Taste a Cup of Community Resilience: A Case of Coffee Leisure Farms in the Cordillera Administrative Region in the Philippines

Abstract

In this case story, we have seen that several government and private agencies helped the coffee leisure farms depending on the type of support that they need. This goes to show that each coffee leisure farm differs from one another. This also means that the challenges each coffee leisure farm faced depended on its product and activity offerings, its size, and the type of the farm. In addition, with the efforts of the coffee leisure farms to persevere through the pandemic, they also directly and indirectly positively contributed to the community and its resilience. Furthermore, the help the farms received from private and government agencies helped to strengthen and unite the community. The effects of moving everything online during the pandemic also increased the popularity of the case farms in the country. Since the coffee leisure farms had to do training, marketing, promotions, classes, and internships through social media sites like Facebook and Facebook Messenger, communication platforms like Zoom, and online news outlets like Manila Bulletin and Philippine Star, they were able to reach more coffee enthusiasts all over the country. It is also important to note that in managing coffee leisure farms during a pandemic, the management should work with the pandemic and not against it, which is exactly what Ola Coffee Farm did when they created a new site that followed the strict social distancing rules in the country. Although there are still various aspects to develop in these coffee leisure farms, such as the relationship between tourism and agriculture farms, what these case farms did, (even though the idea of infusing tourism in their operations was still in its embryonic stage), can become a model for other farms to consider in case there is another health threat in the future or another disaster that disrupts their business.

Keywords

community resilience coffee leisure farms coffee farm Philippines agritourism community resilience COVID-19 pandemic case

Introduction

Starting in March 2020, the global tourism industry was severely disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic as many countries closed their borders and issued stay-at-home orders (UNWTO, 2020). While the pandemic had catastrophic effects globally, one way societies can absorb shocks or cope with such disasters is by being resilient (Hamann et al., 2020; Orhan, 2016; Prayag et al., 2023). Resilience is the ability of a community to get back to its normal state (Orhan, 2016), contribute to the community’s well-being (Herrman et al., 2011), and encourage or facilitate the interaction between community and different stakeholders to reestablish equilibrium (Adekola & Clelland, 2020). The importance of community resilience is that it enables residents, businesses, and government agencies to adapt to changes, from a variety of sources including climate-related disasters, terrorism, or health risks, among others (Brune et al., 2023; Orhan, 2016). The COVID-19 pandemic forced businesses including those in the tourism industry to be flexible and diversify their market offerings (Brune et al., 2023; Coles & Buckle, 2004) in order to withstand negative economic consequences such as inflation, furloughs and layoffs, and business closures. This flexibility and diversity in operations and management also contributes to community resilience.

This case focuses on agricultural tourism or agritourism, notably coffee leisure farms in the Philippines. According to Phillip et al. (2010), for a destination to be considered an agritourism site, it must have a direct link with an agrarian environment where tourists can participate in agricultural activities. Although agritourism is being used more frequently than other terms like rural tourism, farm-based tourism, or farm tourism (Manafian, 2021), there is still an evident blurring of the lines in terms of defining the mentioned concepts as they can sometimes appear interchangeable (Flanigan et al., 2014; Manafian, 2021; Phillip et al., 2010). For rural communities, agritourism can be a vital source of development and a way of balancing any economic deficit (Ammirato et al., 2020; Flanigan et al., 2014). Existing studies about agritourism highlight wine tourism and produce tourism (Besky, 2013; Chen et al., 2021; Murray, 2011), but less is known about coffee tourism as it is still in its infancy (Chen et al., 2021; Karlsson & Karlsson, 2009).

Coffee leisure farms as a form of agritourism are increasing in the Philippines (Department of Agriculture, 2022; Jolliffe, 2010; Murray, 2011). They can be small-scale farms that are managed by families or through a collaborative effort among community members (Phillip et al., 2010). Coffee, in many countries, is embedded in their heritage and culture (Chen et al., 2021). Since little is known about coffee as a form of agritourism, this study will use the definition provided by Chen et al. (2021) where coffee tourism is participation in activities that are directly linked to a coffee farm such as harvesting or consumption of the coffee product, as well as learning about the role of the coffee farm in its community. By this definition, we can set apart coffee tourism from café culture. Although café culture may introduce tourists to the traditions of the host community or country (Jolliffe, 2010; Suarez et al., 2017), it might not give the visitors a more meaningful and immersive experience beyond consumption. Through this, we suggest that coffee tourism does not only offer a unique coffee product from a particular destination, but visitors also get to experience and understand its importance in a community’s way of life (Chen et al., 2021; Kleidas & Jolliffe, 2010).

