ParkinPC, SaundersNR, DiamondSA, WindersPM, MacarthurC.Randomised trial spacer v nebuliser for acute asthma. Arch Dis Child1995;72(3):239–240.
2.
LinYZ, HsiehKH. Metered dose inhaler and nebuliser in acute asthma. Arch Dis Child1995;72(3):214–218.
3.
CunninghamSJ, CrainEF. Reduction of morbidity in asthmatic children given a spacer device. Chest1994;106(3):753–757.
4.
KeremE, LevisonH, SchuhS, O'BrodovichH, ReismanJ, BenturL, CannyGJ. Efficacy of albuterol administered by nebulizer versus spacer device in children with acute asthma. J Pediatr1993;123(2):313–317.
5.
ChouKJ, CunninghamSJ, CrainEF. Metered-dose inhalers with spacers vs nebulizers for pediatric asthma. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med1995;149(2):201–205.
6.
KacmarekRM, HessD.The interface between patient and aerosol generator. Respir Care1991;36(9):952–976.
7.
NewmanSP. Aerosol generators and delivery systems. Respir Care1991;36(9):939–951.
8.
PhippsPR, GondaI.Droplets produced by medical nebulizers. Some factors affecting their size and solute concentration. Chest1990;97(6):1327–1332.
9.
TashkinDP. Dosing strategies for bronchodilator aerosol delivery. Respir Care1991;36(9):977–988.
10.
MatthysH, HercegR.Dosing strategies for aerosol delivery to the lung parenchyma, with specific recommendations for pentamidine. Respir Care1991;36(9):989–993.
11.
ScuchH, ParkinP, RajanA, CannyG, HealyRieder R, . High- versus low- dose frequently nebulized albuterol in children with severe, acute asthma. Pediatrics1989;83(4):513–518.
12.
NussbaumE, EyzaguirreM, GalantSP. Dose-response relationship of inhaled metaproterenol sulfate in preschool children with mild asthma. Pediatrics1990;85(6):1072–1075.
13.
RauJL. Delivery of aerosolized drugs to neonatal and pediatric patients. Respir Care1991;36(6):514–542.
14.
DolovichM.Clinical aspects of aerosol physics. Respir Care1991;36(9):931–938.
15.
BesunderJB, ReedMD, BlumerJL. Principles of drug biodisposition in the neonate: a critical evaluation of the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic interface. Clin Pharmacokinetics1988;14(5):261–286.
16.
KellyHW. Pharmacotherapy of pediatric lung disease: differences between children and adults. Clin Chest Med1987;8(4):681–694.
17.
CromptonGK. New inhalation devices. Eur J Respir Dis1988;1(8):679–680.
18.
PedersenS.Choice of inhalation therapy in pediatrics. Eur Respir Rev1994;4:85–88.
19.
LowenthalD, KattanM.Facemasks versus mouthpieces for aerosol treatment of asthmatic children. Pediatr Pulmonol1992;14(3):192–196.
20.
SacknerMA, KimCS. Recent advances in the management of obstructive airways disease. Auxiliary MDI aerosol delivery systems. Chest1985;88(2 Suppl):161S–170S.
21.
NewmanSP, MillarAB, Lennard-JonesTR, MorenF, ClarkeSW. Improvement of pressurized aerosol deposition with Nebuhaler spacer device. Thorax1984;39(12):935–941.
22.
LeeH, EvansHE. Evaluation of inhalation aids of metered dose inhalers in asthmatic children. Chest1987;91(3):366–369.
23.
SlyRM, BarberaJM, MiddletonHB, EbyDM. Delivery of albuterol aerosol by Aerochamber to young children. Ann Allergy1988;60(5):403–406.
24.
ConnerWT, DolovichMB, FrameRA, NewhouseMT. Reliable salbutamol administration in 6- to 36-month-old children by means of a metered dose inhaler and Aerochamber with mask. Pediatr Pulmonol1989;6(4):263–267.
25.
