The GEUS Palynology,Nannofossil,and Microfossil Arctic Slide Collection

Abstract

Since 1976 more than 25,000 Arctic sediment samples have been processed for their palynological, nannofossil, or microfossil content at the Geological Survey of Greenland (GGU) and the Geological Survey of Denmark (DGU); both institutes are now merged into the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS). The samples represent nearly all ages from the Neoproterozoic to the Neogene, though dominated by the Mesozoic. A large proportion of the samples were processed for palynomorphs. Up to ten slides have been produced for each palynological sample and usually one slide is produced for each nannofossil and microfossil sample, making the GEUS collection one of the largest Arctic slide collections with more than 200,000 slides. All type specimens and some specimens illustrated in publications listed here have been assigned MGUH numbers (Museum Geologica Universitas Hafniensis) and are housed in the type collection of the Geological Museum of the University of Copenhagen, now part of the Natural History Museum of Denmark.

Keywords

palynology nannofossil microfossil Greenland Arctic GEUS slide collection

Introduction

The GEUS Palynology, Nannofossil, and Microfossil Slide Collection has existed for almost fifty years ago and is continuously added to following each new field/drilling campaign. It represents more than 25,000 Arctic sediment samples from more than 500 outcrop and borehole sections from the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, onshore West Greenland (Nuussuaq Basin), onshore East Greenland (southern East, central East, North-East) onshore North Greenland, offshore East Greenland, Spitsbergen, and offshore sediment samples from exploration wells in the Labrador–Baffin Seaway, Vøring Basin and Barents Sea (offshore Norway), and dredges and boreholes from Danmarkshavn Basin (Figure 1).

Figure 1.

Location map of the sample sites represented by the GEUS Palynology, Nannofossil, and Microfossil Arctic Slide Collection. Modified from Nøhr-Hansen, Piasecki, and Alsen (2020).

Research into microscopic fossils from in and around Greenland hardly existed before 1975. However, oil exploration in the North Sea and the successful application of biostratigraphy based on microscopic fossils in drilled successions raised interest for research. This was reflected in the National Research Foundation grants awards in the 1970s and managed by Professor Tove Birkelund, of the Geological Institute, University of Copenhagen. These research grants were focused on dinoflagellate cyst (dinocyst) stratigraphy in Cretaceous–Tertiary successions of West Greenland and Jurassic successions in East Greenland, both areas expected to be of interest for future hydrocarbon exploration.

It was also in the first half of the 1970s that the head of the Petroleum Geology Department of the Geological Survey of Greenland (GGU) Gilroy Henderson created two new job positions (in micropaleontology and palynology) and organized the appropriate laboratory facilities and technical assistance for the research with the purpose of facilitating the exploration of the offshore West Greenland (1976–1977).

The two research groups and their laboratory facilities were merged at GGU in 1979 when the National Research Foundation grants expired and as the petroleum exploration offshore West Greenland declined, the staff was reduced to a palynologist, a micropaleontologist, and a laboratory technician. However, the focus of the department changed toward research projects in the 1980 to 1990s and up to five palynologists and one micropaleontologist worked on Arctic projects at GGU partly based on research grants. The research focused on large sedimentary basins of Greenland from the Wandel Sea Basin in North Greenland to East and West Greenland.

In 1995 GGU and DGU (Geological Survey of Denmark) merged into a national geological survey, GEUS, along with their paleontologists, technicians, and laboratory facilities, forming the Stratigraphy Department at GEUS. The main focus of the former DGU staff was mainly outside the Arctic region and mostly continued to be so. However, the work in the Arctic continued and expanded over the years to include the Faeroe Islands, and Canadian and Norwegian Arctic regions in cooperation with scientists of those countries.

The political situation in Denmark in 2022 has become less favorable for research associated with hydrocarbon exploration and combined with the retirement of experienced staff, Arctic palynology and micropaleontology scientific research seems likely to decrease in near future.

General Description

The importance of the GEUS Palynology, Nannofossil, and Microfossil Slide Collection is not only based on its comprehensiveness, but also on the numerous scientiﬁc works carried out with their data that have been published in international papers and in-house reports.

The collection is fundamental for establishing new species, paleoenvironmental studies, biostratigraphic dating, and detailed biozonations, essential for local and regional stratigraphic correlation schemes.

The 102 scientific articles that have been published based on this collection are cited below, grouped into geographic areas and are listed chronostratigraphically, from the oldest to the youngest. More than 15,600 samples are represented by these 102 articles. The approximate number of samples that form the background for each of the 102 articles is listed in brackets. Articles without an indication of number of samples are based on samples already described in a previously published article. Thirty-five of the publications contain illustrations of specimens with an MGUH or MMH number, and thirteen of these contain descriptions and illustrations of holotypes.

All GEUS’s Arctic slides with MGUH numbers (Museum Geologica Universitas Hafniensis) or MMH (Museum Mineralogica Hafniensis) numbered specimens, including holo- and paratypes, are housed in the type collection of the Geological Museum of the University of Copenhagen, now part of the Natural History Museum of Denmark. The Arctic palynological holo- and paratype collection represents thirty-six dinoflagellate cyst (dinocyst) holotypes and eleven paratypes, four acritarch holotypes and eight paratypes and two spore holotypes. The reference and data for each holo- and paratype is presented in Table 1 and some of these are illustrated on Figures 2 and 3.

Table 1.

The Publication References and Data for Illustrated Holo- and Paratypes With a MGUH or MMH Numbers.

