Pesticide-Related Health Problems and Farmworkers

Adams R.M. Occupational skin disease. New York: Grune and Stratton, 1983.

Akesson N.B. Yates W.E. Problems relating to application of agricultural chemicals and resulting drift residues. Annual Review of Entomology 1964; 9: 285–318.

Akesson N.B. Wilce S.E. Yates W.E. Pesticide chemicals as environmental contaminants. (Undated document)

Alavanja M.C.R. Malker H. Hayes R.B. Occupational cancer risk associated with the storage and bulk handling of agricultural foodstuff. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 1987a; 22(3): 247–254.

Alavanja M.C.R. Rush G.A. Stewart P. Proportionate mortality study of workers in the grain industry. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1987b; 78(2): 247–252.

Anger W.K. Moody L. Burg J. Neurobehavioral evaluation of soil and structural fumigators using methyl bromide and sulfuryl fluoride. Neurotoxicology 1986; 7: 137–156.

Austin H. Delzell E. Gufferman S. Case-control study of hepato-cellular carcinoma, occupation and chemical exposures. Journal of Occupational Medicine 1988; 29: 665–669.

Australian Government: Australian Veterans Health Studies. Case-control study of congenital anomalies and Vietnam service (birth defects study). Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, Australia, 1983.

Barbeau A. Roy M. Bernier G. Ecogenetics of Parkinson's Disease: Prevalence and environmental aspects in rural areas. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences 1987; 1436–1441.

Barnet R.W. D'Ercole J.D. Cain J.D. Organochlorine pesticide residues in human milk samples from women living in Northwest and Northeast Mississippi, 1973. Pest Monit J 1979; 13: 47–51.

Barthel E. Increased risk of lung cancer in pesticide-exposed male agricultural workers. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 1981; 8: 1027–1040.

Behrens R.H. Dukes D.C.D. Fatal methyl bromide poisoning. British Journal of Industrial Medicine 1986; 43: 561–562.

Blair A. Everett G. Cantor K. Leukemia and farm practices (abstract). American Journal of Epidemiology 1985a; 122(3): 535.

Blair A. Grauman D.J. Lubin J.H. Lung cancer and other causes of death among licensed pesticide applicators. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1983; 71(1): 31–37.

Blair A. Thomas T.L. Leukemia among Nebraska farmers: A death certificate study. American Journal of Epidemiology 1979; 110(3): 264–273.

Blair A. White D.W. Leukemia cell types and agricultural practices in Nebraska. Journal of Occupational Medicine 1985b; 40(4): 211–214.

Bocchetta A. Corsini G.U. Parkinson's Disease and pesticides (letter). Lancet 1986; 11(2): 1163.

Bowers M.B. Goodman E. Sim V.M. Some behavioral changes in man following anticholinesterase administration. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1964; 138: 383–389.

Brown H.W. Electroencephalographic changes and disturbance of brain function following human organophosphate exposure. Northwestern Medicine 1971; 70: 845–846.

Burmeister L.F. Cancer mortality in Iowa farmers, 1971–78. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1981; 66(3): 461–464.

Burmeister L.F. Van Lier S.F. Isacson P. Leukemia and farm practices in Iowa. American Journal of Epidemiology 1982; 115(5): 720–728.

Burmeister L.F. Everett G.D. Van Lier S.F. Selected cancer mortality and farm practices in Iowa. American Journal of Epidemiology 1983; 118(1): 72–77.

California Department of Health Services. Epidemiologic study of adverse health effects in children: In McFarland, California, Phase II Report. Epidemiological Studies and Surveillance Section, Berkeley, California, January 19, 1988.

California Legislature Assembly Office of Research. The leaching fields: A nonpoint threat to groundwater. Joint Publications Office, Sacramento, California, March, 1985.

California Department of Food and Agriculture. Pesticide use report: Annual 1985. Sacramento, California: CDFA, 1986.

California Department of Food and Agriculture. Summary of illnesses and injuries reported in California by physicians as potentially related to pesticides, 1986. Sacramento, California: CDFA, Worker Health and Safety Branch, April 1, 1987.

Cantor K. Everett G. Blair A. Farming and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (abstract). American Journal of Epidemiology 1985; 122(3): 535.

Cantor K.P. Blair A. Farming and mortality from multiple myeloma: A case-control study with the use of death certificates. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1984; 72(2): 251–255.

Cherniak M.G. Organophosphorus esters and polyneuropathy. Annals of Internal Medicine 1986; 104: 264–266.

