Implementing Early Depression Screening as Routine Practice in Pharmacy Settings

Abstract

This study examined the feasibility and impact of implementing routine depression screening in pharmacy settings through a 4-phase approach. A systematic literature review identified evidence supporting pharmacist-led screenings as effective and acceptable, with studies reporting improved detection rates and positive patient outcomes. Legislative analysis revealed strong international frameworks, particularly in the United States and United Kingdom, emphasizing pharmacists’ role in mental health care. A situational analysis in Bulgaria highlighted a significant unmet need, with high prevalence of depressive symptoms among chronically ill patients and limited access to mental health specialists. These findings underscore the potential of community pharmacies to bridge care gaps. Based on the evidence, key recommendations include developing pharmacist training programs, advocating for supportive legislation and funding, launching public awareness campaigns to reduce stigma, and establishing collaborative referral networks with other healthcare providers. Implementing these measures can facilitate early detection, timely intervention, and improved public health outcomes by leveraging the accessibility and expertise of pharmacists in mental healthcare.

Keywords

depression screening pharmacist-led programs pharmacies mental health legislative analysis public health implementation strategy

Introduction

Depression is a common mental health disorder affecting 5% of the population globally that causes a significant burden to the affected individuals and society.¹ In most countries, 8% to 12% of the population develops clinically significant depression at some time in their lives, making it the third most common reason for consultation in general practice and a leading cause of disability. Only 5% of patients identified with depression are referred to psychiatrists, and only 2% receive inpatient care, which is one of the leading reasons 1 in 8 diagnosed patients develop chronic depression.² Data from the European Health Interview System found that 3 out of every 100 people (3%) in Bulgaria are living with chronic depression.²

Depression often accompanies patients with chronic illnesses. Among specific populations, such as patients with recent acute myocardial infarction, the prevalence is as high as 33%, and among patients with cancer, the prevalence can be as high as 47%.³ World Health Organization predicts that by 2030, depression will become the leading cause of complicating the health state of patients with chronic and comorbid conditions. Gender differences play a significant role in the epidemiology and manifestation of depression. Globally, women are nearly twice as likely to experience major depressive episodes as men, and perinatal depression affects up to one in 5 mothers, underscoring the importance of early detection and community-based support systems for this population.⁴ In contrast, suicide mortality remains substantially higher among men, with more than half of global suicides occurring before the age of 50, highlighting an urgent need for accessible mental health interventions targeting working-age male populations (World Health Organization, 2023).⁵

The total economic burden of depression is estimated to be $210.5 billion per year, an increase of 21.5% or $37.3 billion per year from the last decade.⁶ Nearly half of the total cost is direct medical costs of treating depression (45%-47%). Indirect economic costs arise from premature mortality due to the disease and from reduced productive capacity of individuals, accounting for about 50% of total costs.⁷ Effective screening programs are essential for early diagnosis as well as for preventing depression and its comorbidities. Pharmacists, as health professionals in direct daily contact with patients, play a crucial role in the healthcare system. Their accessibility allows them to provide essential services and actively participate in early screening for various health conditions, including depression. Early screening is a simple, cost-effective method for identifying depression, facilitating timely intervention, and improving patient outcomes. This study aims to provide actionable insights for implementing early depression screening as a routine pharmacy practice. The second aim is to identify the legal, systemic, and contextual enablers and barriers to implementing pharmacist-led depression screening, with particular attention to the Bulgarian setting and transferable international models.

Materials and Methods

This study involves a multiphase approach structured into 4 distinct phases. Phase 1 is a systematic literature review (SLR) that aims to gather and synthesize existing research on the feasibility, effectiveness, and outcomes of early depression screening conducted by pharmacists in community pharmacies. Phase 2 aims to analyze the legislative and regulatory frameworks that support the implementation of depression screening programs in pharmacies across different countries. Phase 3 situational Analysis and implementation Strategy in Bulgaria aims to understand the current landscape, opportunities, and challenges for implementing early depression screening in Bulgarian pharmacies, providing a detailed understanding of the local context. Phase 4 integrates findings into coherent recommendations aimed at facilitating the adoption and successful implementation of early depression screening programs in pharmacies.

