Basi fisiopatologiche delle alterazioni del segnale RM nella sclerosi multipla

Adams RD Victor M : Multiple sclerosis and allied demyelinative disease. In: Adams RD Victor M : Principles of neurology. Fourth Edition, McGraw-Hill In Ed, New York 1989.

Barkhof F Hommes OR : Quantitative MRI changes in Gadolinium-DTPA enhancement after high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone in multiple sclerosis. Neurology, 41: 1219–1222, 1991.

Barnes D McDonald WI : Quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance imaging: Characterization of experimental cerebral edema. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat, 50: 125–133, 1987b.

Bakker DA Ludwin SK : Blood-brain barrier permeability during Cuprizone- induced demyelination: Implications for the pathogenesis of immune-mediated demyelinating diseases. J Neurol Sci, 78: 125–137, 1987.

Bastianello S Pozzilli C : Serial study of Gadolinium-DTPA MRI enhancement in multiple sclerosis. Neurology, 40: 591–595, 1990.

Brownell B Hughes JT : The distribution of plaques in the cerebrum in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat, 25: 315–320, 1962.

Burnham JA Wright RR : The effect of high dose MRI gadolinium enhancement in acute demyelinating lesions. Neurology, 41: 1349–1354, 1991.

Compston A : Methylprednisolone and multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol, 45: 669–670, 1988.

Edwards MK Bonnin JM : White matter diseases. In: Atlas SW : Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the brain and spine. Raven Press, New York 1991: 499.

Gallucci M Bozzao A Splendiani A : La risonanza magnetica nella patologia della sostanza bianca e dei gangli della base. In: Passariello R : Diagnostica con Risonanza Magnetica. Cromac, Roma 1990.

Gay D Esiri M : Blood-brain barrier damage in acute multiple sclerosis plaques. An immunocytological study. Brain, 114: 557–572, 1991.

Grossman RI Braffman BH : Multiple sclerosis: Serial study of Gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology, 169: 117–122, 1988.

Harris JO Lauderdale F : Magnetic resonance imaging in MS: Frequency of enhancing lesions. Neurology, 41 (suppl 1): 144, 1991.

Hawkins CP Mackenzie F : Patterns of blood-brain barrier breakdown in inflammatory demyelination. Brain, 114: 801–810, 1991.

Hawkins CP Munro PMG : Duration and selectivity of blood-brain barrier breakdown in chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis studied by Gadolinium-DTPA and protein markers. Brain, 113: 365–378, 1990.

Isaac C Li DK Genton M : Multiple sclerosis: A serial study using MRI in relapsing patients. Neurology, 38: 1511–1515, 1988.

Kappos L Gold R : Mitoxantrone in the treatment of rapidly progressive MS: A pilot study with serial gadolinium enhanced MRI. Neurology, 40 (suppl 1): 261, 1990.

Kappos L Stads D : MRI in the evaluation of treatment in multiple sclerosis. Neuroradiology, 30: 299–302, 1988.

Kappos L Stads D : Gadolinium-DTPA enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of different disease courses and disease activity in multiple sclerosis. Neurology, 38 (suppl 1): 255, 1988.

Kermode AG Thompson AJ : Breakdown of the blood-brain barrier precedes symptoms and other MRI signs of new lesions in multiple sclerosis: Pathogenetic and clinical implications. Brain, 113: 1477–1489, 1990.

Kermode AG Tofts PS : Heterogeneity of blood-brain barrier changes in multiple sclerosis: An MRI study with Gadolinium-DTPA enhancement. Neurology, 40: 229–235, 1990.

Kesserling J Miller DH : Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging in multiple sclerosis: The effect of high dose intravenous methylprednisolone. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat, 52: 14–17, 1989.

Koopmans RA Li DKB : Chronic progressive multiple sclerosis: Serial Magnetic Resonance brain imaging over six months. Ann Neurol, 26: 248–256, 1989.