Coggon D. Pannett B. Winter P.D. Mortality of workers exposed to 2 methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health 1986; 12: 448–454.

Cohen S.Z. Creeger S.M. Carsel R.F. Potential pesticide contamination of groundwater from agricultural uses. In Krieger R.F. and Seiber J.N. : Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes. ACS Symposium Series #259, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1984.

Centers for Disease Control. Aldicarb food poisoning from contaminated melons—California. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 1986; 35(16): 254–258.

Crome P. Paraquat poisoning 1986. Lancet 1986; 1: 333–334.

deCampos M. Olszyna-Marzys A.E. Contamination of human milk with chlorinated pesticides in Guatemala and El Salvador. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 1979; 8: 43–58.

Delzell W. Grufferman S. Mortality among white and nonwhite farmers in North Carolina, 1976–1978. American Journal of Epidemiology 1985; 121(3): 391–402.

Dille J.R. Smith P.W. Central nervous system effects of chronic exposure to organophosphate insecticides. Aerospace Medicine 1964; 35: 475–478.

Duffy F.H. Burchfiel J.L. Barrels P.H. Long-term effects of an organophosphate upon the human electroencephalogram. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 1979; 47: 161–176.

Eaton M. Schenker M. Whorton D. Seven-year follow-up of workers exposed to 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane. Journal of Occupational Medicine 1986; 28: 1145–1150.

Erickson J.D. Mulinare J. McClain P.W. Vietnam veterans' risks for fathering babies with birth defects (Summary Report). Journal of the American Medical Association 1984; 252: 903–912.

Everett G. Blair A. Cantor K. Environmental chemical exposures as risk factors for leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (abstract). American Journal of Epidemiology 1985; 122(3): 535–536.

Fiore M.C. Anderson H.A. Hong R. Chronic exposure to aldicarb-contaminated groundwater and human immune function. Environmental Research 1986; 41: 633–645.

Fitzgerald G.R. Barniville G. Black J. Paraquat poisoning in agricultural workers. Journal of the Irish Medical Association 1978; 71: 336–342.

Gallagher R.P. Threlfall W.J. Spinelli J.J. Occupational mortality patterns among British Columbia Farm Workers. Journal of Occupational Medicine 1984a; 26(12): 906–908.

Gallagher R.P. Threlfall W.J. Jeffries E. Cancer and aplastic anemia in British Columbia farmers. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1984b; 72(6): 1311–1315.

Glorfelty D.E. Seiber J.N. Liljedahl L.A. Pesticides in fog. Nature 1987; 325: 602–605.

Goes E.A. Savage E.P. Gibbons G. Suspected foodborne carbamate pesticide intoxications associated with ingestion of hydroponic cucumbers. American Journal of Epidemiology 1980; 111: 254–260.

Gold E. Gordis L. Tonascia J. Risk factors for brain tumors in children. American Journal of Epidemiology 1979; 109(3): 309–319.

Goldman L.R. Mengle D. Epstein D.M. Acute symptoms in persons residing near a field treated with the soil fumigants methyl bromide and chloropicrin. Western Journal of Medicine 1987; 147: 95–98.

Greenberg J.O. The neurological effects of methyl bromide poisoning. Industrial Medicine 1971; 40: 27–29.

Hanify J.A. Metcalf P. Nobbs C.L. Aerial spraying of 2,4,5-T and human birth malformations: An epidemiological investigation. Science 1981; 212: 349–351.

Hayes W.J. Jr. Pesticides Studied in Man. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1982.

Hine C.H. Methyl bromide poisoning. Journal of Occupational Medicine 1969; 11: 1–10.

Hoar S. K. Blair A. Holmes F. F. Agricultural herbicide use and risk of lymphoma and soft-tissue sarcoma. Journal of the American Medical Association 1986; 256(9): 1141–1147.

Howard J.K. A clinical survey of paraquat formulation workers. British Journal of Industrial Medicine 1979; 36: 220–223.

Infante P.F. Epstein S.S. Newton W.A. Jr. Blood dyscrasias and childhood tumors and exposure to chlordane and heptachlor. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health 1978; 4: 137–150.

Janerich D.T. Polednak A.P. Epidemiology of birth defects. Epidemiology Reviews 1983; 5: 16–37.

Johnson M.K. The mechanism of delayed neuropathy caused by some organophosphorus esters: Using the understanding to improve safety. Journal of Environmental Science and Health 1980; B15(6): 823–841.

Kahn E. Pesticide-related illness in California farmworkers. Journal of Occupational Medicine 1976; 18: 693–696.

