SchnappLM, CohenNH. Pulse oximetry uses and abuses. Chest1990;98(5):1244–1250.
7.
EscourrouPJL, DelapercheMF, VisseauxA.Reliability of pulse oximetry during exercise in pulmonary patients. Chest1990;97(3):635–638.
8.
PowersSK, DoddS, FreemanJ, AyersGD, SamsonH, McKnightT.Accuracy of pulse oximetry to estimate HbO2 fraction of total Hb during exercise. J Appl Physiol1989;67(1):300–304.
9.
DouglasN, BrashH, WraithP, CalverlyP, LeggettR, McElderryL, FlenleyD.Accuracy, sensitivity to carboxyhemoglobin, and speed of response of the Hewlett-Packard 47201A ear oximeter. Am Rev Respir Dis1979;119:311–313.
10.
HansenJ, CasaburiR.Validity of ear oximetry in clinical exercise testing. Chest1987;91:333–337.
11.
PowersS, DoddS, WoodyardJ, BeadleR.Alterations in hemoglobin saturation during incremental arm and leg exercise. Br J Sports Med1984;18:212–216.
12.
SmythRJ, D'UrzoAD, SlutskyAS, GalkoBM, RebuckAS. Ear oximetry during combined hypoxia and exercise. J Appl Physiol1986;60:716–719.
13.
RiesAL, FedulloPF, ClausenJL. Rapid changes in arterial blood gas levels after exercise in pulmonary patients. Chest1983;83:454–56.
14.
FryeM, DiBenedettoR, LainD, MorganK.Single arterial puncture vs arterial cannula for arterial gas analysis after exercise. Chest1988;93(2):294–298.
15.
ClarkJS, VotteriB, AriagnoRL, CheungP, EichhornJH, FallatRJ, . Noninvasive assessment of blood gases. Am Rev Respir Dis1992;145:220–232.
16.
FukushimaT, OhruiT, IlabashisSekizawak, AikawaT, YanaiM, SasakiH, TakishimiaT.Prolonged hypoxemia after 10 minutes walking exercise in aged patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Tohoku J Exp Med1990;162(4):345–353.
17.
RiesAL, FarrowJT, ClausenLF. Pulmonary function tests cannot predict exercise-induced hypoxemia in COPD. Chest1988;93:454–459.
18.
MooreDP, WestonAR, HughesJMB, OakleyCM, ClelandJGF. Effects of increased inspired oxygen concentrations on exercise performance in chronic heart failure. Lancet1992;339:850–853.
19.
CarloneS, AngelieiE, PalangeP, SerraP, FarberMO. Effects of fenoterol on oxygen transport in patients with chronic airflow obstruction. Chest1988;93(4):790–794.
20.
BowerJS, BrookCJ, ZimmerK, DavisD.Performance of a demand oxygen saver system during rest, exercise, and sleep in hypoxemic patients. Chest1988;94(1):77–80.
MoriceRC, PetersEJ, RyanMB, PutnamJB, AliMK, RothJA. Exercise testing in the evaluation of patients at high risk for complications from lung resection. Chest1992;101:356–361.
23.
BrittonMG, AppsMCP, MaxwellDL, HughesDTD, HansonA.The value of ear lobe oximetry in the assessment of disability in asbestos-related disease. Respir Med1989;83:43–49.
24.
American College of Sports Medicine. Guidelines for graded exercise testing and exercise prescription, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1986.
25.
RochmisP, BlackburnH.Exercise tests: a survey of procedures, safety, and litigation experience in approximately 170,000 tests. JAMA1971;217(8):1061–1066.
26.
WassermanK, HansenJE, SueDY, WhippBJ. Principles of exercise testing and interpretation. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1987.
27.
American Association for Respiratory Care. AARC Clinical Practice Guideline: pulse oximetry. Respir Care1991;36:1046–1048.
28.
American Association for Respiratory Care. AARC Clinical Practice Guideline: Sampling for arterial blood gas analysis. Respir Care1992;37:913–917.
29.
American Association for Respiratory Care. AARC Clinical Practice Guideline: arterial blood analysis. Respir Care (in press).
30.
SeveringhausJW, NaifehKH. Accuracy of response of six pulse oximeters to profound hypoxia. Anesthesiology1987;67:551–558.
31.
SeveringhausJW, NaifehKH, KohSO. Errors in 14 pulse oximeters during profound hypoxia. J Clin Monit1989;5:72–81.
32.
DubachP, FroelicherVF, KleinJ, OakesD, Grover-McKayM, FriisR.Exercise-induced hypotension in a male population. Circulation1988;78:1380–1387.
33.
TweeddaleP, DouglasN.Evaluation of Biox IIa ear oximeter. Thorax1985;40:825–827.
34.
MorrisRW, NairnM, TordaTA. A comparison of fifteen pulse oximeters. Part I: a clinical comparison; Part II: a test of performance under conditions of poor perfusion. Anaesth Intensive Care1989;17:62–82.
35.
WilliamsJ, PowersS, StuartM.Hemoglobin desaturation in highly trained endurance athletes during heavy exercise. Med Sci Sports Exercise1986;18:168–173.
36.
GodfreyS, WozniakER, Courtney-EvansRJ, SamuelsCS. Ear lobe blood samples for blood gas analysis at rest and during exercise. Br J Dis Chest1971;65:58–65.
37.
MartinD, PowersS, CicaleM, CollopN, HuangD, CriswellD.Validity of pulse oximetry during exercise in elite endurance athletes. J Appl Physiol1992;72(2):455–458.
38.
WarleyAH, MitchellJH, StradlingJR. Evaluation of the Ohmeda 3700 pulse oximeter. Thorax1987;42:892–896.
39.
SeveringhausJW, KohSO. Effect of anemia on pulse oximeter accuracy at low saturation. J Clin Monit1990;6:85–88.
40.
MartinTW, ZeballosRJ, WeismanIM. Gas exchange during maximal upper extremity exercise. Chest1991;99:420–425.
41.
MartinTW, ZeballosRJ, WeismanIM. Use of arm crank exercise in the detection of abnormal pulmonary gas exchange in patients at low altitude. Chest1992;102:169–175.
ZavalaD.Manual on exercise testing, 2nd ed. Iowa City: Press of the University of Iowa, 1987.
44.
FletcherGF, FroelicherVF, HartleyLH, HaskellWL, PollockML. Exercise standards: a statement for health professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation1990;82:2286–2322.
45.
AstrandPO, RodahlK.Textbook of work physiology, 2nd ed. McGraw Hill Book Co, 1977.
46.
EllestadMH, BlomquistCG, NaughtonJP. Standards for adult exercise testing laboratories. Circulation1979;59(Suppl):421A–430A.