Phase 1: Systematic Literature Review

Data Sources and Search Strategy

This SLR followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The methodological quality of all included studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) meta-aggregative approach. A comprehensive systematic review of abstracts and free full texts investigating early screening of depression in community pharmacies was performed based on: (1) identification of a research question; (2) identification of inclusion and exclusion criteria; (3) data extraction; (4) reporting results; and (5) discussion and interpretation of findings. The primary search was performed in the PubMed database, using the following keywords and Boolean operators “depression” OR “depressive disorder” AND “pharmacist” OR “pharmacy” OR “community pharmacy” AND “early diagnosis” OR “early screening” OR “screening.” Searches were carried out between June 1st, 2024, and January 31st, 2025. The search for available studies covered the period from 2006 to 2025 reflecting the emergence of the value-based healthcare concept. To enhance comprehensiveness and minimize the risk of publication bias, a supplemental search was conducted using the Elicit AI platform, which draws on the Semantic Scholar database. The guiding research question used in Elicit was “What is the effectiveness of routine depression screening by pharmacists in identifying undiagnosed depression among adult patients in community pharmacy settings?” The top 50 Elicit-generated results were screened, and 8 relevant articles were reviewed and included in the final synthesis. A flow diagram was applied to systematically present the number of studies identified, those meeting the criteria, excluded studies, and reasons for exclusion. The protocol was registered in Open Science Framework on July 15th, 2025.

Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

Articles were included based on the following criteria: (1) studies in English; (2) no limitations to publication type; (3) full-text available or abstract containing sufficient data; (4) involved pharmacist-led depression screening in community pharmacy settings; (5) studies addressing the research questions and reporting data on depression screening. Studies were excluded if they did not: (1) report depression screening; (2) involve pharmacists in depression screening; (3) were conducted outside of pharmacy settings (eg, hospitals, clinics); and (4) provide accessible full text or adequate information in the abstract.

Eligibility Criteria

The search was conducted following the routine literature review methodologies, including PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes):

- Population—adults (≥18 years) visiting community pharmacies;

- Intervention—depression screening conducted by pharmacists within community pharmacy settings, using validated screening tools, with or without referral pathways to other healthcare providers;

- Comparison—usual care or pharmacy services without a structured depression screening protocol;

- Outcome(s)—primary outcomes: detection rates of undiagnosed depression, patient acceptance, and satisfaction with the screening process; secondary outcomes: referral rates to mental health services, improvement in mental health outcomes, barriers and facilitators to implementation, cost-effectiveness of the screening program, and depression screening assessment implementation (feasibility, sustainability, and fidelity).

Methodological Quality Assessment

The JBI critical appraisal tool, used to assess the quality of the included SLRs, contains 10 questions with 4 rating choices (yes, no, unclear, not applicable) for each question (Supplementary Table 1).

Data Extraction and Synthesis

One investigator entered the study data into the extraction table, while a second one verified the information for accuracy and completeness. The following data were extracted: author, year, country of origin, type of study, results, and conclusions. Characteristics of the 13 included studies^4,7–18 are presented in Table 1.

Table 1.

Characteristics of Included Studies.

Country of origin	Type of study	Year	Author	Results and conclusions
Australia	Survey-based study	2024	El-Den et al	Validated measures of pharmacists’ acceptability and willingness to screen for perinatal depression were developed.
	Systematic review	2024	Ou et al	Pharmacists play a role in mental illness screening, but more research is needed to establish best practices and impact on outcomes.
	Qualitative study	2023	Gide et al	Community pharmacists found depression screening for older adults acceptable but noted the need for funding and guidelines.
		2023	Strowel et al	Pharmacists expressed willingness to screen for perinatal depression but emphasized the need for training and referral pathways.
		2022	Pham et al	Perinatal women were generally positive about pharmacist-led depression screening but highlighted privacy and accessibility concerns.
	Feasibility study	2015	O’Reilly et al	High referral rates (>70%); detailed outcomes not reported.
USA	Pilot study, observational study	2024	Reid et al	41% high-risk rate; follow-up led to medication changes; some patient reluctance noted.
	Observational study (qualitative)	2020	Mospan et al	Qualitative themes: value of pharmacist relationship, stigma, and privacy issues.
	Feasibility study; pilot study	2017	Wilson and Twigg	PHQ-9 identified 19.3% positive cases; limited provider response; no new treatments initiated.
	Prospective observational study	2013	Rosser et al	Routine PHQ-2 and PHQ-9 screening identified 1.8% and ∼25% positive cases; ∼60% of positives received treatment.
	Pilot study, uncontrolled study	2008	Hare and Kraenow	22% screened positive; all followed referrals; high trust inferred.
	Pilot, feasibility, uncontrolled study	2006	Knox et al	Two screened cases; 92% comfort rate and perceived usefulness.
Unspecified	Interventional, cross-sectional, mixed	2024	Shah et al	89% of screened had moderate/severe depression; PHQ-9 scores dropped significantly over 3 months.