Kazen C. Bloomer A. Welch R. Persistence of pesticides on the hands of some occupationally exposed people. Archives of Environmental Health 1974; 29: 315–318.

Kern County Health Department. Epidemiologic Study of Cancer in Children in McFarland, California, 1985–1986: Phase I, Statistical Considerations, Current Environment. Kern County Health Department, Bakersfield, California, November, 1986.

Lee M.H. Randsell J.F. A farmworker death due to pesticide toxicity: A case report. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 1984; 14: 239–246.

Letz G.A. Pond S.M. Osterloh J.D. Two fatalities after acute occupational exposure to ethylene dibromide. Journal of the American Medical Association 1984; 252: 2428–2431.

Levin H.S. Rodnitzky R.L. Behavioral effects of organophosphate pesticides in man. Clinical Toxicology 1976; 9: 391–405.

Lotti M. Moretto A. Zoppellari R. Inhibition of lymphocytic neuropathy target esterase predicts the development of organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy. Archives of Toxicology 1986; 59: 176–179.

Lowengart R.A. Peters J.M. Cicioni C. Childhood leukemia and parents' occupational and home exposures. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1987; 79(1): 39–46.

Mabuchi K. Lilienfeld A.M. Snell L.M. Cancer and occupational exposure to arsenic: A study of pesticide workers. Preventive Medicine 1980; 9: 51–77.

Markovitz A. Crosby W.H. A soil fumigant, 1,3-dichloropropene, as possible cause of hematologic malignancies. Archives of Internal Medicine 1984; 144: 1409–1411.

Martin P. Mines R. Diaz A. A profile of California farmworkers. California Agriculture 1985; 6: 16–18.

Matthews G.A. Pesticide Application Methods. New York: Longman, Inc., 1982.

McDowall M. Balarajan R. Testicular cancer and employment in agriculture. Lancet 1984; 1: 510–511.

Midtling J.E. Barnett P.G. Cove M.J. Clinical management of field worker organophosphate poisoning: Case report. Western Journal of Medicine 1984; 143: 168–172.

Milham S. Jr. Leukemia and multiple myeloma in farmers. American Journal of Epidemiology 1971; 91(1): 307–310.

Mills P.K. Newell G.R. Johnson D.E. Testicular cancer associated with employment in agriculture and oil and natural gas extraction. Lancet 1984; 1: 207–209.

Morgan D.P. Recognition and management of pesticide poisoning, 3rd Edition. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1982.

Morris P.D. Koepsell T.D. Daling J.R. Toxic substance exposure and multiple myeloma: A case-control study. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1986; 76(6): 987–994.

Mott Lawrie . Pesticides in food: What the public needs to know. San Francisco: National Resources Defense Council, Inc., 1984.

Musicco M. Filippini G. Bordo B.M. Gliomas and occupational exposure to carcinogens: Case-control study. American Journal of Epidemiology 1982; 116(5): 782–790.

Namba T. Nolte C.T. Jackrel J. Poisoning due to organophosphate insecticides: Acute and chronic manifestations. American Journal of Medicine 1971; 50: 475–492.

Nandakumar A. Armstrong B.K. deKlerk N.H. Multiple myeloma in western Australia: A case-control study in relation to occupation, fathers occupation, socioeconomic status, and country of birth. International Journal of Cancer 1986; 37: 223–226.

National Academy of Science. Regulating pesticides in food: The Delaney paradox. Committee on Scientific and Regulatory Issues Underlying Pesticide Use Patterns and Agricultural Innovation. Board on Agriculture, National Research Council. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1987.

Nelson C.J. Holson J.F. Green H.G. Retrospective study of the relationship between agricultural use of 2,5,5-T and cleft palate occurrence in Arkansas. Teratology 1979; 19: 377–384.

Olson L.J. Erickson B.J. Hinsdill R.D. Aldicarb immunomodulation in mice: An inverse dose-response to parts per billion levels in drinking water. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 1987; 16: 433–439.

Pearce N.E. Smith A.H. Fisher D.O. Malignant lymphoma and multiple myeloma linked with agricultural occupations in a New Zealand cancer registry-based study. American Journal of Epidemiology 1985; 121(2): 225–237.

Pearce N.E. Smith A.H. Howard J.K. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and exposure to phenoxyherbicides, chlorophenols, fencing work, and meat works employment: A case-control study. British Journal of Industrial Medicine 1986; 43: 75–83.

Peoples S.A. Maddy K.T. Organophosphate pesticide poisoning. Western Journal of Medicine 1978; 129: 273–277.

