The Prediction and Prevention of ARDS

Montgomery AB , Stager MA , Carrico CJ , Hudson LD . Causes of mortality in patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1985;132:485–489.

Ashbaugh DG , Bigelow DB , Petty TL , Levine BE . Acute respiratory distress in adults. Lancet. 1967;2:319–323.

Shoemaker WC , Appel P , Czer LSC , . Pathogenesis of respiratory failure (ARDS) after hemorrhage and trauma: I. Cardiorespiratory patterns preceding the development of ARDS. Crit Care Med. 1980;8:504–512.

Weigelt JA , Snyder WH III , Mitchell RA . Early identification of patients prone to develop adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Surg. 1981;142:687–691.

Calindrino FS Jr , Anderson DJ , Mintun MA , Schuster DP . Pulmonary vascular permeability during the adult respiratory distress syndrome: A positron emission tomographic study. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1988;138:421–428.

Pinsky MR , Matuschak GM . Multiple systems organ failure: Failure of host defense homeostasis. Crit Care Clinic. 1989;5:199–220.

Fein A , Weiner-Kronish JP , Niederman M , Matthay MA . Pathophysiology of the adult respiratory distress syndrome: What have we learned from human studies?Crit Care Clin. 1986;2:429–453.

Demling RH . The role of mediators in human ARDS. J Crit Care. 1988;3:56–72.

Hudson LD . Multiple systems organ failure (MSOF): Lessons learned from the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Crit Care Clinic. 1989;5:697–705.

Thommasen HV . The role of the polymorphonuclear leukocyte in the pathogenesis of the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Clin Invest Med. 1985;8:185–194.

Tate RM , Repine JE . Neutrophils and the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1983;128:552–559.

Rinaldo JE . Mediation of ARDS by leukocytes: Clinical evidence and implications for therapy. Chest. 1986;89:590–593.

Weiland JE , Davis WB , Holter JF , Mohammed JR , Dorinsky PM , Gadek JE . Lung neutrophils in the adult respiratory distress syndrome: Clinical and pathophysiologic significance. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1986;133:218–225.

Thommasen HV , Russell JA , Boyko WJ , . Transient leucopenia associated with adult respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet. 1984;1:809–812.

Brigham KL . Mechanisms of lung injury. Clin Chest Med. 1982;3:9–24.

Ward PA , Till GO , Harherill JR , Annesley TM , Kunkel RG . Systemic complement activation, lung injury, and products of lipid peroxidation. J Clin Invest. 1985;76:517–527.

Brigham KL . Role of free radicals in lung injury. Chest. 1986;89:859–863.

Hammerschmidt DE , Weaver LJ , Hudson LD , . Association of complement activation and elevated plasma C5a with adult respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet. 1980;1:947–949.

Weinberg PF , Matthay MA , Webster RO , . Biologically active products of complement and acute lung injury in patients with the sepsis syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1984;130:791–796.

Duchateau J , Haas M , Schreyen H , . Complement activation in patients at risk of developing the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1984;130:1058–1064.

Maunder RJ , Harlan JM , Talucci RC , . Measurement of C3a and C5a in high-risk patients does not predict ARDS (abstract). Am Rev Respir Dis. 1984;129:A104.

Rubin DB , Matthay MA , Weinberg PF , Murray JF . Factor VIII antigen: Possible plasma marker of progressive acute lung injury in patients with sepsis (abstract). Am Rev Respir Dis. 1985;131:A142.

Robbins R , Maunder R , Gossman G , Kendall T , Hudson L , Rennard S. Functional loss of chemotactic factor inactivator in the adult respiratory distress syndrome (abstract). Am Rev Respir Dis. 1986;133:A277.

Hudson LD . Causes of the adult respiratory distress syndrome: Clinical recognition. Clin Chest Med. 1982;3:195–212.

Pepe PE , Potkin RT , Holtman-Reus D , Hudson LD , Carrico CJ . Clinical predictors of the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Surg. 1982;144:124–130.

Fowler AA , Hamman RF , Good JT , . Adult respiratory distress syndrome: Risk with common predispositions. Ann Intern Med. 1983;98:593–597.

Pepe PE , Hudson LD , Carrico CJ . Early application of positive end-expiratory pressure in patients at risk for the adult respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1984;311:281–286.

Maunder RJ . Clinical prediction of the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Clin Chest Med. 1985;6:413–426.

Luce JM , Montgomery AB , Marks JD , . Ineffectiveness of high-dose methylprednisolone in preventing parenchymal lung injury and improving mortality in patients with septic shock. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1988;138:62–68.

Driks MR , Craven DE , Celli B , . Nosocomial pneumonia in intubated patients given sucralfate as compared with antacids or histamine type 2 blockers. N Engl J Med. 1987;317:1376–1380.

Schmidt GB , O'Neill WW , Kotb K , Kwang KK , Bennet EJ , Boombeck CT . Continuous positive airway pressure in the prophylaxis of the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1976;143:613–618.

Weigelt JA , Mitchell RA , Snyder WH III . Early positive end-expiratory pressure in the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Arch Surg. 1979;114:497–501.

Bell RC , Coalson JJ , Smith JD , Johanson WG Jr . Multiple organ failure and infection in adult respiratory distress syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 1983;99:293–298.

Seidenfeld JJ , Pohl DF , Bell RC , Harris GD , Johanson WG Jr . Incidence, site, and outcome of infections in patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1986;134:12–16.

Gattinoni L , Pesenti A , Mascheroni D , . Low-frequency positive-pressure ventilation with extracorporeal CO2 removal in severe acute respiratory failure: Clinical results. JAMA. 1986;256:881–886.

Zapol WM , Snider MT , Dill JD , . Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in severe acute respiratory failure. JAMA. 1979;242:2193–2196.