Agritourism, like most industry sectors, was not immune to the effects of the pandemic (Chin & Pehin Dato Musa, 2021). Thus, the importance of community resilience is highlighted, especially for coffee farms that are dependent on the influx of tourists. The primary focus of coffee farms is to produce products for third-party companies. However, when they opt to open for tourists, this adds another stream to their income (Phillip et al., 2010). The COVID-19 pandemic strengthened the need for various agritourism stakeholders such as government and private agencies, farmers, farm families, agritourism product suppliers, and visitors to collaborate to be able to withstand the shocks brought about by the sudden change in all dimensions of life (Flanigan et al., 2014; Orhan, 2016). Through this collaboration, community resilience can have longer-term impacts on agritourism by bringing about new development and reinventing the structure of local businesses (Adekola & Clelland, 2020; Magno & Cassia, 2021) that were not envisioned before the pandemic (Prayag et al., 2023). The purpose of this study is to show the importance of the interactions and collaboration of locals, businesses, private sectors, government agencies, and different industries to withstand challenges in the context of coffee leisure farms and the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background

Agritourism and Resilience

Agritourism

Frequently, farms infuse tourism into their business in order to create a new stream of income (Phillip et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2019). This may lead us to believe that the sole need for the relationship between agricultural ecosystems and tourism is for economic purposes. However, according to Manafian (2021), it is also important to note that agritourism is also a venue and a vehicle for land conservation, as well as cultural and heritage preservation. Furthermore, agritourism is also a way to raise awareness about environmental protection and livelihood generation (Liu et al., 2017; Manafian, 2021). In addition to this, agritourism provides livelihoods to the locals whilst being able to provide a nature-based experience to tourists in working farms (Phillip et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2019).

Resilience

Resiliency can also be seen as a community’s level of preparedness before disruptive events occur, how it experiences adversaries (during), and after turbulent challenges occur (Tierney, 1993). It is important to note that community resilience does not stop after a threat dissipates, it is an ongoing process to make a community’s way of life better little by little, and to make it less susceptible to different types of challenges. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic required businesses to reinvent their operations and management processes. During this time, businesses and the local community needed to work together to be able to benefit from each other (Adekola & Clelland, 2020). Since agritourism involves conservation and preservation in addition to its economic benefits, it is inherently a natural community sector to promote resiliency. Resiliency is a part of sustainability along with preservation and conservation (Callaghan & Colton, 2008). All these processes elevate the community’s way of life, but they make a community more able to deal with (i.e., resilient) disruptions associated with natural disasters, pandemics, and terrorism among others (Adekola & Clelland, 2020; Herrman et al., 2011; Orhan, 2016).

Coffee Leisure Farms in the Philippines

Initially, most coffee leisure farms were solely for the production and personal consumption of the families managing the farms. However, gradually, tourism became a source of economic gain for these families (Phillip et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2019). Agritourism of this sort also provides settings where tourists can engage in nature-based activities that are related to coffee, and in return generate financial resources to support local environmental conservation (Wang et al., 2019). Coffee leisure farms can also be a vehicle for imparting knowledge to visitors about how coffee is processed. On a cultural note, coffee leisure farms can be a way to preserve heritage by being able to produce coffee products that can be traced back to a community’s history (Liu et al., 2017), making it a unique commodity that community.

Since coffee is embedded in the blood of Filipinos (Tumanan & Lansangan, 2012), agritourism, specifically coffee leisure farms, are receiving close attention from by the Department of Tourism, Department of Agriculture, Department of Trade and Industry, and the Department of Science and Technology in the Philippines (Department of Agriculture, 2022). The Department of Tourism—Philippines also collaborated with the Food and Agriculture Organization to bring forth sustainability through sustainable agricultural practices, consequently minimizing the effects of the pandemic on tourism farms in the country (Department of Tourism, 2020). Moreover, statistics show that in recent years, the Philippines demonstrated stable growth in terms of coffee consumption (Department of Agriculture, 2022; Statista, 2021), indicating the coffee industry and coffee leisure farms are promising for investment in the nation of the Philippines. Figure 1 shows the top regions and provinces in coffee production in the Philippines.