Potashnik G. Ben-Aderet N. Israeli R. Suppressive effect of 1, 2-dibromo-3-chloropropane on human spermatogenesis. Fertility and Sterility 1978; 30: 444–447.

Prabhakar J.M. Possible relationship of insecticide exposure to embryonal cell carcinoma (letter). Journal of the American Medical Association 1978; 240: 288.

Pratt C.B. George S.L. O'Connor D. Adolescent colorectal cancer and dioxin exposure (letter). Lancet 1986; 2: 803.

Pratt C.B. Rivera G. Shanks E. Colorectal carcinoma in adolescents, implications regarding etiology. Cancer 1977; 40: 2464–2472.

Prockop L.D. Smith A.O. Seizures and action myoclonus after occupational exposure to methyl bromide. Journal of the Florida Medical Association 1986; 73: 690–691.

Radimer G.F. Davis J.H. Ackerman A.B. Fumigant-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis. Archives of Dermatology 1974; 110: 103–104.

Ratner D. Eshel E. Aerial pesticide spraying: An environmental hazard (letter). Journal of the American Medical Association 1986; 256: 2516–2517.

Reeves J.D. Household insecticide-associated blood dyscrasias in children (letter). American Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology 1982; 4: 438–439.

Rettig B.A. Klein D.K. Sniezek J.E. The incidence of hospitalizations and emergency room visits resulting from exposure to chemicals used in agriculture. Nebraska Medical Journal 1987; 7: 215–219.

Riihimaki V. Asp S. Hernberg S. Mortality of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid herbicide applicators in Finland. First report of an ongoing prospective study. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health 1982; 8: 37–42.

Rita P. Reddy P.P. Reddy S.V. Monitoring of workers occupationally exposed to pesticides in grape gardens of Andhra Pradesh. Environmental Research 1987; 44: 1–5.

Rodnitzky R.L. Levin H.S. Mick D.L. Occupational exposure to organophosphate pesticides, a neurobehavioral study. Archives of Environmental Health 1975; 30: 98–103.

Rogan W. Pollutants in breast milk. New England Journal of Medicine 1980; 302: 1450–1453.

Rowntree D.W. Nevin S. Wilson A. The effects of diisopropylfluorophosphonate in schizophrenia and manic depressive psychosis. Journal of Neurolology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 1950; 13: 47–62.

Russell H.H. Jackson R.J. Spath D.P. Chemical contamination of California drinking water. Western Journal of Medicine 1987; 147: 615–622.

Saftlas A.F. Blair A. Cantor K.P. Cancer and other causes of death among Wisconsin farmers. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 1987; 11: 119–129.

Sanchez-Ramos J.R. Hefti F. Weiner W.J. Paraquat and Parkinson's Disease (letter). Neurology 1987; 4(37): 723.

Sandifer S.H. Wilkins R.T. Loadholt C.B. Spermatogenesis in agricultural workers exposed to dibromochloropropane (DBCP). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 1979; 23: 703–710.

Saunders D. Ames R.G. Knoak J.B. : Outbreak of OMite-CR induced dermatitis among orange pickers in Tulare County, California. Journal of Occupational Medicine 1987; 29: 409–413.

Savage E.P. Keefe T.J. Tessari J.D. National study of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide residues in human milk. American Journal of Epidemiology 1981; 113: 413.

Savage E.P. Keefe T.J. Mounce L.M. Chronic neurological sequelae of acute organophosphate poisoning. Archives of Environmental Health 1988; 43: 38–45.

Schardein J.L. Chemically Induced Birth Defects. New York: Marcel Deckker, 1985a.

Schardein J.L. Schwetz B.A. Kenel M.F. Species sensitivities and prediction of teratogenic potential. Environmental Health Perspectives 1985b; 61: 55–67.

Schumacher M.C. Farming occupations and mortality from non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in Utah, a case-control study. Journal of Occupational Medicine 1985; 27(8): 580–584.

Schwartz D.A. LoGerfo J.P. Congenital limb reductions in the agricultural setting. American Journal of Public Health 1988; 78(6): 654–657.

Schwartz D.A. Newsum L.A. Heifitz R.M. Parental occupation and birth outcome in an agricultural community. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health 1986; 12: 51–54.

Sharp D.S. Eskenazi B. Harrison R. Delayed health hazards of pesticide exposure. Annul Review of Public Health 1986; 7: 441–471.

Shindell S. Ulrich S. Mortality of workers employed in the manufacture of Chlordane: An update. Journal of Occupational Medicine 1986; 28(7): 4987–5011.