Fensome, R.A. 1979: Dinoflagellate cysts and acritarchs from the Middle and Upper Jurassic of Jameson Land, East Greenland Bulletin Grønlands GeologiskeUndersøgelse 132, 98 pp, pl.1-9.
Dinoflagelllate cyst species	Description and illustrations	Holotype	MGUH No.	Sample, slide no., slide coordinates		Occurrence in Jameson Land central East Greenland
Pilosidinium myriatrichum	p.12–13, pl.2, fig.7; text-fig.5A	pl.2, fig.7; text-fig.5A	MGUH 14674	GGU 144115 99.6/12.6		Upper Oxfordian–middle Kimmeridgian.
Barbatacysta pelionensis	p.13–15, pl.1, figs.5–9; text-fig.5B	pl.1, figs.5,7; text-fig.5B	MGUH 14675	GGU 144111 113.5/10.5		Bajocian–Bathonian.
Epiplosphaera gochtii	p.20–22, pl.2, figs.8–9,11–12; text-fig.8	pl.2, figs.8–9,11–12; text-fig.8	MGUH 14687	GGU100721 115.4/18.0		Lower Callovian
Holotype: Paraevansia brachythelis	p.29–31, pl.4, figs.3,5–7; text-figs.11A–E	pl.4, fig.5; text-fig.11E	MGUH 14697	GGU 144125 101.2/6.2		Bajocian–Callovian
Paratype: Paraevansia brachythelis	p.29–31, pl.4, figs.3,5–7; text-figs.11A–E	pl.4, fig.3; text-fig.11C	MGUH 14698	GGU 144125 108.7/11.5		Bajocian–Callovian
Cribroperidinium birkelundiae	p.38–40, pl.5, figs.5,8,11; text-figs.14A–C	pl.5, figs.5,8,11; text-figs.14A–B	MGUH 14712	GGU 144161 109.5/11.6		Portlandian
Holotype: Ambonosphaera calloviana	p.51–54, pl.7, figs.3,5–6,8–9; text-figs.16A–D,17A–B	pl.7, figs.3,6,9; text-figs.16B–C	MGUH 14731	GGU 100721 97.5/10.0		Lower Callovian
Paratypes: Ambonosphaera calloviana	p.51–54, pl.7, figs.3,5–6,8–9; text-figs.16A–D,17A–B		MGUH 14732;33;34	GGU 100721		Lower Callovian
Acritarch species	Description and illustrations	Holotype	MGUH No.	Sample, slide no., slide coordinates	Occurrence in Jameson Land central East Greenland
Holotype: Solisphaeridium ankyleton	p.67–68, pl.9, figs.10–11, 15; text-figs.19	pl.9, figs.10, 15; text-fig.19B	MGUH 14756	GGU 144115 97.2/18.7		Upper Oxfordian–lower Kimmeridgian.
Paratype: Solisphaeridium ankyleton	p.67–68, pl.9, figs.10–11, 15; text-figs.19	pl.9, fig.11; text-fig.19A	MGUH 14757	GGU 144115 107.5/15.1		Upper Oxfordian–lower Kimmeridgian.
Holotype: Veryhachium sortehatense	p.69–71, pl.9, figs. 4,8–9; text-fig.20 B-I	pl.9, figs.8–9; text-fig.20 B	MGUH 14759	GGU 144231 94.4/17.0		Bajocian
Paratype: Veryhachium sortehatense	p.69–71, pl.9, figs. 4,8–9; text-fig.20 B-I	pl.9, figs.4,8–9; text-fig.20 C-I	MGUH 14760-766	GGU 144231; 139163		Bajocian
Fensome, R.A., Nøhr-Hansen, H. & Williams, G.L. 2016: Cretaceous and Cenozoic dinoflagellate cysts and other palynomorphs from the western and easternmargins of the Labrador–Baffin Seaway Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin 36, 143 pp.
Dinoflagelllate cyst species	Description and illustrations	Holotype	MGUH No.	Sample, slide no., slide coordinates	England finder coordinates	Occurrence in Labrador–Baffin Seaway
Taurodinium granulatum	pl. 14, figs 13–15, 17, 18.	pl. 14 fig.13	MGHU 31333	Ikermiut-1 well, 2340m 2289, slide s-261-3	T19-1	Selandian, Paleocene to ?lower Ypresian, lower Eocene
Trithyrodinium? conservatum	p. 74 pl. 15, figs 9–14	pl.15 fig.12	MGUH 26502	Ikermiut-1 well, 1155m 04E006504-2, 36.0–97.1	U36-1	Last occurrence Lutetian, Eocene
Achritarch species	Description and illustrations	Holotype	MGUH No.	Sample, slide no., slide coordinates	Occurrence in Jameson Land central East Greenland
Fromea quadrangularis	pp 77–78, pl. 16, figs 11, 12, 15, 16	pl. 16 fig 16	MGUH 31352	Skolp E-07 well 2375m, YD15665, slide 04, 30.9 × 111.9	D31-1K	Last occurrence lower Campanian, Upper Cretaceous.
Hansen, J.M. 1980a: Morphological Characterization of Encrusting, Palynomorph Green Algae from the Cretaceous-Tertiary of Central West Greenland and Denmark. Grana 19, 67–77.
Green algae species	Description and illustrations	Holotype	MGUH No.	Sample, slide no., slide coordinates		Occurrence in Nuussuaq basin central W Greenland
Ulvella nannae	pp73–75, Figs 1, 2	Fig 1 A	MGUH 14781	GGU210248-B-2		Cretaceous-Tertiary
Nøhr-Hansen, H. & Koppelhus, E.B. 1988: Ordovician spores with trilete rays, from Washington Land, North Greenland. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 56, 305–311.
Trilete spores species	Description and illustrations	Holotype	MGUH No.	Sample, slide no., slide coordinates	England finder coordinates	Occurrence in Washington Land, North Greenland
Besselia nunaatica	p 307, pl. I, 1–3, 7, 8, 10, 11; pl. II, 1–7)	pl. I, 1-3	MGUH 17539	GGU 316968-2; 8,3-125,5	R25-3	Lower Pusgillian, lower Ashgill, Upper Ordovician
Besselia polaris	p 307 & 309, Pl. I, 4–6, 9, 12; Pl. II, 8–9	pl. I, 4-6	MGUH 17540	GGU 316968-2; 2,4-143, 9	X44-3	Lower Pusgillian, lower Ashgill, Upper Ordovician
Nøhr-Hansen, H. 1993b: Dinoflagellate cyst stratigraphy of the Barremian to Albian, Lower Cretaceous, East Greenland. Bulletin Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 166, 171 pp.
Dinoflagelllate cyst species	Description and illustrations	Holotype	MGUH No.	Sample, slide no., slide coordinates	England finder coordinates	Occurrence in North-East Greenland
Batioladinium shaftesburiense	pp 46–47, pl.2, figs.5, 12–13.	pl.2, fig.5	MGUH 21692	GGU 351630-4, 22.0-143.6	D43-4	Middle Albian
Hapsocysta benteae	pp 71–72, pl. 25, figs11–12; text-figs 10a–b, 11a–b.	pl.25, fig.11; text-figs10a–b.	MGUH 21988	GGU 342240-4, 10.0-140.0	R40-1	Lower to upper Albian, top upper Cenomanian
Pseudoceratium iveri	pp 100–102, pl.19, figs1–8; text-figs13–15.	pl.19, fig.1; text-fig. 13	MGUH 21924	GGU 342166-5, 16,7-146,0	K46-2	Uppermost Barremian.
Pseudoceratium toveae	pp 108,110, pl. 21, fig. 11; pl. 22, figs 1–7.	pl. 22, fig. 1	MGUH 21958	GGU 360371-3, 15,3-132,0	H24-3	Upper Barremian to lowermost? Aptian
Subtilisphaera kalaallitii	p.114, pl. 26, figs.1–5.	pl. 26, figs.1–2	MGUH 21992	GGU 324622-3, 23.0-138.4	C38-4	Upper Albian to upper Cenomanian
Nøhr-Hansen, H. 1996: Upper Cretaceous dinoflagellate cyst stratigraphy, onshore West Greenland. Bulletin Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 170, 104 pp.
Dinoflagelllate cyst species	Description and illustrations	Holotype	MGUH No.	Sample, slide no., slide coordinates	England finder coordinates	Occurrence in Nuussuaq basin central W Greenland
Alterbidinium? ulloriaq	p.28. pl. 14, figs 4–12	pl. 14, fig. 4	MGUH 23927	GGU 408887-4,	Z41-1	Lowermost Paleocene
Chatangiella mcintyrei	pp 31–32. pl. 2, figs 4–9	pl. 2 fig. 4	MGUH 23784	GGU 400711-10-7, 35.3-96.6	W35-2	Coniacian
Isabelidinium svartenhukense	pp 34–35, pl. 3, figs 7–12	pl. 3 fig. 7	MGUH 23799	GGU 400712-26-4, 26.6-97.0	V26-2	Coniacian and lower Santonian