Method

As this case is exploratory in nature, specifically in investigating three coffee leisure farms in the Cordillera Administrative Region in the Philippines before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic, the method used in this research is anchored in the practices of case study research (Kitchenham et al., 1995). Through this method, the researchers were able to conduct an in-depth examination of the stories associated with these three coffee leisure farms (Heale & Twycross, 2018; Kitchenham et al., 1995; Popil, 2011).

The leading author hails from the Philippines. She grew up in family operating a coffee farm, and so she has first-hand-experience with coffee leisure farms and the industry. As she was a trusted and known member of this community, the lead author was able to conduct semi-structured interviews with owners operating coffee leisure farms and to talk to them about how they operated during the COVID-19 pandemic. With connections to the community, the lead author was able to collect relevant data from stakeholders who had first-hand experiences of community resilience before, during, and after the pandemic. Specifically, the lead author contacted the owners of Barlig Rainforest Coffee Project (coded as Owner A), Tayao Farms (coded as Owner B), and Ola Coffee Farm (coded as Owner C), as a total of three interviewees. The lead author used Google forms to gather background information of the case farms with these three owners (i.e., Owner A, Owner B, and Owner C), and organized Zoom meetings for semi-structured interviews. The length of the Zoom meeting was around 40 min. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the collected qualitative data.

The Case Community of Coffee Leisure Farms: The Cordillera Administrative Region

The Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) is most famous for its Arabica beans, specifically in the province of Benguet (Idago & Dela Cruz, 2011). Figure 2 shows a map of the CAR. The Cordilleras are also a hotspot for festival tourism like the Panagbenga Festival which is celebrated in honor of the patron saint of the Divine Providence who blessed the region with an abundance of crops (Alla et al., 2022). Due to the influx of tourists attracted by festival tourism in the region, farm tourism also gained attention. CAR has also the perfect weather to grow and maintain Arabica coffee trees, as Arabica is dependent on cold weather (Davis et al., 2012) and the Cordilleras have cold weather almost all throughout the year. Due to this, the Cordilleras are the main source of a special type of Arabica beans in the Philippines (Department of Agriculture, 2022). Regarding tourism, recently there has been a surge in overnight tourists in the Cordilleras (Department of Tourism, 2021, 2022). Many are being drawn to see the oldest mambabatok (tattoo artist) in the Philippines who lives in Kalinga, Apo Whang-Od. Through her, the region has received attention from tourists and even from filmmakers (Soukup et al., 2021). Moreover, the Banaue Rice Terraces, which is considered the Eighth Wonder of the World, is also in CAR. With this, different types of tourism in the region have developed such as farm tourism, ecotourism, and festival tourism. This growth has occurred despite the relative inaccessibility of the Cordilleras (Soukup et al., 2021), which may provide tourists with a sense of disconnection from city life.

Three Coffee Leisure Farms Before, During, and After the COVID-19 Pandemic

The Three Major Coffee Leisure Farms in CAR

The Barlig Rainforest Coffee Project, Tayao Farms, and Ola Coffee Farm were all passed down from generation to generation. All these coffee leisure farms started by cultivating coffee beans for personal consumption. But as time passed, and as their families started to get bigger, they felt the need to maximize the use of the plantations and they added tourism to their business in order to create a new stream of income, with the goal of attracting local and international tourists. Pre-pandemic, these coffee leisure farms, except Barlig Rainforest Coffee Project, reported that they had continued to grow their business and make a profit.