Soliman S.A. Farmer J. Curley A. Is delayed neurotoxicity a property of all organophosphorus compounds? A study with a model compound, Parathion. Toxicology 1982; 23: 267–279.

Stemhagen A. Slade J. Altman R. Occupational risk factors and liver cancer. American Journal of Epidemiology 1983; 117(4): 443–454.

Stubbs H.A. Harris J. Spear R.C. A proportionate mortality analysis of California agricultural workers, 1978–1979. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 1984; 6: 305–320.

Tabershaw I.R. Cooper W.C. Sequelae of acute organophosphate poisoning. Journal of Occupational Medicine 1966; 8: 5–20.

Tafuri J. Roberts J. Organophosphate Poisoning, Collective Review. Annals of Emergency Medicine 1987; 16: 193/93–102/202.

Thomas H.F. 2,4,5-T use and congenital malformation rates in Hungary (letter). Lancet 1980; 2: 214–215.

U.S. Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Statistics, 1986. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1986.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Pesticide industry sales and usage, 1985 market estimates. Economic Analysis Branch, Benefits and Use Division, Office of Pesticide Programs. Washington, D.C.: EPA, September, 1986.

U.S. General Accounting Office. EPA is slow to carry out its responsibility to control harmful chemicals. GAO Report CED-81-1, Washington, D.C., October 28, 1980.

U.S. General Accounting Office. Pesticides: EPA's formidable task to assess and regulate their risks. GAO Report RCED-86-125, Washington, D.C., April, 1986a.

U.S. General Accounting Office. Pesticides: Better sampling and enforcement needed on imported food. GAO Report RCED-86-219, Washington, D.C., September, 1986b.

U.S. General Accounting Office. Pesticides: Need to enhance FDA's ability to protect the public from illegal residues. GAO Report RCED-87-7, Washington, D.C., October, 1986c.

van den Oever R. Roosels D. Lahaye D. Actual hazard of methyl bromide fumigation in soil disinfection. British Journal of Industrial Medicine 1982; 39: 140–144.

van den Oever R. Roosels D. Lahaye D. Actual hazard of methyl bromide fumigation in soil disinfection (letter of reply to critique of above article). British Journal of Industrial Medicine 1984; 41: 282–283.

Vaughan T.L. Daling J.R. Starzyk P.M. Fetal death and maternal occupation: An analysis of birth records in the state of Washington. Journal of Occupational Medicine 1984; 26: 676–678.

Wang H.H. MacMahon B. Mortality of pesticide applicators. Journal of Occupational Medicine 1979; 21(11): 741–744.

Wasserstrom R.F. Wiles R. Field duty: U.S. farmworkers and pesticide safety. Washington, D.C.: World Resources Institute, July, 1985.

Whorton D. Milby T.H. Krauss R.M. Testicular function in DBCP exposed pesticide workers. Journal of Occupational Medicine 1979; 21: 161–166.

Whorton D. Milby T.H. Recovery of testicular function among DBCP workers. Journal of Occupational Medicine 1980; 22: 177–179.

Wiklund K. Trends in cancer risks among Swedish agricultural workers. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1986a; 77(3): 657–664.

Wiklund K. Testicular cancer among agricultural workers and licensed pesticide applicators in Sweden. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health 1986b; 12: 630–631.

Wilson B.W. Hooper M. Chow E. Assessment of farmworker risk from organophosphate-induced delayed neuropathy. In Honeycutt R.C. (Eds): Dermal exposure related to pesticide use. ACS Symposium Series No. 273, American Chemical Society, 1985.

Wong O. Brocker W. Davis H.V. Mortality of workers potentially exposed to organic and inorganic brominated chemicals, DBCP, TRIS, PBB and DDT. British Journal of Industrial Medicine 1984; 41: 15–25.

Wong O. Utidjian H.M.D. Karten V.S. Retrospective evaluation of reproductive performance of workers exposed to ethylene dibromide. Journal of Occupational Medicine 1979; 21: 98–102.

Xintaras C. Burg J.R. Tanaka S. Occupational exposure to Leptophos and other chemicals. NIOSH Publication No. 78-136. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1978.

Zaki M.H. Moran D. Harris D. Pesticides in groundwater: The aldicarb story in Suffolk County, NY. American Journal of Public Health 1982; 72: 1391–1395.

Zwaveling J.H. deKort W.L.A. Meulenbelt J. Exposure of the skin to methyl bromide: A study of six cases occupationally exposed to high concentrations during fumigation. Human Toxicology 1987; 6: 491–495.