Nøhr-Hansen, H. & Heilmann-Clausen, C. 2001: Cerodinium kangiliense n. sp. and Senegalinium iterlaaiense n. sp.–two new, stratigraphically important Paleocene species from West Greenland and Denmark Neues Jahrbuch für Paläontologie. Abhandlungen 219 (1/2), 153–170.
Dinoflagelllate cyst species	Description and illustrations	Holotype	MGUH No.	Sample, slide no., slide coordinates	England finder coordinates	Occurrence in Nuussuaq basin central West Greenland and Denmark
Cerodinium kangiliense	pp 158–164, figs 4–5	fig.4 1-3	MGUH 25690	GGU 210506-5	V47-3	Middle Danian to lowermost Selandian
Senegalinium iterlaaense	pp 164–168. figur 6	fig 6 1-3	MGUH 25701	GGU 210506-5	K35-3	Middle Danian to lowermost Selandian
Nøhr-Hansen, H., Costa, L.I., Pearce, M.A. & Alsen, P. 2018: New Albian to Cenomanian (Cretaceous) dinoflagellate cyst taxa of ovoidinioid affinities from East Greenland, the Barents Sea and England Palynology Vol. 42 366–391 doi.org/10.1080/01916122.2017.1351006
Dinoflagelllate cyst species	Description and illustrations	Holotype	MGUH No.	Sample, slide no., slide coordinates	England finder coordinates	Occurrence in Nuussuaq basin central West Greenland and Denmark
Epelidosphaeridia manifesta	pp 368–370, pl. 1, figs 7–16	pl. 1, fig. 7	MGUH 31745	GGU 487643-3	F52-4	Lower Cenomanian
Ovoidinium epelidosphaeroides	pp 370–373, pl. 2, figs 1–16; pl. 7, figs 10–12	pl. 2, fig. 1	MGUH 31748	GGU 522081-4	Z21-2	Upper Albian to lower Cenomanian
Sindridinium borealis	pp 375–379. pl. 3, figs 1–16; pl. 4, figs 1–12; pl. 5, figs 1–9	pl. 3, fig. 1	MGUH 31760	GGU 522076-4	U53-1	Upper Albian to ?lower Cenomanian
Sindridinium anaanae	pp 379–384. pl. 6, figs 1–16; pl. 7, figs 1–9	pl. 6, fig. 1	MGUH 31769	GGU 518602-7	M32-1	Lower Cenomanian
Piasecki, S., 2001: Three new Middle Jurassic dinoflagellate cysts from east Greenland. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen, v.219, nos.1-2, p.15-31.
Dinoflagelllate cyst species	Description and illustrations	Holotype	MGUH No.	Sample, slide no., slide coordinates		Occurrence in Jameson Land central East Greenland
Holotype: Evansia janeae	p.20,22,24,26, figs.3A–I	fig.3B	MGUH 25645	GGU 234049		Middle Bathonian–middle Callovian.
Paratype: Evansia janeae	p.20,22,24,26, figs.3A–I	fig.3A	MGUH 25644	GGU 234049		Middle Bathonian–middle Callovian.
Holotype: Valvaeodinium leneae	p.26–28, figs.4A–L	figs 4D–E	MGUH 25655	GGU 360698		Middle Bathonian–lowermost Callovian
Paratype: Valvaeodinium leneae	p.26–28, figs.4A–L	fig.4H	MGUH 25658	GGU 360698		Middle Bathonian–lowermost Callovian
Holotype: Valvaeodinium hanneae	p.28–29, figs.5A–L	figs 5A–B	MGUH 25662.	GGU 433868		Uppermost Bathonian–lowermost Callovian
Paratype: Valvaeodinium hanneae	p.28–29, figs.5A–L	figs 5E–F	MGUH 25664	GGU 433868		Uppermost Bathonian–lowermost Callovian
Pocock, S.A.J. and Sarjeant, W.A.S., 1972: Partitomorphitae, a new subgroup of Triassic and Jurassic acritarchs. Geological Society of Denmark, Bulletin, v.21, p.346-357, pl.1-3.
Dinoflagelllate cyst species	Description and illustrations	Holotype	MMH No.	Sample, slide no., slide coordinates		Occurrence in Jameson Land central East Greenland
Holotype: Mendicodinium groenlandicum	p.352–354, pl.2, figs.1–9; text-fig.2	pl.2, fig.1; text-fig.2	12622			Middle Callovian
Paratypes: Mendicodinium groenlandicum	p.352–354, pl.2, figs.1–9; text-fig.2	pl.2, figs. 2,9,5,3	12623,24,25,26			Middle Callovian
Sarjeant, W.A.S., 1972: Dinoflagellate cysts and acritarchs from the Upper Vardekløft Formation (Jurassic) of Jameson Land, East Greenland. Meddelelser om Grønland, v.195, p.1–69, pl.1–9.
Dinoflagelllate cyst species	Description and illustrations	Holotype	Not MGUH No. But Sarjeants own system	Sample, slide no., slide coordinates		Occurrence in Jameson Land central East Greenland
Tubotuberella whatleyi	p.19–21, pl.7, fig.1; text-fig.4	pl.7, fig.1; text-fig.4	GR425/8/1 lower horizon			Bathonian–middle Callovian
Pareodinia ceratophora subsp. scopaeus	p.26, pl.2, fig.4	pl.2, fig.4	GR426/3/20 upper horizon			Upper Bathonian–lower Callovian
Pareodinia groenlandica	p.27, pl.2, fig.2; pl.5, fig.1	pl.5, fig.1	GR425/3/10A lower horizon			Upper Bathonian–lower Callovian
Pareodinia apotomocerastes	p.27–28, pl.3, fig.4	pl.3, fig.4	GR425/2/15 lower horizon			Upper Bathonian–lower Callovian
Meiourogonyaulax callomonii	p.31–33, pl.5, fig.5; text-fig.6	pl.5, fig.5; text-fig.6	GR425/7/37 lower horizon			Upper Bathonian–lower Callovian
Meiourogonyaulax strongyla	p.35–37, pl.4, fig.7; text-fig.7	pl.4, fig.7; text-fig.7	GR425/6/37 lower horizon			Bathonian
Lanterna cantrellii	p.37–38, pl.4, fig.3; pl.6, figs.1–2; text-fig.8	pl.4, fig.3; pl.6, figs.1–2; text-fig.8	GR425/3/13 lower horizon			Upper Bathonian
Valensiella dictydia	p.41, pl.3, fig.3; pl.6, fig.6	pl.6, fig.6	GR426/8/9 upper horizon			Bathonian–Callovian
Śliwińska, K.K, & Head, M.J. 2020: New species of the dinoflagellate cyst genus Svalbardella Manum, 1960, emend. from the Paleogene and Neogene of the northern high to middle latitudes. Journal of Micropalaeontology 39, 139–154
Dinoflagelllate cyst species	Description and illustrations	Holotype/Paratypes	MGUH No.	Sample, slide no., slide coordinates	England finder coordinates	Occurrence in northern high to middle latitudes
Holotype Svalbardella clausii	pp 141–145, pl. 1A–I, pl. 1F, pl. 1G	pl. 1A–C	MGUH 34445	Nini-1 well, 1100 m North Sea, slide 158L2 23 × 98.2	S23-1	Middle Oligocene
Paratype Svalbardella clausii	pp 141–145, pl. 1A–I, pl. 1F, pl. 1G	pl. 1F	MGUH 34446	IODP Leg 342, Site U1411; Sample 342-U1411B-6H-4, 21.3 × 105.1; depth: 43.64 m b.s.f. Offshore Newfoundland.	K20-3	Lowermost Chattian, Oligocene
Paratype Svalbardella clausii	pp 141–145, pl. 1A–I, pl. 1F, pl. 1G	pl. 1G	MGUH 34447	DSDP Site 112, Sample 112-5-1, 23–30 cm. Slide P-76119; Western North Atlantic	E36-3	Middle Oligocene
Smelror, M. 1988. Late Bathonian to Early Oxfordian dinoflagellate cyst stratigraphy of Jameson Land and Milne Land, East Greenland. Rapport Grønlands geologiske Undersøgelse. 137, 135–159.
Dinoflagelllate cyst species	Description and illustrations	Holotype	MGUH No.	Sample, slide no., slide coordinates	England finder coordinates	Occurrence in Milne Land central East Greenland
Holotype: Batiacasphaera laevigata	p.152–153, figs.10G–H	fig.10G	MGUH 18625	GGU 185700	U32-1	Upper Bathonian–lower Oxfordian.
Paratype: Batiacasphaera laevigata	p.152–153, figs.10G–H	fig.10H	MGUH 18626	GGU 185700	K35-2	Upper Bathonian–lower Oxfordian.