However, with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, life changed on these farms. According to an interview with Mr. Alvin Causing of Project Beans, even formally established plantations that had been operating for decades closed due to the pandemic. However, the coffee leisure farms presented in this case study portray a different story. Although they are small and still in the process of working out how to manage and operate an agritourism business, they were able to withstand the ravages of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Ola Coffee Farm is one of the pioneers in growing Arabica coffee beans in the community and is named after the first owner of the farm known as Ola. The person who started the Ola Coffee Farm attended different types of training in the province of La Trinidad, Benguet so that they could improve their farm with innovations such as coffee terracing and establishing alnus trees before planting coffee seedlings. In 2011, the farm was passed to the grandchildren of the owner, they too followed in their grandfather’s footsteps in using the same innovations. In the same year, the farm formally opened to sell coffee products. To help the community, the farm offers a vocational course in Organic Arabica Coffee Production; in 2015 and 2017, the farm became an accredited learning site of the Agricultural Training Institute and a TESDA (Technical Education and Skills Development Authority) Farm School respectively.

Tayao Farms also takes its name from the family managing and protecting it and started as a place for backyard farming for the clan’s consumption only. Like Ola Coffee Farm, as the years passed, younger generations of the family developed a liking for maximizing the farm’s coffee production. When they started selling their own coffee products, coffee consumers from all over the country became curious about the farm and wanted to observe and experience the cycle of coffee processing. To date, Tayao Farms does not ask guests to pay an entrance fee, they mainly get their revenues from the coffee products that they sell.

Barlig Rainforest Coffee Project has a different approach from the others. The farm is established around the concept of sustainability. The owners established the farm to protect and conserve the rainforest while also being able to produce organic coffee by developing a sustainable coffee production process. Aside from coffee plantations, the farm is also a home to different species of flora and fauna where guests can see Philippine Eagles flying around, pick fruits such as lemon and ponkan or mandarin orange, and view centuries-old trees. The Barlig Rainforest Coffee Project also promotes its uniqueness by being one of the few farms that grows Typica Arabica which was introduced in the country during the Spanish colonial period. Sadly, this type of Arabica is slowly vanishing from the soil of the Philippine islands, fortunately, one of the Barlig Rainforest Coffee Project’s commitments is to conserve Typica Arabica for the next generations to enjoy.

Before the COVID-19 Pandemic

As these coffee leisure farms are different from one another, their operational situation prior to the pandemic differs as well.

Ola Coffee Farm was open to tourists pre-pandemic. These tourists visited the farm mainly for the purpose of educational experience as the farm is accredited as a learning site. In addition to this, the farm also generated employment opportunities for locals and offered them educational classes about coffee production.

Tayao Farms mainly focused on selling its coffee products. Through this, the farm was able to provide seasonal jobs for the locals during pre-pandemic.

Barlig Rainforest Coffee Project reported that they did not have tourists prior to the pandemic, although they were developing plans to open for tourism purposes.

When the state of emergency related to COVID-19 was declared in early 2020, the Philippines issued a lockdown in all of its provinces. This affected all three of the case farms in different ways such as their economic growth, management processes, and operational services.

During the COVID-19 Pandemic

As the case farms operate differently from one another, the challenges they faced during the pandemic also varied.

Ola Coffee Farm had to postpone different types of educational training that go hand in hand with tourist influx, and internship opportunities. Furthermore, they felt the impact of losing revenue from one of their main sources of income, according to an interview with the current owner, Owner C, “(There was) no problem for the on-call workers, but the management suffered from no more training income.”

Tayao Farms reported that they only had problems in terms of selling the harvested coffee. According to the general manager of the farm, Owner B, “As a small farm, there was not a big impact. Generally, 2021 was a bad year for coffee growers as the harvested quantity declined drastically with no known reason.”

Barlig Rainforest Coffee Project wanted to revive their family farm from pre-pandemic to early 2020. Thus, their main problem was how to establish the farm itself. The owner, Owner A, reported that

There were times when I and my friend attempted to reach our place (the farm) and start planting, but we were not able to do so due to the strict lockdowns… It was only in the first quarter of 2021 that we managed to bring our first set of coffee seedlings to be planted. But all these came at a huge cost, especially on the transportation side. We also had to deal with checkpoints and all.

All three farms needed to push through despite the different challenges that they faced. One consistent challenge was the farms provided income for the families managing the farm as well as the employed locals. Hence, all three farm management families needed to think of solutions to bridge the deficiencies they encountered.

