Intracardiac Echocardiography for Point-of-Care Guided Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation: Surgical Implications for COVID-19

COVID-19 and Myocardial Dysfunction

The reported frequency of myocardial dysfunction in patients with COVID-19 infection is around 40%, ² with a third of patients admitted to the ICU requiring cardiac support. Although only 4% of COVID-19 patients receiving ECMO required mechanical cardiac support,^3-5 each of those cases poses complex individual clinical, organizational and ethical dilemmas. The United States Food and Drug Administration has issued an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for emergency use of the Impella Left Ventricular (LV) Support Systems for providing temporary LV unloading and support to treat critical care patients with confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) infection. ⁶ The implantation of LVADs is traditionally performed in the hybrid operating room by cardiac surgeons or in the catheterization laboratory setting, presenting significant epidemiological risks when patients are highly contagious.

Guiding Implantation of Percutaneous LVADs

Axial flow LVADs are inserted via a large artery (femoral, subclavian, or axillary) percutaneously or via vascular graft and introduced retrograde via the aorta and aortic valve into the left ventricle. The blood inlet port is positioned mid-cavity within the ventricle and the miniature motor immediately below the blood outlet is sited in the ascending aorta. The reinforced catheter traverses the aortic valve and allows up to 5 L/min of flow to be delivered from the failing left ventricle into the systemic circulation. Traditional techniques for implantation involve positional guidance with fluoroscopy presenting a dangerous logistical challenge for highly unstable, hypoxemic, and infectious patients. Transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE) offers good quality of cardiac imaging in ventilated patients, but it is considered an aerosol-generating procedure and thus presents extra risk of infectious exposure of the staff. ⁷ Furthermore, TEE can be very problematic in non-intubated hypoxic patients and in patients with medical contraindications for this semi-invasive procedure.

Intracardiac 3D Ultrasonography

Recent developments in technology allow real-time three-dimensional intraluminal imaging using catheter-based volumetric ultrasonography with similar principles utilized in 3D TEE. The first commercially available 90 cm long 12.5 Fr wide-angle elevation 3D ICE catheter provides imaging with an azimuthal angle of 90° and an elevation angle of 50°, while scanning at 16 cm depth with up to 20 volumes per second using 6–8 MHz frequency. Importantly, ICE can be performed as a point-of-care intervention, offering immediate proximity to the structures of interest and unique comprehensive views especially pertinent for the aortic valve, left ventricular outflow tract, proximal ascending aorta, basal and mid-left ventricular walls and cavity, tricuspid valve, and right heart chambers. This includes sequential components of LVAD implantation tools (including metal and plastic guidewires and catheters thicker than .035″), making it a unique option for comprehensive pre-, intra- and post-procedural assessment (Figure 1). The technique can be performed under local anesthesia in humans, eliminating the need for sedation or general anesthesia and airway protection in patients requiring TEE. It eliminates radiation exposure from image intensifiers and reduces the number of required personnel. As a point-of-care guide for placement of intracardiac pumps in the ICU, ICE optimizes logistics and time management, eliminates intra-hospital transfers, and reduces risks of infection for other patients and staff.OPEN IN VIEWER

There is a balance to the benefits gained. A 14 Fr vascular sheath introducer increases risks of severe vascular injury and resulting bleeding, thrombosis, or infection. Intimate contact with cardiac tissue can lead to arrhythmias and cardiac arrest. There is further risk of clot formation inside the large vascular sheath and resulting pulmonary embolism. ⁸ There is also an ever-present risk of incorrect identification of structures during early adoption of the technique, leading to misdiagnosis or severe complications. Limitations in spatial and temporal resolution of 3D ICE make imaging of thin guidewires with diameter of ≤.018′ unreliable. The implications of malposition and tangling of guidewires are profoundly serious and have been reflected in reported complications. ¹ Poor imaging details of the left ventricular apex and the mitral valve are usually non-essential for transaortic-inserted LVADs but has absolute importance for surgical and minimally invasive apically implanted types of LVADs.

Clinical Implications

A gap in knowledge remains in the physiological and clinical consequences of percutaneous temporary LVADs and in the optimization of their settings and the best combination with other circulatory support systems, especially with VA ECMO. Urgent studies are required to close this knowledge gap and find new options to guide point-of-care implantation of miniaturized percutaneous LVADs. Interspecies anatomical differences would require consideration in direct translation of implantation techniques from animal studies. However, the similarity of principles using wide pyramidal datasets obtained from inside the cardiac chambers and used for guidance of LVAD positioning, monitoring of complications, and investigating cardiac progress is indisputable.

Conclusion

Data from animal models are now available to initiate assessment of human safety and feasibility of wide-angle 3D ICE to guide point-of-care implantation of percutaneous LVADs in critical care settings. Assessment of these combined new technologies could be best achieved within a surgical institution with pre-existing expertise in separate utilization of ICE and Impella.