Phase 2: Legislative Analysis

The analysis reviewed legislative documents, guidelines, and literature on early depression screening programs in pharmacy settings. Countries included the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, Netherlands, and Germany. Sources included health department websites, pharmacy associations, and legislative databases. Data extraction focused on frameworks, implementation processes, key stakeholders, and challenges (Table 2). The inclusion of these 6 countries was based on the presence of established or emerging national frameworks integrating pharmacists into mental health or preventive care services, as identified through preliminary scoping searches. Selection criteria included: (1) availability of documented legislation or national policy related to pharmacist-led health screenings; (2) recognition of pharmacists’ expanded clinical roles within primary care; and (3) relevance to transferable models for European healthcare systems. These countries were chosen to represent diverse yet well-documented approaches to implementing pharmacist-led screening programs across different regulatory and healthcare environments.

Table 2.

Legislative Analysis in the USA, UK, Australia, Canada, Germany, and the Netherlands.

Country	USA	UK	Australia	Canada	Netherlands	Germany
Program Name	Preventive Services under ACA	NHS Long-Term Plan	5CPA and subsequent agreements	MedsCheck Program	National Prevention Agreement	GVWG
Year of Introduction	2010	2019	2010	2007	2013	2021
Legislative Framework	Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), USPSTF Recommendations, AHRQ Reviews	NHS Long Term Plan, Community Pharmacy Contractual Framework (CPCF), GPhC Guidelines	Fifth Community Pharmacy Agreement (5CPA), National Competency Standards Framework	CTFPHC Recommendations, Ontario MedsCheck Program, Expanded Scope of Practice	IGZ Guidelines, KNMP Guidelines, Primary Care Collaborative Models	GVWG, Apothekenbetriebsordnung, NVL Depression Guidelines
Objectives of the Program	Improve access to mental health services, early detection of depression	Enhance early detection and intervention, integrate care	Address high prevalence of mental health issues, leverage pharmacist accessibility	Improve access to mental health services, optimize medication use	Improve public health through early detection and intervention	Expand role of pharmacists in preventive care, early detection of mental health issues
Implementation Process	Covered depression screenings without patient cost-sharing, integrated pharmacists into primary care	Expand community-based mental health services, support pharmacists in screenings	Fund mental health training for pharmacists, integrate screenings into routine practice	Include mental health assessments in medication reviews, expand pharmacist scope	Integrated care models, promote collaboration between healthcare providers	Expand role of nonphysician providers, integrate pharmacists into preventive services
Key Stakeholders	Federal and state governments, American Pharmacists Association	NHS, General Pharmaceutical Council, pharmacy associations	Australian Government, Pharmacy Guild of Australia, Pharmaceutical Society of Australia	Health Canada, provincial governments, Canadian Pharmacists Association	Dutch Health Care Inspectorate, Royal Dutch Pharmacists Association	Federal Ministry of Health, pharmacy associations
Motivations for Implementation	Improve mental health access, reduce burden of untreated depression, cost-effectiveness	Early detection, integrate care, improve patient outcomes	High prevalence of mental health issues, accessible care, improve public health	Access to services, reduce healthcare costs, comprehensive care	Public health improvement, early detection, integrated care	Preventive care expansion, improve mental health services, integrate pharmacists
Outcomes and Impact	Improved access to mental health care, early detection of depression	Enhanced early detection and intervention, integrated care	Improved mental health care, accessibility of services	Better mental health outcomes, optimized medication use	Improved public health outcomes, early detection	Expanded role of pharmacists, early detection of mental health issues
Challenges and Barriers	Integration into existing workflows, engagement from prescribers	Privacy concerns, patient acceptance, training needs	Time constraints, costs, engagement with prescribers	Varied implementation across provinces, resource allocation	Coordination between healthcare providers, consistent implementation	Developing specific frameworks, engaging pharmacists in new roles
References and Sources	USPSTF, AHRQ, Healthy People 2030	NHS Long Term Plan, GPhC, CPCF	Australian Government Department of Health, PSA, Pharmacy Guild of Australia	CTFPHC, Ontario Ministry of Health, Canadian Pharmacists Association	IGZ, KNMP, NIVEL, Rijksoverheid	Bundesministerium für Gesundheit, Bundesgesetzblatt, NVL

Abbreviations: ACA, Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; AHRQ, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; CPCF, Community Pharmacy Contractual Framework; CTFPHC, Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care; 5CPA, Fifth Community Pharmacy Agreement (Australia); GPhC, General Pharmaceutical Council (UK); IGZ, Dutch Health Care Inspectorate; GVWG, Gesundheitsversorgungsweiterentwicklungsgesetz (Health Care Development Act, Germany); KNMP, Royal Dutch Pharmacists Association; NHS, National Health Service (UK); NIVEL, Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research; NVL, National Disease Management Guidelines (Germany); PSA, Pharmaceutical Society of Australia; USPSTF, United States Preventive Services Task Force.