YukselB, GreenoughA, MaconochieI.Effective bronchodilator treatment by a simple spacer device for wheezy premature infants. Arch Dis Child1990;65(7):782–785.
26.
O'CallaghanC, MilnerAD, SwarbrickA.Spacer device with face mask attachment for giving bronchodilators to infants with asthma. Br Med J1989;298(6667):160–161.
27.
RachelefskyGS, RohrAS, WoJ, GraceyV, SpectorSL, SiegelSC, KatzRM, MickeyMR. Use of a tube spacer to improve the efficacy of a metered-dose inhaler in asthmatic children. Am Rev Respir Dis1986;140(11):1191–1193.
28.
CromptonGK. Clinical use of dry powder systems. Eur J Respir Dis1982;122(Suppl):96s–99s.
29.
PedersenS, HansenOR, FuglsangG.Influence of inspiratory flow rate upon effect of Turbuhaler. Arch Dis Child1990;65(3):308–310.
30.
SlyRM. Aerosol therapy in children. Respir Care1991;36(9):994–1007.
31.
ScalabrinDM, NaspitzCK. Efficacy and side effects of salbutamol in acute asthma in children: comparison of the oral route and two different nebulizer systems. J Asthma1993;30(1):51–59.
32.
CochraneGM, BosleyC.Compliance with inhaled therapy in asthma. Eur Respir Rev1994;4:92–94.
33.
BendefyIM. Home nebulisers in childhood asthma: survey of hospital supervised use. Br Med J1991;302(6786):1180–1181.
34.
SnellNJ. Adverse reactions to inhaled drugs. Respir Med1990;84(5):345–348.
35.
CochraneGM, PriorJG, ReesPJ. Home nebulisers for airflow limitation (editorial). Br Med J1985;290(6482):1608–1609.
36.
HanhanU, KissoonN, PayneM, TaylorC, MurphyS, DeNicolaLK. Effects of in-line nebulization on preset ventilatory variables. Respir Care1993;38(5):474–478.
37.
HessD.Inhaled bronchodilators during mechanical ventilation: delivery techniques, evaluation of response, and cost effectiveness. Respir Care1994;39(2):105–122.
38.
LaForceCF, EllisEF, KordanskyDW, CocchettoDM, SharpJT. Use and acceptance of Ventolin Rotacaps and the Rotohaler in 1235 asthmatic patients. Clin Therapeutics1993;15(2):321–329.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guideline for the prevention of nosocomial pneumonia. Respir Care1994;39(12):1191–1236.
41.
YarbroughJ, MansfieldLE, TingS.Metered dose inhaler-induced bronchospasm in asthmatic patients. Ann Allergy1985;55(1):25–27.
42.
RaffertyP, BeasleyR, HolgateST. Comparison of the efficacy of preservative free ipratropium bromide and Atrovent nebulizer solutions. Thorax1988;43(6):446–450.
43.
NewmanSP. Metered dose pressurized aerosols and the ozone layer. Eur Respir J1990;3(10):495–497.
44.
PaviaD, McLeodL.The environmental impact of inhaled aerosols. Eur Respir Rev1994;4:75–77.
45.
BalmesJR. Propellant gases in metered dose inhalers: their impact on the global environment. Respir Care1991;36(9):1037–1044.
46.
SalzmanGA, PyszcynskiDR. Oropharyngeal candidiasis in patients treated with beclomethasone dipropionate delivered by metered-dose inhaler alone and with Aerochamber. J Allergy Clin Immunol1988;81(2):424–428.
47.
NewmanSP. Delivery of therapeutic aerosols. Probs Respir Care1988;1:53–82.
48.
LewisRA, FlemingJS. Fractional deposition from a jet nebulizer: how it differs from a metered dose inhaler. Br J Dis Chest1985;79(4):361–367.
49.
JohnsonMA, NewmanSP, BloomR, TalaeeN, ClarkeSW. Delivery of albuterol and ipratropium bromide from two nebulizer systems in chronic stable asthma: efficacy and pulmonary deposition. Chest1989;96(1):6–10.