Ola Coffee Farm moved their classes and trainings online using the platform Zoom to continue to educate people from different provinces as well as the locals. In addition to this, the pandemic also pushed Ola Coffee Farm to diversify its offerings in order to be able to persevere through the pandemic. Instead of closing the farm indefinitely, they decided to create a learning site that followed the strict social distancing rules established during the pandemic. According to the owner, Owner C, “(During the pandemic) we started to establish a new site, got on-call workers, they are families: the men in carpentry and the women in coffee terracing.”

Tayao Farms started selling its coffee products on online through shopping websites such as Shopee and The Good Farms. Luckily, delivery services in the country were not shut down due to the pandemic. Through this, the farm was able to reach coffee consumers throughout the country.

Barlig Rainforest Coffee Project added more varieties to their coffee product offerings such as Catimor beans, another variety of Arabica beans that have higher yields, in addition to their Typica and Bourbon plantations. The pandemic also became a huge force for the management to reinvent the farm. The owner, Owner A, said that

During the pandemic, I reached out to different organizations and key players in the Philippine coffee sector. I interacted with both entrepreneurs and farmers, mostly via Zoom meetings… I also visited several farms and got inspired to also make my farm a learning site for organic coffee production.

Figure 3 shows a summary of efforts enacted by the three coffee leisure farms to build community resilience during the pandemic.

After the COVID-19 Pandemic

In order to effectively recover from the pandemic, all three case farms received help from government agencies and private sectors in the Philippines.

Ola Coffee Farms’ management said that they experienced coffee trees dying during the pandemic as it was hard to maintain the farm due to strict lockdowns. However, with the help of the Department of Agriculture they were able to move forward after the pandemic. According to the owner, Owner C, “(The) Department of Agriculture distributed vegetable and coffee seeds, (and because of this,) we were able to grow our own food.”

Tayao Farms, on the other hand, received help from the Department of Trade and Industries which provided them with marketing assistance since its main challenge was how to sell its coffee products.

Barlig Rainforest Coffee Project reported that after the lockdowns were lifted, they faced yet another challenge in terms of establishing the farm itself and planting more coffee seedlings. To help with this, Barlig Rainforest Coffee Project reached out to a private agency, the Philippine Coffee Board (PCB), which provided them with technical and financial support. According to the owner, Owner A,

Philippine Coffee Board introduced Barlig Rainforest Coffee Project to various media outlets such as Philippine Star and Manila Bulletin’s Agriculture Magazine where the farm got featured… PCB has also introduced us to SlowFood International and so I got the chance to represent our advocacy in Turin, Italy.

All three case farms reported that they have seen a significant change in the client’s preferences after the pandemic: they all reported that they received inquiries from people all over the country about farm visitation. The COVID-19 pandemic pushed the management of the three case farms to diversify and reinvent their activity and product offerings. When lockdowns were lifted, there was a strong desire among the population to get out and experience “being one with nature again.”

Ola Coffee Farm said that they have currently experienced walk-in guests apart from their scheduled guests for their offered trainings and classes.

Tayao Farms reported that their clients want to experience how coffee production works and to visit the farm. They had 50 walk-in guests in 2023.

Barlig Rainforest Coffee Project also received inquiries and requests regarding farm visitation. They were able to accommodate some, but they could not accept everybody as they are still in the process of conceptualizing the farm into a full-scale accredited learning and tourism site.

Moreover, since the pandemic required the case farms to operate virtually, they all reported that they have gained more popularity from visitors throughout the country.

Ola Coffee Farms said that they became more active on Facebook and Facebook Messenger to answer queries from people all over the country.

Tayao Farms collaborated with online shopping websites and delivery services. In addition to this, they looked at the pandemic in a positive light and planted coffee trees during the pandemic. Hence, during the “new normal,” they have sizeable coffee plantations that were ready for harvesting.

Barlig Rainforest Coffee Project reported that they experienced a significant change in the farm’s popularity as they have been featured in online articles created by notable media outlets like the Manila Bulletin and Philippine Star.

Figure 4 shows a summary of challenges faced by the three farms and their solutions.

Questions for Discussion

Questions for the Undergraduate Students

This case provides you with the foundational knowledge about community resiliency, agritourism, and the relationship between them. As students who are preparing to become industry professionals apply your knowledge about the workings of our industry to answer the following questions:

• What issues did these farms face at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic? How did community resilience strengthen the economic gains of coffee leisure farms in the CAR during the COVID-19 pandemic?

