.
U.S. Department of Justice. (2010). Hate crime. Washington, DC: Author . Retrieved from http://www.ojp.gov/nij/topics/crime/hate-crime/welcome.htm
59.
U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. ( 2008a). Religion-based charges FY 1997-FY 2007. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved May 16, 2008, from http://www.eeoc.gov/stats/religion.html
60.
U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. ( 2008b). Significant EEOC race/color cases. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved May 16, 2008, from http://www.eeoc.gov/initiatives/e-race/caselist.html