50.
MasonJW, MillerWC, SmallS.Comparison of aerosol delivery via Circulaire system vs conventional small volume nebulizer. Respir Care1994;39(12):1157–1161.
EverardML, ClarkAR, MilnerAD. Drug delivery from jet nebulisers. Arch Dis Child1992;67(5):580–585.
53.
XuJB, YuCP. The effects of age on deposition of inhaled aerosols in the human lung. Aerosol Sci Technol1986;5:349–357.
54.
SilvermanM.Aerosol therapy in the newborn. Arch Dis Child1990;65(8):906–908.
55.
VidgrenM.Factors influencing lung deposition of inhaled aerosols. Eur Respir J1994;4:68–70.
56.
ChungKF, JeyasinghK, SnashallPD. Influence of airway calibre on the intrapulmonary dose and distribution of inhaled aerosol in normal and asthmatic subjects. Eur Respir J1988;1(10):890–895.
57.
SalmonB, WilsonNM, SilvermanM.How much aerosol reaches the lungs of wheezy infants and toddlers?Arch Dis Child1990;65(4):410–403.
58.
HessD, HorneyD, SnyderT.Medication-delivery performance of eight small-volume, hand-held nebulizers: effects of diluent volume, gas, flowrate, and nebulizer model. Respir Care1989;34(8):717–723.
59.
WoodJA, WilsonRSE, BrayC.Changes in salbutamol concentration in the reservoir solution of a jet nebulizer. Br J Dis Chest1986;80(2):164–169.
60.
AlvineGF, RodgersP, FitzsimmonsKM, AhrensRC. Disposable jet nebulizers. How reliable are they?Chest1992;101(2):316–319.
61.
TenholderMF, BrysonMJ, WhitlockWL. A model for conversion from small volume nebulizer to metered dose inhaler aerosol therapy. Chest1992;101(3):634–637.
62.
BowtonDL, GoldsmithWM, HaponikEF. Substitution of metered-dose inhalers for hand-held nebulizers: success and cost savings in a large, acute-care hospital. Chest1992;101(2):305–308.
63.
JasperAC, MohsenifarZ, KahanS, GoldbergHS, KoernerSK. Cost-benefit comparison of aerosol bronchodilator delivery methods in hospitalized patients. Chest1987;91(4):614–618.
64.
OrensDK, KesterL, FergusLC, StollerJK. Cost impact of metered dose inhalers vs small volume nebulizers in hospitalized patients: The Cleveland Clinic experience. Respir Care1991;36(10):1099–1104.
65.
HughesJM, SaezJ.Effects of nebulizer mode and position in a mechanical ventilator circuit on dose efficiency. Respir Care1987;32(12):1131–1135.
66.
ManthousCA, HallJB. Administration of therapeutic aerosols to mechanically ventilated patients. Chest1994;106:560–571.
67.
FlavinM, MacDonaldM, DolovichM, CoatesG, O'BrodovichH.Aerosol delivery to the rabbit lung with an infant ventilator. Pediatr Pulmonol1986;2(1):35–39.
68.
RauJL, HarwoodRJ. Comparison of nebulizer delivery methods through a neonatal endotracheal tube: a bench study. Respir Care1992;37(11):1233–1240.
69.
CameronD, CalyM, SilvermanM.Evaluation of nebulizers for use in neonatal ventilator circuits. Crit Care Med1990;18(8):866–870.
70.
FullerHD, DolovichMB, PosmituckG, PackW, NewhouseMT. Pressurized aerosol versus jet aerosol delivery to mechanically ventilated patients: comparison of dose to the lungs. Am Rev Respir Dis1990;141(2):440–444.
71.
AhrensRC, RiesRA, PopendorfW, WieseJA. The delivery of therapeutic aerosols through endotracheal tubes. Pediatr Pulmonol1986;2(1):19–26.
72.
HenryWD, ChatburnRL. Effects of manual versus mechanical ventilation on aerosol efficiency (abstract). Respir Care1988;33:914.