• Could we replicate the solutions implemented by the coffee leisure farms in another country?

• Do you think the solutions from the case coffee leisure farms can be utilized by other types of agritourism (e.g., tea farms, wineries, cow farms)? Why or why not?

Questions for the Graduate Students

As graduate students, you are expected to delve into the case study in a more analytical way. Please apply concepts discussed in this case study such as resiliency as well as other concepts that might be relevant to answer the following questions:

• What suggestions do you have for government agencies such as the Department of Tourism and the Department of Agriculture to promote the resiliency of (a) Agritourism; and (b) tourism more generally when facing future pandemics?

• Do you think the case coffee leisure farms should have approached the problems they faced differently? If yes, be sure to give specific examples from the case and how you would have done it differently. If not, make sure to explain your answer thoroughly.

• If you were a farmer or leisure farm owner/manager, what would you have done to help your local community to adapt to or get through the pandemic?

Activity for Student Groups

Roleplaying Activity: Play Roles in the CAR, the Philippines

An activity that can foster an environment of creativity while also learning is by doing a roleplaying activity. With this activity, participants can be grouped depending on the total number of students in a class. After you have been grouped, you can choose who will play each role: the farmers, farmers’ families, employees of coffee leisure farms, or an officer in a department agency. Keep in mind that these roles are flexible and can be changed depending on the number of members in your group and depending on the story that your group wants to convey. More than the creative aspect of this activity, this would also allow you to internalize the problems that the case coffee leisure farms experienced and may provoke a better understanding of the case story. That is, each student group should conduct a background analysis of your own chosen roles in the case community (i.e., CAR in the Philippines) before showcasing the roleplaying. This will also help you to understand how important communication was in forming community resilience during the pandemic. Depending on the structure of the class, the activity will be graded by your instructors via the in-depth of acting the roles (50%), the quality of showcasing community resilience among the roles in a roleplay (40%), and creativity in performance (10%). In terms of structure, it would be good if the presentations have a plot: how the community was before the crisis, what happened during the crisis, how they mitigated this, and how they got through the problems.

Another roleplaying suggestion activity may be with the help of your classroom instructor where they act as a moderator on a town hall meeting raising the issues of different adversaries like the pandemic and how different stakeholders can contribute to the betterment of the community’s resiliency. Each stakeholder will also be given 2 min to introduce their concerns. This town hall roleplaying activity can utilize 20 to 30 min of the class. After the oral part of the activity, to refine your arguments, submit a written account of your presentation that may contain sections such as an introduction as to what type of stakeholder you presented, the problem you faced, and your proposed solution to mitigate issues that were mentioned during the activity. The instructor then can grade your output based on the class presentation and the written report.

Storytelling Activity: International Comparison of Coffee Leisure Farms

Just like the roleplaying activity, this will require the class to be divided into groups, and each of the groups can choose their own coffee leisure farm located in a country outside of your own. Through this, you will be able to investigate the case from a more international perspective. This activity can be done through a presentation. It advisable to present using visual materials together with an oral presentation. Through this activity, you can analyze if the activities of coffee farms in other countries are similar or different from the coffee leisure farms in the case study. Specifically, you should focus on how other coffee leisure farms from around the world experienced the COVID-19 pandemic, and how they solved the issues that arose during that period. Your class presentations will be graded by your instructors via analytical quality in the international comparison (30%), understanding of the chosen coffee leisure farm (30%), and the structure of the content in a presentation (40%)—did it present the background or history of the coffee leisure farm? As a student, were you able to look at how the pandemic affected the farms presented? What were the specific projects that helped them to overcome the problems they experienced during the pandemic? Were you able to look at the projects from a community standpoint as well as a national or international scope? And lastly, what are the similarities and differences that you saw in comparing the case coffee leisure farms and the farm chosen by your group? We suggest each group may have 5 min to present.

If you are an ICHRIE member, you can access the Teaching Notes for this case study here: https://ichrie.memberclicks.net/jhtc. If you are not an ICHRIE member, the Teaching Notes will be published in a future Sage Business Cases (SBC) annual collection: https://sk.sagepub.com/cases. For more information, please contact info@sagepub.com.

Footnotes

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

ORCID iD

Yao-Chin Wang

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