Figure 2.

Cretaceous and Paleogene dinoflagellate cysts with a MGUH number: (a) Hapsocysta benteae Holotype, MGUH 21988, GGU sample no. 342240-4, EF R40-1 Nøhr-Hansen (1993b), pp 71–72, pl. 25, fig. 11. (b) Pseudoceratium iveri Holotype, MGUH 21924, GGU sample no. 342166-5, EF K46-2 Nøhr-Hansen (1993b), pp 100–102, pl. 19, fig. 1. (c) Chatangiella mcintyrei Holotype, MGUH 23784, GGU sample no. 400711-10-7, EF W35-2 Nøhr-Hansen (1996), pp 31–32, pl. 2, fig. 4. (d) Ovoidinium epelidosphaeroides Holotype, MGUH 31748, GGU sample no. 522081-4, EF Z21-2, Nøhr-Hansen, Piasecki, and Alsen (2020), pp 370–373, pl. 2, fig. 1. (e) Sindridinium borealis Holotype, MGUH 31760, GGU sample no. 522076-4, EF U53-1, Nøhr-Hansen, Piasecki, and Alsen (2020), pp 375–379. pl. 3, fig. 1. (f) Epelidosphaeridia manifesta Holotype, MGUH 31745, GGU sample no. 487643-3, EF F52-4, Nøhr-Hansen, Piasecki, and Alsen (2020), pp 368–370, pl. 1, fig. 7. (g) Heterosphaeridium difﬁcile, MGUH 32038, GGU sample no. 522848-4, Pedersen et al. (2018). fig. 4 D. (h) Senegalinium iterlaaense Holotype, MGUH 25701, GGU sample no. 210506-5, EF K35-3, Nøhr-Hansen and Heilmann-Clausen (2001), pp 164–168. fig. 6 1–3. (i) Cerodinium kangiliense Holotype, MGUH 25690, GGU sample no. 210506-5, EF V47-3, Nøhr-Hansen and Heilmann-Clausen (2001), pp 164–168, figs 4 1–3. (j) Diphyes ﬁcusoides, MGUH 26507, sample no. Kangâmiut-1, 01C1016-6, Nøhr-Hansen (2003), p 998, pl. 3 fig. 12. (k) Trithyrodinium? conservatum Holotype, MGUH 26502, sample no. Ikermiut-1, 04E006504-2, EF U36-1, Fensome, Nøhr-Hansen and Williams (2016), p 74, pl. 15, fig. 12. (l) Piladinium columna, (former Charlesdowniea columna) MGUH 26518, sample no. Kangâmiut-1, 01C2559-3, Nøhr-Hansen (2003), p 1001, pl. 5, fig. 2.