73.
WatterbergKL, ClarkAR, KellyHW, MurphyS.Delivery of aerosolized medication to intubated babies. Pediatr Pulmonol1991;10(2):136–141.
74.
MacIntyreNR, SilverRM, MillerCW, SchulerF, ColemanRE. Aerosol delivery in intubated, mechanically ventilated patients. Crit Care Med1985;13(2):81–85.
75.
QuinnWW. Effect of a new nebulizer position on aerosol delivery during mechanical ventilation: a bench study. Respir Care1992;37(5):423–431.
76.
HeyderJ.Mechanism of aerosol particle deposition. Chest1981;80(6 suppl):820–823.
77.
SteventonRD, WilsonRS. Facemask or mouthpiece for delivery of nebulized bronchodilator aerosols?Br J Dis Chest1981;75(1):88–90.
78.
VidgrenMT, ParonenTP, KarkkainenKarjalainen A. Effect of extension devices on the drug deposition from inhalational aerosols. Int J Pharm1987;39:107–112.
79.
KimCS, EldridgeMA, SacknerMA. Oropharyngeal deposition and delivery aspects or metered-dose inhaler aerosols. Am Rev Respir Dis1987;135(1):157–164.
80.
LindgrenS, BakeB, LarssonS.Clinical consequences of inadequate inhalation technique in asthma therapy. Eur J Respir Dis1987;70(2):93–98.
81.
PedersenS.Optimal use of tube spacer aerosols in asthmatic children. Clin Allergy1985;15(5):473–478.
82.
OprehekJ, GayrardP, GrimaudCH, CharpinJ.Patient error in the use of bronchodilator metered aerosols. Br Med J1976;1(6001):76–77.
83.
KellingJS, StrohlKP, SmithRL, AltoseMD. Physician knowledge in the use of canister nebulizers. Chest1983;83(4):612–614.
84.
NewmanSP, MorenF, PaviaD, SheahanNF, ClarkeSW. Deposition of pressurized aerosols in the human respiratory tract. Thorax1981;36(1):52–55.
85.
SpiroSG, SinghCA, TolfreeSEJ, PartridgeMR, ShortMD. Direct labeling of ipratropium bromide aerosol and its deposition pattern in normal subjects and patients with chronic bronchitis. Thorax1984;39(6):432–435.
86.
ZainudinBMZ, BiddiscombeM, TolfreeSEJ, ShortM, SpiroSG. Comparison of bronchodilator responses and deposition patterns of salbutamol inhaled from pressurised metered dose inhaler, as a dry powder, and as a nebulized solution. Thorax1990;45(6):469–473.
87.
SennHauserFH, SlyPD. Pressure flow characteristics of the valve in spacer devices. Arch Dis Child1989;64(9):1305–1307.
88.
CroganSJ, BishopMJ. Delivery efficiency of metered dose aerosols given via endotracheal tube. Anesthesiology1989;70(6):1008–1010.
89.
BishopMJ, LarsonRP, BuschmanDL. Metered dose inhaler aerosol characteristics are affected by the endotracheal tube actuator/adapter used. Anesthesiology1990;73(6):1263–1265.
90.
ArnonS, GriggJ, NikanderK, SilvermanM.Delivery of micronized budesonide suspension by metered dose inhaler and jet nebulizer into a neonatal ventilator circuit. Pediatr Pulmonol1992;13(3):172–175.
91.
EbertJ, AdamsAB, Green-EideB.An evaluation of MDI spacers and adapters: their effect on the respirable volume of medication. Respir Care1992;37(8):862–868.
92.
AutyRM, BrownK, NealeMG, SnashallPD. Respiratory tract deposition of sodium cromoglycate is highly dependent upon technique of inhalation using the Spinhaler. Br J Dis Chest1987;81(4):371–380.
93.