Phase 3: Situational Analysis and Implementation Strategy in Bulgaria

This phase assessed the Bulgarian context using demographic and epidemiological data, a 2020 survey of pharmacists and patients, and feasibility indicators for depression screening. A strategic implementation plan and SWOT analysis were developed based on expert opinions and patient feedback from a pilot study involving 119 chronically ill patients.⁸ All participants in the pilot study provided informed consent prior to participation. Participant anonymity and data confidentiality were strictly maintained. Screening data were collected and stored in a de-identified format, accessible only to the research team. No personally identifiable information was disclosed, and participants were informed that screening results would not replace medical diagnosis.

Phase 4: Recommendations

Recommendations were based on evidence from previous phases, synthesizing findings on feasibility, legislative frameworks, and implementation strategies.

Results

Phase 1: Systematic Literature Review

Selection and Quality of Articles

The PubMed search yielded 40 records; after title and abstract screening, 34 were excluded. Full-text review of 6 articles excluded one for not involving pharmacist-led screening in a pharmacy setting, leaving 5 studies. A complementary Elicit search screened 50 records and identified 8 additional eligible studies. In total, 13 studies (5 PubMed, 8 Elicit) were included. Most studies demonstrated moderate to high methodological quality, with clear objectives and robust designs. Common limitations included incomplete reporting of demographics and variability in follow-up. Despite these, risk of bias was generally low, supporting the reliability of evidence for pharmacist-led depression screening.

Description of Included Studies

Geographic distribution: Six from Australia, 6 from the United States, and 1 unspecified (included as it fulfilled all predefined inclusion criteria and contributed valuable methodological data relevant to the review objectives).

Study designs: Qualitative (n = 4), feasibility/pilot (n = 5), survey-based (n = 1), observational/mixed methods (n = 2), and one systematic review.

Focus areas: Feasibility, acceptability, implementation barriers, and patient-pharmacist perspectives. Common barriers included lack of funding, time constraints, and privacy concerns.

Screening tools: The PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 were most frequently used; some studies also applied GAD-7 for anxiety screening. The preference for PHQ-2 and PHQ-9 tools in pharmacy settings stems from their strong psychometric validity, ease of use, and minimal time burden. Both instruments are self-administered, require limited training for pharmacists, and are well-suited for brief patient interactions typical in community pharmacy practice. The PHQ-2 serves as an efficient initial screener to identify potential depressive symptoms, while the PHQ-9 allows for more detailed assessment and monitoring of symptom severity. These tools are validated across diverse populations and have demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity for major depressive disorder. Limitations include the reliance on self-reporting, which may lead to under- or overestimation of symptoms, and the need for appropriate referral pathways for patients with positive results.

Key outcomes: Detection rates ranged from 1.8% to over 40%, with referral follow-up rates between 25% and 70%. One study (Shah et al, 2024) reported significant PHQ-9 score reductions over 3 months, indicating improved mental health outcomes.

A summary of study characteristics is provided in Table 1.

Phase 2: Legislative Analysis

United States

United States policies increasingly support pharmacist-led depression screening as part of efforts to improve mental health access. The Affordable Care Act (2010) mandates coverage of depression screening without cost-sharing, facilitating integration into care settings, including pharmacies.¹⁹ The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends routine adult screening, including for perinatal populations, influencing its adoption in primary care.²⁰ The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality reviews confirm the effectiveness of standardized tools for detection,²⁰ and Healthy People 2030 sets goals to increase depression screening in primary care visits, emphasizing early detection as a national priority.²¹

United Kingdom

The United Kingdom supports pharmacists’ involvement in mental health through several policies. The National Service Framework for Mental Health (1999) set quality standards for integrated mental healthcare. The National Health Service (NHS) Long Term Plan (2019) and Community Pharmacy Contractual Framework emphasize expanding community-based services and the pharmacist's role in early detection.²² The General Pharmaceutical Council provides regulatory guidance on pharmacists’ responsibilities in delivering safe and effective mental health care, including screening.