Figure 3.

Paleogene microfossils with a MGUH number: (a) Rhabdammina discreta Brady. Agglutinated foraminifera. Bar = 40 mm, sample no. Ikermiut-1, 2474 m, MGUH 26699, Rasmussen and Sheldon (2003), p 2021, pl. 1, fig. 1. (b) Praeglobobulimina ovata (d’Orbigny). Calcareous benthic foraminifera. Bar = 200 mm, sample no. Ikermiut-1, 2549 m. MGUH 26700, Rasmussen and Sheldon (2003), p 2021, pl. 1, fig. 2. (c) Subbotina ex gr. patagonica (Todd and Kniker). Planktonic foraminifera. Bar = 200 mm, sample no. Ikermiut-1, 1800 m, MGUH 26702, Rasmussen and Sheldon (2003), p 2021, pl. 1, fig. 4. (d) Pseudohastigerina wilcoxensis (Cushman and Ponton). Planktonic foraminifera. Bar = 100 mm, sample no. Kangâmiut-1, 2844 m, MGUH 26707m, Rasmussen and Sheldon (2003), p 2023, pl. 2, fig. 1. (e) Bulimina midwayensis (Cushman and Parker). Calcareous benthic foraminifera. Bar = 100 mm, sample no. Ikermiut-1, 2549 m, MGUH 26708, Rasmussen and Sheldon (2003), p 2023, pl. 2, fig. 2. (f) Aulacodiscus hirtus (Barker and Meakin). Diatom. Bar = 100 mm, sample no. Helleﬁsk-1, 2414 m, MGUH 26704, Rasmussen and Sheldon (2003), p 2021, pl. 1, fig. 6. (g) Thalassiosiropsis wittiana (Pantocsek). Diatom. Bar = 100 mm, sample no. Helleﬁsk-1, 2420 m, MGUH 26706, Rasmussen and Sheldon (2003), p 2021, pl. 1, fig. 8.

Sample Databases

The GEUS Palynology, Nannofossil, and Microfossil Arctic Slide Collection, without type species and other figured specimens without MGUH numbers are housed at GEUS (The Geological survey of Denmark and Greenland, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark). In addition to the more than 15,000 samples included in the 102 papers listed below the GEUS Artic Slide Collection holds more than 10,000 samples representing unpublished material.

