In 1958, Preston James in discussing the need for strengthening geographic learning in the schools, wrote that “people of the United States must be brought to realize that the modem world is not chaotic and confused, but the things that are going on are proceeding in an orderly fashion from cause to effect.” Although some scientists may look at the problem of seeking order in the world somewhat differently (Gleick, 1988), the essential idea of learning must deal with attempting to understand things systematically and we must look systematically at the intellectual and practical rationales for strengthening geography in the social studies.
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