Kurtzke JF : Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: An expanded disability status scale (EDSS). Neurology, 33: 1444–1452, 1983.

Lumsden CE : The neuropathology of multiple sclerosis. In: Vinken PJ Bruyn GW , (eds): Handbook of clinical neurology, vol 9. Amsterdam, 1970: 217–309.

Menken M : Consensus and controversy in neurologic practice. The case of steroid treatment in multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol, 46: 322, 1989.

McDonald WI : The pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis. In: Multiple sclerosis. (Ed) McDonald WI Silbenberg DH . Butterworths, London 1986: 128–129.

Migliori O Orlandi B : Evoluzione spontanea delle lesioni acute nella sclerosi multipla: Correlazioni fisiopatologiche mediante RM. In: Scotti G : Neuroradiologia, 1992. Edizioni del Centauro, Udine 1992 (Atti X Congresso Nazionale AIN).

Miller DH Barkhof F : Magnetic resonance imaging in monitoring the treatment of multiple sclerosis: Concerted action guidelines. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat, 54: 683–688, 1991.

Miller DH Robb SA : Magnetic Resonance imaging of inflammatory and demyelinating white matter diseases of childhood. Dev Med Child Neurol, 32: 97–107, 1990.

Miller DH Rudge P : Serial Gadolinium enhanced MRI in multiple sclerosis. Brain, 111: 927–939, 1988.

Newcombe J Hawkins CP : Histopathology of multiple sclerosis lesions detected by magnetic resonance imaging in unfixed postmortem central nervous system tissue. Brain, 114: 1013–1023, 1991.

Noseworthy JH Lee D : A phase II evaluation of mitoxantrone HCl in the treatment of progressive multiple sclerosis. Neurology, 41 (suppl 1): 146, 1991.

Orlandi B Migliori O : Alterazioni della barriera emato-encefalica nelle lesioni demielinizzanti acute: Studio seriato in doppio cieco (trattati vs placebo) sull'evoluzione della risposta al contributo RM. In: Scotti G : Neuroradiologia, 1992. Edizioni del Centauro, Udine 1992 (Atti X Congresso Nazionale AIN).

Ormerod IEC Miller DH : The Role of NMR imaging in the assessment of multiple sclerosis and isolated neurological lesions. A quantitative study. Brain, 110: 1579–1616, 1987.

Palo J Ketonen L Wikstrom J : A follow-up study of very low field MRI findings and clinical course in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci, 84: 177–187, 1988.

Prineas JW : The neuropathology of multiple sclerosis. Handbook of clinical neurology: Demyelinating diseases. Elsevier Science Pub., Amsterdam, vol 3 (47): 1985.

Rumbach L Dietemann JL : Etude par résonance magnétique à un mois d'intervalle des lésions de sclérose en plaque dans deux populations l'une en poussée traitée par methylprednisolone l'autre stable non traitée. Rev Neurol (Paris), 146: 430–433, 1990.

The Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. Efficacy and toxicity of cyclosporine in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Ann Neurol, 27: 591–605, 1990.

Thompson AJ Kermode AG MacManus DG : Patterns of disease activity in multiple sclerosis: Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging study. Br Med J, 300: 631–634, 1990.

Thompson AJ Kermode AG : Major differences in the dynamics of primary and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol, 29: 53–62, 1991.

Uhlenbrock D Herbe E : One-year MR imaging follow-up of patients with multiple sclerosis under cortisone therapy. Neuroradiology, 31: 3–7, 1989.

Valk J van der Knaap MS : Magnetic Resonance of myelin, myelination, and mylin disorders. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, 179–205, 1989.

Wallace CJ Seland TP Chen Fong T : Multiple sclerosis: The impact of MR imaging. Am J Roentgenol, 158: 849–857, 1992.

Willoughby EW Grochowski E : Serial Magnetic Resonance scanning in multiple sclerosis: A second prospective study in relapsing patients. Ann Neurol, 25: 43–49, 1989.