Australia

Australia has integrated pharmacists into mental healthcare through national agreements and competency standards. The Fifth Community Pharmacy Agreement (2010) and subsequent agreements funded pharmacist training in mental health,²³ including programs such as Mental Health First Aid and the Pharmacy Guild's screening initiatives. The Pharmacists in General Practice (2017) program promotes collaborative care, enabling pharmacists to conduct screenings within primary care teams.²⁴ The 2019 National Competency Standards Framework defines required skills for delivering services such as mental health screening.²⁵

Canada

The Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care (2005) issued guidelines supporting depression screening by primary care providers.²⁶ Programs such as MedsCheck (Ontario, 2007) allow pharmacists to assess mental health during medication reviews, while provincial scope expansions (2012-2015) enabled pharmacists to deliver broader services, including screening.²⁷ Initiatives like Nova Scotia's Bloom Program integrate pharmacists into mental health teams to enhance access, early detection, and care coordination.²⁸

Germany

Germany's Gesundheitsversorgungsweiterentwicklungsgesetz 2021 (GVWG) expanded nonphysician roles in preventive care, enabling pharmacists to conduct mental health screenings.²⁹ The Apothekenbetriebsordnung regulates pharmacy operations and increasingly emphasizes preventive care, including mental health.³⁰ The National Disease Management Guidelines (Nationale VersorgungsLeitlinie, NVL) further support pharmacist involvement in early depression detection and management.³¹

Netherlands

The Dutch Health Care Inspectorate (IGZ) and Royal Dutch Pharmacists Association (KNMP) issue guidelines supporting pharmacists’ involvement in preventive care, including mental health screening.^32,33 Integrated care models position pharmacists alongside general practitioners, while the National Prevention Agreement promotes early detection of depression within primary care.³⁴

Comparative Analysis

Across all countries, pharmacists are integrated into primary care with roles in depression screening supported by regulatory guidelines and government initiatives. Common goals include improving early detection, public health outcomes, and care integration. Training and collaboration frameworks are widely established to enable effective referrals and follow-up (Table 3).

Table 3.

Legislative Analysis—Similarities and Differences.

Aspect	USA	UK	Australia	Canada	Netherlands	Germany
Legislative Approaches	ACA, USPSTF Recommendations, AHRQ Reviews	NHS Long Term Plan, CPCF, GPhC Guidelines	5CPA, National Competency Standards Framework	CTFPHC Recommendations, MedsCheck Program, Expanded Scope of Practice	IGZ Guidelines, KNMP Guidelines, Primary Care Collaborative Models	GVWG, Apothekenbetriebsordnung, NVL Depression Guidelines
Integration into Primary Care	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Regulatory Guidelines	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Government Support	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Scope of Practice	Broad	Broad	Broad	Broad	Narrow	Narrow
Implementation Models	Standalone pharmacist-led initiatives in community pharmacies	Integrated care models involving collaborative efforts across healthcare providers	Funded training and integration into routine practice	Standalone initiatives with varied provincial implementation	Integrated care models promoting collaboration between healthcare providers	Integrated into preventive services through broader health reforms
Motivations for Implementation	Improve access, reduce burden of untreated depression, cost-effectiveness	Early detection, integrate care, improve patient outcomes	Address high prevalence, leverage accessibility, improve public health	Access to services, reduce costs, comprehensive care	Public health improvement, early detection, integrated care	Preventive care expansion, improve mental health services, integrate pharmacists
Public Health Improvement	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Economic Efficiency	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Training and Guidelines	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Collaboration with Healthcare Providers	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Funding and Resources	ACA provides funding, integrated with preventive services	NHS provides funding, integrated with primary care	5CPA provides specific funding for mental health training	Provincial programs provide funding, integrated with medication reviews	Government funding through health agreements, collaborative care models	Broader health reform funding, integrated preventive services
Challenges	Integration into workflows, engagement from prescribers	Privacy concerns, patient acceptance, training needs	Time constraints, costs, engagement with prescribers	Varied implementation across provinces, resource allocation	Coordination between healthcare providers, consistent implementation	Developing specific frameworks, engaging pharmacists in new roles

Abbreviations: AHRQ, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; CPCF, Community Pharmacy Contractual Framework; NHS, National Health Service; GPhC, General Pharmaceutical Council; USPSTF, United States Preventive Services Task Force.

