Abstract
Answer A. Albuminuria
Albuminuria is the hallmark of the beginning of diabetic kidney disease. In a healthy kidney, albumin is not identified (certainly in large quantities) in the urine as it is filtered. In chronic kidney disease (of any aetiology), albumin leaks into the urine in increasing quantities.
InnovAiT article: Diabetic kidney disease. DOI: 10.1177/17557380231206786.