All the samples are registered in an in-house GEUS database, with information on the geological survey registration sample number, lab processing number, slide text, slide numbers, box location number, collector, and processing date. This dataset is complemented by another docket database with all information of the docket labels written in the field. Each sample has a unique six-digit docket number. The docket database contains information on the sample registration number, lithology, lithostratigraphy, section identification, height/depth in section (if available), sampling area, geographical position/coordinates of samples, sampling date, and collector.

Digital Image Database

This is another large in-house database of over 40,000 images of palynomorphs, nannofossils, and microfossils compiled since its creation in 1993. Most of the images represent fossils from the Arctic region.

Distribution Charts

In many of the GEUS Arctic publications, biostratigraphic results are illustrated using distribution and/or event charts produced using the Stratigraphic Information System (SIS) software created by Tor Bjærke (Norwegian independent consulting geologist) in the 1990s and followed by the StrataBugs biostratigraphic data management software, which GEUS still uses (see an example on Figure 4).

Figure 4.

Range chart of selected dinoﬂagellate cysts from the more than 500-m-thick dark gray mudstone succession east of Fosdalen, Hold with Hope, North-East Greenland (GEUS section, HNH081410-01; 73^o52ʹN; 20^o43ʹW) modified from Nøhr-Hansen, Piasecki, and Alsen (2020).

Geographic Coverage

The Palynology, Nannofossil, and Microfossil Arctic Slide Collection of GEUS and the Natural History Museum of Denmark represents material described and published in the 102 papers and selected reports listed below, and illustrated on Figures 5 and 6: (* indicates that specimens with MGUH or MMH numbers are illustrated; # indicate when type species with MGUH or MMH numbers are illustrated and described).

Figure 5.

Geographical Distribution of the Numbers of Samples That Form the Background for 102 Listed Articles.

Figure 6.

Geographical Distribution of the 102 Listed Articles.

• North Greenland 14 publications 1,095 samples

Nøhr-Hansen (1989) 455 samples. Cambrian (86 samples), Ordovician (92 samples), Silurian (277 samples).

Nøhr-Hansen and Koppelhus (1988)*# lower Pusgillian Stage, early Ashgill, late Ordovician (3 samples).

Grahn and Nøhr-Hansen* (1989) 90 samples. Ordovician (26 samples), Silurian (64 samples).

Dalhoff, Vigran and Stemmerik (2000)* early Carboniferous (11 samples).

Lindström et al. (2020) Smithian–Spathian boundary, late Early Triassic (45 samples).

Bjerager et al. (2019) Triassic (>150) samples).

Håkansson et al. (1981)* Oxfordian –Valanginian (21 samples)

Piasecki, Nøhr-Hansen and Dalhoff (2018) Hauterivian (?) – late Barremian, Early Cretaceous, early – middle Eocene (27 samples).

Ineson et al. (2021) late Barremian – late Aptian (15 samples).

Hovikoski et al. (2018) late Aptian – late Coniacian, Early – Late Cretaceous (250 samples).

Svennevig et al. (2018) late Aptian – late Coniacian, Early – Late Cretaceous.

Pedersen et al. (2018)* early Albian – Coniacian, Early – Late Cretaceous.

Batten (1982)* Campanian or Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous (4 samples).

Lyck and Stemmerik (2000)* Paleocene (24 samples).

• Central West Greenland 26 publications 3,725 samples

Nøhr-Hansen (2005) Albian (55 samples).

Nøhr-Hansen (2008a) Albian (20 samples).

Koppelhus and Pedersen (1993)* Albian, Early Cretaceous, Cenomanian–Turonian (?), Late Cretaceous (21 samples).

Lanstorp (1999) Albian, Early Cretaceous, Cenomanian, Santonian–Campanian, Late Cretaceous and early Paleocene (39 samples).

Bojesen-Koefoed et al. (2007) Albian, Early Cretaceous, Cenomanian – Late Cretaceous (30 samples).

Pedersen and Nøhr-Hansen (2014) Cretaceous – early Paleocene (>1,000 samples).

Dam et al. (2009) Cretaceous–Paleocene.

Dam et al. (1998)* Cenomanian–Turonian, Late Cretaceous (36 samples).

Nøhr-Hansen (1997) Turonian–Coniacian.

Pedersen, Schovsbo and Nøhr-Hansen (2013) early Coniacian – early Santonian (21 samples).

Nøhr-Hansen (1996)*# Coniacian – late Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous and Paleocene (250 samples).

Dam et al. (2000) early Campanian (61 samples).

Croxton (1980)* Campanian–Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous – Paleocene (?) (>1,000 samples).

Kennedy, Nøhr-Hansen, and Dam (1999) late Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous (5 samples).

Hansen (1980a)*# Cretaceous–Tertiary (300 samples).

Nøhr-Hansen and Dam (1997) Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary (178 samples).

Nøhr-Hansen and Dam (1999)* Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary.

Nøhr-Hansen (1993a)* Late Maastrichtian (?), Late Cretaceous – early Paleocene (27 samples).

Dam and Nøhr-Hansen (2001) late Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous – early Paleocene.

Hansen (1980b) Paleocene (>300 samples)

Jûrgensen and Mikkelsen (1974)* Danian, early Paleocene (3 samples).

Piasecki et al. (1992)* Paleocene (71 samples).

Nøhr-Hansen and Sheldon (2000) Paleocene.

Sheldon (2000) Paleocene (>50 samples).

Nøhr-Hansen and Heilmann-Clausen (2001)*# Paleocene.