Scope of practice varies: Canada and Australia allow broader clinical roles, while Germany and the Netherlands rely on general preventive care policies. The United States and United Kingdom have more explicit mandates for screening through detailed legislative frameworks. The United Kingdom and Netherlands emphasize integrated care models, whereas the United States and Canada focus on pharmacist-led community-based services. Funding approaches differ—Australia and Canada provide targeted funding, while Germany relies on broader health reforms.

Shared challenges include provider engagement, patient privacy, time and resource constraints, and ensuring consistent implementation.

Phase 3: Situational Analysis and Implementation Strategy in Bulgaria

Introducing early depression screening in Bulgarian pharmacies requires careful planning, supported by situational and SWOT analyses. This approach identifies opportunities and challenges for integration into community pharmacy practice.

Situational Analysis

High prevalence of depression: A pilot study of 119 chronically ill patients found 64.9% had depressive symptoms, including 14% with severe depression, consistent with global trends.³⁵

Risk factors: Depression is more common among older adults, urban residents, and women. Over 50% of chronically ill patients reported mild to moderate symptoms.^35,36

Underdiagnosis: 89% of affected patients had never consulted a psychiatrist, highlighting stigma, poor access to specialists, and screening gaps.³⁵

Limited mental health services: Mental health screenings by GPs are insufficient, leaving many patients untreated. Untreated depression is associated with higher pharmacotherapy costs.³⁵

No pharmacy-based screening: Current efforts rely on physicians, though evidence from other countries supports pharmacy integration as feasible and effective.¹³

SWOT Analysis

Strengths

Pharmacies offer high accessibility and no appointment barriers, enabling broader depression screening coverage than primary care. Screening by trained pharmacists supports early detection, timely intervention, and improved outcomes, while reducing GP workload. This service leverages pharmacists’ underused expertise and creates opportunities for professional development.^5,35

Weaknesses

Depression screening is not yet a standard pharmacy service in Bulgaria, potentially increasing workload without initial incentives. Accuracy limitations of screening tools and lack of pharmacist experience present challenges, requiring training and practice (Table 4). The service currently addresses only depression, which may seem fragmented, though it could pave the way for broader health screening programs.⁵

Table 4.

SWOT Analysis for the Feasibility of Introducing an Early Depression Screening Program in Bulgarian Pharmacies.

Internal factors	Strengths Patient-centered healthcare Advantages for GPs and specialists Easy access Use of the knowledge of pharmacists	Weaknesses Increased workload of pharmacists Accuracy and reliability of screening instruments Fragmented patient care Lack of experience
External factors	Opportunities Innovative service for patients in the pharmacy network Possibility of introduction under certain conditions Basic requirements of the Good Pharmacy Practice (GPP) Regulations of 10.01.2020 are met, ensuring that important objectives of the GPP are achieved Draft amendment to the Law on Medicinal Products in Human Medicine, which in Art. 219 para. 1 adds “health promotion according to § 1, item 8 of the supplementary provision of the Health Act” as an activity carried out in pharmacies	Threats GPs’ and specialists’ perceptions of the pharmacist's role Conflict of business interests Patient resistance

Abbreviations: GPs, general practitioners; GPP, good pharmacy practice; SWOT, Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats.

Opportunities

Depression screening offers pharmacies a first-mover advantage in Bulgaria, addressing an unmet need and expanding their role in preventive care. The service aligns with Good Pharmacy Practice regulations and potential legislative changes promoting health promotion activities. Implementing this innovation positions pharmacies as key players in public health and strengthens patient trust.³⁵

Threats

Pharmacists’ expanded roles may face skepticism from healthcare professionals and stakeholders accustomed to traditional pharmacy services. Social stigma around depression remains a barrier, potentially discouraging patients from screening participation despite assurances of confidentiality.³⁵

Implementation Strategy

Goals

The strategy focuses on improving pharmaceutical care through clear communication, accurate screening guidance, and quality patient service. Objectives include increasing service visibility, meeting and exceeding patient expectations, expanding the mental health care awareness, and supporting long-term service sustainability.⁵

Target Population

Patients with chronic diseases have been specified as the target population, divided into 3 categories: primary target (chronic disease patients living in urban areas, over 60 years old, predominantly female), secondary target (chronic disease patients living in urban areas, over 60 years old, predominantly male), and tertiary target (all other chronic disease patients).⁵

Communication Strategy

Awareness will be raised via brochures, professional events, online channels, and direct engagement with patients and healthcare providers. Endorsement by the Bulgarian Pharmaceutical Union will support credibility through education campaigns and public outreach.