Morris AH , Menlove RL , Rollins RJ , Wallace CJ , Beck E. A controlled clinical trial of a new 3-step therapy that includes extracorporeal CO2 removal for ARDS. Trans Am Soc Artif Organs. 1988;34:48–53.

Gurevitch MJ , VanDyke JV , Young ES , Jackson K. Improved oxygenation and lower peak airway pressure in severe adult respiratory distress syndrome: Treatment with inverse ratio ventilation. Chest. 1986;89:211–213.

Collaborative European Multicenter Study Group. Surfactant replacement therapy for severe neonatal respiratory distress syndrome: An international randomized clinical trial. Pediatrics. 1988;82:683–691.

Horbar JD , Soll RF , Sutherland JM , . A multicenter randomized placebo-controlled trial of surfactant therapy for respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1989;320:959–965.

Strayer DS , Merritt TA , Makunike C , Hallman M. Antigenicity of low molecular weight surfactant species. Am J Pathol. 1989;134:723–732.

Bernard GR , Luce JM , Sprung CL , . High-dose corticosteroids in patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1987;317:1565–1570.

Bone RC , Fisher CJ Jr , Clemmer TP , . Early methylprednisolone treatment for septic syndrome and the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Chest. 1987;92:1032–1036.

Weigelt JA , Norcross JF , Borman KR , Snyder WH . Early steroid therapy for respiratory failure. Arch Surg. 1985;120:536–540.

Schonfeld SA , Ploysongsang Y , DiLisio R , . Fat embolism prophylaxis with corticosteroids. Ann Intern Med. 1983;99:438–443.

Ishizaka A , Wu Z , Stephens FE , . Attenuation of acute lung injury in septic guinea pigs by pentoxifylline. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1988;138:376–382.

Wewers MD , Casolaro MA , Sellers SE , . Replacement therapy for alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency associated with emphysema. N Engl J Med. 1987;316:1055–1062.

Turrens JF , Crapo JD , Freeman BA . Protection against oxygen toxicity by intravenous injection of liposome-entrapped catalase and superoxide dismutase. J Clin Invest. 1984;73:87–95.

Maunder RJ , Winn RK , Gleisner JM , Hildebrandt J , Harlan JM . Effect of intravenous catalase on the pulmonary vascular response to endotoxemia in goats. J Appl Physiol. 1988;64:697–704.

Bernard GR , Lucht WD , Niedermeyer ME , . Effect of N-acetylcysteine on the pulmonary response to endotoxin in the awake sheep and upon in vitro granulocyte function. J Clin Invest. 1984;73:1772–1784.

Zeigler EJ , McCutchan JA , Fierer J , . Treatment of gram-negative bacteremia and shock with human antiserum to a mutant Escherichia coli. N Engl J Med. 1982;307:1225–1230.

Baumgartner JD , McCutchan JA , Ziegler EJ , Glauser MP . Prevention of gram-negative shock and death in surgical patients by antibody to endotoxin core glycolipid. Lancet. 1985;2:59–63.

Tracey KJ , Fong Y , Hesse DG , . Anti-cachectin/TNF monoclonal antibodies prevent septic shock during lethal bacteremia. Nature. 1987;339:662–664.

Harris SK , Bone RC , Ruth WE . Gastrointestinal hemorrhage in a RICU. Chest. 1977;72:301.

Atherton ST , White DJ . Stomach as source of bacteria colonising respiratory tract during artificial ventilation. Lancet. 1978;4:968–969.

duMoulin GC , Paterson DG , Hedley-Whyte J , Lisbon A. Aspiration of gastric bacteria in antacid-treated patients: A frequent cause of postoperative colonisation of the airway. Lancet. 1982;1:242–245.

Pingleton SK , Hinthorn DR , Liu C. Enteral nutrition in patients receiving mechanical ventilation: Multiple sources of tracheal colonization include the stomach. Am J Med. 1986;80:827–832.

Giannella R , Braitman S , Zamcheck N. Gastric acid barrier to ingested microorganisms in man: Studies in vivo and in vitro. Gut. 1972;13:251–256.

Snepar R , Poporad GA , Romano JM , Kobasa WD , Kaye D. Effect of cimetidine and antacid on gastric microbial flora. Infect Immun. 1982;36:518–524.

Driks MR , Craven DE , Celli B , . Nosocomial pneumonia in intubated patients given sucralfate as compared with antacids or histamine type 2 blockers. N Engl J Med. 1987;317:1376–1380.

Tryba M. Risk of acute stress bleeding and nosocomial pneumonia in ventilated intensive care patients: Sucralfate versus antacids. Am J Med. 1987;83(Suppl 3B):117.

Tryba M , Mantey-Stiers F. Antibacterial activity of sucralfate in human gastric juice. Am J Med. 1987;83(Suppl 3B):125–127.

Stoutenbeek CP , van Saene HKF , Miranda DR , . The effect of oropharyngeal decontamination using topical non-absorbable antibiotics on the incidence of nosocomial respiratory tract infections in multiple trauma patients. J Trauma. 1987;27:357.

Ledingham IM , Eastaway AT , McKay IC , Alcock SR , McDonald JC , Ramsay G. Triple regimen of selective decontamination of the digestive tract, systemic cefotaxime, and microbiological surveillance for prevention of acquired infection in intensive care. Lancet. 1988;1:785.

van Saene HKF , Stoutenbeek CP , Lawin P , Ledingham I McA (eds). Infection control in intensive care units by selective decontamination. Proceedings of the International Congress on Selective Decontamination held in Jersey, UK 1988. Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Volume 7. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1989.

Feeley TW , du Moulin GC , Hedley-Whyte J , . Aerosol polymyxin and pneumonia in seriously ill patients. N Engl J Med. 1975;293:471.