Nøhr-Hansen Sheldon and Dam (2002)* Paleocene (258 samples).

• Southern East Greenland 1 publication 200 samples

Nøhr-Hansen (2012) Cretaceous–Paleocene – earliest Eocene (?) (>200 samples).

• Central East Greenland 21 publications 1,459 samples

Vigran, Stemmerik and Piasecki (1999)* Tournaisian–Westphalian, Devonian–Carboniferous (152 samples).

Piasecki (1984) Permian – early Triassic (>400 samples).

Pedersen and Lund (1980)* Rhaetian, late Triassic – Hettangian, early Jurassic (50 samples).

Clemmensen et al. (2022) middle – late Hettangian, early Jurassic (3 samples).

Koppelhus and Dam (2003) Sinemurian–Aalenian, early – middle Jurassic (230 samples).

Lund and Pedersen (1985)* late Pliensbachian – early Kimmeridgian, early – late Jurassic (38 samples).

Krencker, Lindström and Bodin (2019) Toarcian, early Jurassic (31 samples).

Koppelhus and Hansen (2003) Toarcian–Bajocian, early – middle Jurassic (300 samples).

Larsen, Piasecki and Surlyk (2003) Bajocian–Oxfordian, middle – late Jurassic (25 samples).

Fensome (1979)*#, Bajocian–Portlandian, middle – late Jurassic (26 samples).

Piasecki (2001)*# middle Bathonian – middle Callovian, middle Jurassic (6 samples).

Sarjeant (1972)*# late Bathonian – early Callovian, middle Jurassic (2 samples).

Smelror (1988)*# late Bathonian – early Oxfordian, middle – late Jurassic (40 samples).

Piasecki, Callomon and Stemmerik (2004) Bathonian–Kimmeridgian, middle – late Jurassic (18 samples).

Pocock and Sarjeant (1972)*# middle Callovian, middle Jurassic (1 sample).

Piasecki et al. (2004) Callovian–Oxfordian, middle – late Jurassic (36 samples).

Piasecki and Stemmerik (2004) Callovian–Kimmeridgian, middle – late Jurassic (11 samples).

Alsen and Piasecki (2018) Oxfordian–Volgian, late Jurrassic (58 samples).

Piasecki (1979) Hauterivian, Early Cretaceous (11 samples).

Nøhr-Hansen and Piasecki (2002)* Paleocene (13 samples).

Heilmann-Clausen et al. (2008) Ypresian–Lutetian, early – middle Eocene (8 samples).

• North-East Greenland 11 publications 3,522 samples

Stemmerik et al. (1993) Carboniferous–Cretaceous (>1,000 samples).

Andrews et al. (2021) Permian– Cretaceous (50 samples)

Nøhr-Hansen, Piasecki and Alsen (2019) late Tithonian – early Maastrichtian, Early – Late Cretaceous (>1,000 samples).

Bjerager et al. (2020) late Tithonian – early Maastrichtian, Early – Late Cretaceous (>1,000 samples).

Piasecki, Bojesen-Koefoed and Alsen (2020)* early Valanginian – Hauterivian, Early Cretaceous (63 samples).

Nøhr-Hansen (1993b)*# Barremian–Albian, Early Cretaceous (192 samples).

Nøhr-Hansen (1994)* Barremian–Albian, Early Cretaceous.

Nøhr-Hansen et al. (2018)*# Albian–Cenomanian, Early – Late Cretaceous (50 samples).

Hovikoski et al. (2020) late Cenomanian – early Campanian, Early – Late Cretaceous (48 samples).

Nøhr-Hansen et al. (2011) Danian–Thanetian/Ypresian(?), Palaeogene (69 samples).

Hovikoski et al. (2021) Paleocene–Eocene (50 samples).

In addition to the material from Greenland, Cretaceous material has been described from:

• Arctic Canada 2 publications 81 samples

Nøhr-Hansen and McIntyre (1998) Barremian–Albian, Early Cretaceous (33 samples).

Lenniger et al. (2014) Cenomanian–Coniacian, Late Cretaceous (48 samples).

• Offshore exploration wells and scientific boreholes from the Labrador–Baffin Seaway, northeast Baffin Bay and the Arctic Ocean 17 publications 4,826 samples

Nøhr-Hansen (2004b) Aptian, Cretaceous – Priabonian, late Eocene (104 samples).

Sønderholm et al. (2003) Albian, Early Cretaceous – Priabonian, late Eocene.

Nøhr-Hansen et al. (2021) Neoproterozoic (19 samples); Albian–Turonian, Early – Late Cretaceous (143 samples).

Dalhoff et al. (2006) middle – late Jurassic; Early Cretaceous; Danian–Selandian, early Paleocene (242 samples).

Fensome Nøhr-Hansen and Williams (2016)*# Aptian, Early Cretaceous – Pleistocene, Quaternary.

Nøhr-Hansen, Williams, and Fensome (2016) Aptian, Early Cretaceous – Pleistocene, Quaternary (>800 samples).

Gregersen et al. (2017) Cenomanian–Paleocene (178 samples)

Toxwenius (1986) Late Cretaceous – Tertiary (2,114 samples).

Sheldon (2003b) Danian–Selandian (?), Paleocene.

Nøhr-Hansen (2003)* Danian, early Paleocene – Priabonian, late Eocene (355 samples).

Rasmussen and Sheldon, (2003)* Danian, early Paleocene – Priabonian, late Eocene (714 samples).

Rasmussen, Nøhr-Hansen and Sheldon (2003) Danian, early Paleocene – Priabonian, late Eocene.

Sheldon (2003a) Early – middle Eocene (69 samples).