Phase 4: Recommendations

Based on findings from the previous phases, the following recommendations are proposed:

Training—Equip pharmacists with skills in screening tools, symptom recognition, and referral; integrate mental health into pharmacy curricula.

Legislation & Funding—Amend regulations to authorize pharmacist-led screening and secure sustainable funding, modeled on US/UK practices.

Public Awareness—Educate communities, reduce stigma, and emphasize confidentiality and pharmacist support.

Collaboration—Build referral networks and foster multidisciplinary care involving pharmacists.

Monitoring—Track detection rates, referrals, and patient satisfaction to ensure continuous improvement.

Discussion

Interpretation

Pharmacist-led depression screening is both feasible and effective, as shown by the SLR, which reported high patient acceptance and successful identification of undiagnosed depression. Pharmacists’ accessibility positions them as trusted providers in mental health care. Legislative reviews highlighted strong policy support in countries such as the United States (Affordable Care Act) and the United Kingdom (NHS Long Term Plan). The Bulgarian situational analysis confirmed a significant unmet need, especially among chronically ill patients, while the pilot study demonstrated a high prevalence of depressive symptoms, underscoring the value of pharmacy-based screening services.

Comparison With Other Studies

The findings of this study align with previous research conducted in countries such as the United States and Australia, where pharmacists have been successfully integrated into mental health screening initiatives. For example, high acceptance rates of depression screenings conducted by pharmacists, as well as improvements in the early detection of mental health conditions are reported.^4,13,15,16 However, unlike these countries, Bulgaria's legislative and healthcare system presents unique challenges, such as the absence of structured funding mechanisms and limited experience among pharmacists in conducting screenings. While the pilot study in Bulgaria reflects trends observed internationally, it also emphasizes the localized barriers that need to be addressed to ensure the successful implementation of such programs.⁸

Limitations and Strengths

This study demonstrates the feasibility and potential impact of pharmacy-based depression screening but has several limitations. Findings may not be fully generalizable, as the analysis focuses on the Bulgarian healthcare and pharmacy context and draws on studies primarily from high-income countries. Bulgaria, an EU member state with an upper-middle-income and steadily growing economy, provides a valuable environment for piloting pharmacist-led innovations. The pilot study involved a smaller sample, limiting demographic diversity, yet it represents the first phase of a broader PhD research project that is currently expanding in scope and sample size. While large-scale pharmacy screening models are not yet established, the ongoing work aims to generate more robust, generalizable evidence.

Despite these contextual factors, the study offers transferable lessons for other countries seeking to integrate early depression screening into community pharmacy practice. Elements such as pharmacist accessibility, patient trust, and use of validated screening tools are widely transferable, whereas implementation speed, funding mechanisms, and integration pathways may vary according to national health policy and system structure.

Strengths include a multiphase approach combining SLR, legislative review, and situational analysis for a comprehensive perspective. Cross-country comparisons identify transferable best practices, while the Bulgarian pilot provides real-world insight. The SWOT analysis offers a structured basis for actionable recommendations. Overall, this study underscores the pharmacist's role as an accessible provider capable of improving mental health outcomes through early detection.

Implications

The findings of this study have several implications for practice and policy. Implementing pharmacist-led depression screening requires coordinated efforts between healthcare providers, policymakers, and professional organizations. Priorities include establishing structured training programs, introducing supportive legislation and funding mechanisms, and creating clear referral and follow-up pathways. Public education campaigns are also needed to reduce stigma and improve awareness of mental health services. Together, these measures can strengthen the role of community pharmacies in early detection and integrated mental health care.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that community pharmacies represent an underused yet highly accessible setting for early depression screening. By combining evidence from international frameworks and local pilot data, the research provides a practical model for implementing pharmacist-led screening programs in Bulgaria and similar European contexts. The results highlight both feasibility and the need for continued expansion, including larger-scale implementation and outcome evaluation. Ongoing research under the associated PhD project will further validate and refine this model to support the sustainable integration of mental health services in pharmacy practice.