RichardsR, SimpsonSF, RenwickAG, HolgateST. Inhalation rate of sodium cromoglycate determines plasma pharmacokinetics and protection against AMP-induced bronchoconstriction in asthma. Eur Respir J1988;1(10):896–901.
94.
VidgrenMT, KarkkainenA, KarjalainenP, ParonenP, NuutinenJ.Effect of powder inhaler design on drug deposition in the respiratory tract. Int J Pharm1988;42:211–216.
95.
PortnoyJ, AggarwalJ.Continuous terbutaline nebulization for the treatment of severe exacerbation of asthma in children. Ann Allergy1988;60:368–371.
96.
CameronD, ClayM, SilvermanM.Evaluation of nebulizers for use in neonatal ventilator circuits. Crit Care Med1990;18(8):866–870.
97.
MallolJ, BarruetoL, GirardiG, ToroO.Bronchodilator effect of feneterol and ipratropium bromide in infants with acute wheezing: use of MDI with a spacer device. Pediatr Pulmonol1987;3(5):352–356.
98.
CannyGJ, LevisonH.Childhood asthma: a rational approach to treatment. Ann Allergy1990;64(5):406–418.
99.
ToogoodJH, BaskervilleJ, JenningsB, LefcoeNM, JohanssonSA. Use of spacers to facilitate inhaled corticosteroid treatment of asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis1984;129(5):723–729.
100.
GriggJ, ArnonS, JonesT, ClarkeA, SilvermanM.Delivery of therapeutic aerosols to intubated babies. Arch Dis Child1992;67(1 spec no):25–30.
101.
PedersenS.How to use a Rotohaler. Arch Dis Child1986;61(1):11–14.
102.
PedersenS.Treatment of acute bronchoconstriction in children with the use of a tube spacer aerosol and a dry powder inhaler. Allergy1985;40(4):300–304.
103.
MallolJ, BarruetoL, GirardiG, MunozR, PuppoH, UlloaV, ToroO, QuevadoF.Use of nebulized bronchodilators in infants under 1 year of age: analysis of four forms of therapy. Pediatr Pulmonol1987;3(5):298–303.
104.
LyttleBD, HollestelleAM. Asthma: assessment and management in a pediatric hospital. Can Fam Physician1993;39:793–798.
105.
SpierS, DrblikSP, LamarreA, LapierreG, MarcotteJE, BourgeoisM.A protocol for aerosol therapy in acute hospitalized asthmatics. J Asthma1992;29(6):401–405.
106.
BrudnoDS, ParkerDH, SlatonG.Response of pulmonary mechanics to terbutaline in patients with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am J Med Sci1989;297(3):166–168.
107.
WilkieRA, BryanMH. Effect of bronchodilators on airway resistance in ventilator-dependent neonates with chronic lung disease. J Pediatr1987;111(2):278–282.
108.
CaldwellNA. Nebulization in hospitals and home: standardizing the variables. Eur Respir Rev1994;4:99–101.
109.
EverardML, ClarkAR, MilnerAD. Drug delivery from holding chambers with attached facemask. Arch Dis Child1992;67(5):580–585.
110.
HenneyHRIII, BlattRS. Knowledge of nurse and respiratory therapists about using canister nebulizers. Am J Hops Pharm1984;41(11):2403–2405.
111.
RobertsRJ, RobinsonJD, DoeringPL, DallmanJJ, SteevesRA. A comparison of various types of patient instruction in the proper administration of metered inhalers. Drug Intell Clin Pharm1982;16(1):53–55, 59.
112.
SelfTH, BrooksJB, LiebermanP, RyanMR. The value of demonstration and role of the pharmacist in teaching the correct use of pressurized bronchodilators. Can Med Assoc J1986;128:129–131.
113.
Centers for Disease Control. Update: Universal Precautions for prevention and transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and other bloodborne pathogens in health care settings. MMWR1988;37:377–388.
114.
Centers for Disease Control. Guidelines for preventing the transmission of tuberculosis in health-care settings, with special focus on HIV-related tissues. MMWR1990;39(RR-17):1–29.