Dalhoff et al. (2003) Danian, early Paleocene – Priabonian, late Eocene.

Nørgaard-Pedersen et al. (2007) Pleistocene, Quaternary.

Nøhr-Hansen (2004a) Selandian, Paleocene – Priabonian, late Eocene (81 samples).

Piasecki (2003) Neogene (26 samples).

• Greenland Sea, Norwegian Sea, Barents Sea and Spitsbergen 11 publications 754 samples

Marín et al. (2021) Middle Jurassic – Early Cretaceous (10 samples).

Marin et al. (2017) latest Ryazanian (?)/ Valanginian – Cenomanian, Early – Late Cretaceous (27 samples).

Śliwińska et al. (2020) Valanginian–Aptian, Early Cretaceous (123 samples).

Grundvåg et al. (2017) late Valanginian – middle Albian, Early Cretaceous (101 samples).

Grundvåg et al. (2019) late Valanginian – early Aptian, Early Cretaceous (38 samples).

Kairanova et al. (2018) Hauterivian–Cenomanian (?), Early – Late Cretaceous (5 samples).

Marín et al. (2018) early Barremian – late Albian (?), Early Cretaceous (31 samples).

Nøhr-Hansen et al. (2018)*# Albian–Cenomanian, Early – Late Cretaceous (50 samples). The paper also contains 50 samples from North-East Greenland as listed above.

Fyhn et al. (2021) Albian, Early Cretaceous – Eocene (68 samples)

Nøhr-Hansen (2008b) Maastrichtian–Eocene (299 samples)

Śliwińska and Head (2020)*# middle Oligocene (2 samples).

Footnotes

Acknowledgements

The present work is based on fieldwork and sample collections by the authors and several of our GGU/GEUS colleagues during field seasons in southern East, central East, North-East, North and central West Greenland (Morten Bjerager, Jørgen Bojesen-Koefoed, Flemming Getreuer Christiansen, Gregers Dam, Michael B.W. Fyhn, Jussi Hovikoski, Jon Ineson, Lotte Melchior Larsen, Lars Henrik Nielsen, Gunver Krarup Pedersen, Jan A. Rasmussen, Lars Stemmerik, Martin Sønderholm, Henrik Vosgerau) also Michael Larsen (INEOS Oil & Gas Denmark) Asger Ken Pedersen (Natural History Museum of Denmark) and colleagues from the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) who are thanked. We also want to thank specially Yvonne Desezar, Lasse Gudmundsson, Birthe Amdrup, Johnny Hansen, Dorthe Samuelsen and Kim Villadsen, for processing and preparing high quality palynological, nannofossil and microfossil slides of numerous samples and to Jette Halskov and Stefan Sølberg who produced fine artwork. We also want to thank Dr. Juilee Decker Editor, of the peer-reviewed journal Collections and the guest editor team Dr. Consuelo Sendino and Dr. Svetlana Nikolaeva, for their very valuable comments and suggestions.

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

ORCID iDs

Henrik Nøhr-Hansen

Kasia K. Śliwińska

Sofie Lindström

Author Biographies

Henrik Nøhr-Hansen is a senior research geologist, now emeritus, at the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS). He specialises in palynology, biostratigraphy, and correlation of Cretaceous–Palaeogene successions from on- and offshore Greenland, Arctic Canada, offshore eastern Canada, offshore Norway and offshore Faroe Islands. He has 39 years professional Arctic experience, including 18 field seasons.

Stefan Piasecki is a senior research geologist specialising in stratigraphy, using microscopic, organic fossils e.g. dinoflagellate cysts, spores and pollen and other palynomorphs from fieldwork on Devonian to Recent sediments in the North Atlantic region, mainly Denmark and East and North Greenland. He worked for 36 years at GEUS and is now emeritus at the Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.

Kasia K. Śliwińska is a senior research scientist at GEUS. She uses organic particles, e.g. spores, pollen, dinoflagellate cysts and algae, and organic geochemistry to investigate the geological development of ancient sedimentary basins and to study climatic and environmental changes of the past.

Sofie Lindström is an affiliated professor at the Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management at the University of Copenhagen. In her research she uses palynology to unravel how palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental changes in deep time caused mass extinctions and other biotic crises in both the marine and terrestrial realm.

Emma Sheldon is a senior research geologist at GEUS. She is a biostratigrapher, using fossil calcareous nannoplankton, foraminifera and diatoms to date rocks for their use in stratigraphic correlation. She specialises in the Cretaceous and Cenozoic of the North Sea area and South West and North East Greenland.

Karen Dybkjær is a senior research scientist at GEUS. She uses organic particles, e.g. spores, pollen, dinoflagellate cysts and algae, to investigate the geological development of ancient sedimentary basins and to study climatic and environmental changes of the past.

Annette Ryge is a laboratory technician at GEUS, with more than 17 years’ experience in processing microfossils, core analyses and data management of GEUS’s micropaleontological slide collection.

Charlotte Olsen is a laboratory technician at GEUS, with competence in microfossil preparation. She also specializes in DNA and other environment-related analyses, mainly from the Cenozoic.

Peter Alsen is a senior research geologist at GEUS whose main interests are Jurassic and Cretaceous ammonites and belemnites and their stratigraphy and palaeobiogeography in Greenland and the Arctic, based on fossil collections from 18 field seasons in Greenland and Svalbard between 1996 and 2022.

John Boserup is a laboratory technician, now emeritus, at GEUS. He has more than 40 years’ experience in Arctic sample and data collection and data management of GEUS’s sample and slide collections databases. He also organised and participated in numerous on- and offshore drilling campaigns.

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