Supplemental Material

sj-docx-1-jpx-10.1177_23743735261415769 - Supplemental material for Implementing Early Depression Screening as Routine Practice in Pharmacy Settings

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-jpx-10.1177_23743735261415769 for Implementing Early Depression Screening as Routine Practice in Pharmacy Settings by Yoanna Vutova, Georgi Slavchev, Desislava Ignatova and Мaria Kamusheva in Journal of Patient Experience

Supplemental Material

sj-docx-2-jpx-10.1177_23743735261415769 - Supplemental material for Implementing Early Depression Screening as Routine Practice in Pharmacy Settings

Supplemental material, sj-docx-2-jpx-10.1177_23743735261415769 for Implementing Early Depression Screening as Routine Practice in Pharmacy Settings by Yoanna Vutova, Georgi Slavchev, Desislava Ignatova and Мaria Kamusheva in Journal of Patient Experience

Footnotes

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank all participating pharmacists and patients for their valuable insights and contributions to the pilot study phase of this research.

Ethical Approval and Informed Consent Statements

Ethical approval was not required for this study, as it did not involve any interventions or personal data beyond anonymized survey responses. Patient consent was not required for this study.

Funding

The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This study is financed by the European Union NextGenerationEU, through the National Recovery and Resilience Plan of the Republic of Bulgaria, project № BG-RRP-2.004-0004-C01.

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Data Availability Statement

Data supporting this study's findings are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Supplemental Material

Supplemental material for this article is available online.

ORCID iD

Yoanna Vutova

References

World Health Organization (WHO). Depressive disorder (depression). Published 2023. Accessed October 31, 2025. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression.

OECD/European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. Bulgaria: Country Health Profile 2017, State of Health in the EU. OECD Publishing/European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, Brussels; 2017.

Marques

Galduroz

Noto

. Pharmaceutical care to patients treated with antidepressants. Rev Calid Asist. 2012;27(1):55‐64. doi:10.1016/j.cali.2011.07.002. Epub 2011 Oct 7. PMID: 21982751.

Strowel

Raynes-Greenow

Pham

, et al. Perinatal depression screening in community pharmacy: exploring pharmacists’ roles, training and resource needs using content analysis. Int J Clin Pharm. 2023;45(5):1212‐22. doi:10.1007/s11096-023-01647-0

World Health Organization. Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders: Global Health Estimates. WHO; 2017.

Wagner

Koehn

White

, et al. Mental health interventions in the workplace and work outcomes: a best-evidence synthesis of systematic reviews. Int J Occup Environ Med. 2016;7(1):1‐14. doi:10.15171/ijoem.2016.607. PMID: 26772593; PMCID: PMC6816521.

Lépine

Briley

. The increasing burden of depression. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2011;7(Suppl 1):3‐7. doi:10.2147/NDT.S19617

Mospan

Gillette

Wilson

. Patient and prescriber perceptions of depression screening within a community pharmacy setting. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2020;60(5): S15‐22. doi:10.1016/j.japh.2020.03.010

Knox

Dopheide

Wincor

Han

. Depression screening in a university campus pharmacy: a pilot project. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2006;46(4):502‐6. doi:10.1331/154434506778073583

10.

Hare

Kraenow

. Depression screenings: developing a model for use in a community pharmacy. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2008;48(1). doi:10.1331/JAPhA.2008.07010

11.

Reid

Nichols

Veach

Alhersh

Witry

. Evaluation of an enhanced depression and anxiety screening with targeted pharmacist intervention. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2024;64(3):102067. doi:10.1016/j.japh.2024.102067

12.

Rosser

Frede

Conrad

Heaton

. Development, implementation, and evaluation of a pharmacist-conducted screening program for depression. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2013;53(1):22‐9. doi:10.1331/JAPhA.2013.11176

13.

Shah

Akhtar

Haq

Asghar

Ghafoor

Abbas

. Integrating mental health support in pharmacy practice: assessing the impact of pharmacist-led interventions on anxiety and depression outcomes. Open Access Public Health Health Adm Rev. 2024;3(2):56‐74. doi:10.59644/oaphhar.3(2).165

14.

Gide

El-Den

Lee

YLE

Gisev

O’Reilly

. Community pharmacists’ acceptability of pharmacist-delivered depression screening for older adults: a qualitative study. Int J Clin Pharm. 2023;45(5):1144‐52. doi:10.1007/s11096-023-01581-1

15.

Gide

El-Den

Kouladjian O’Donnell

Malone

O’Reilly

. Pharmacist-led screening for mental illness: a systematic review. Res Soc Adm Pharm. 2024;20(9):828‐45. doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2024.06.001

16.

Pham

Moles

O’Reilly

, et al. Perinatal women’s views of pharmacist-delivered perinatal depression screening: a qualitative study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(23):16295. doi:10.3390/ijerph192316295

17.

El-Den

Birkness

Pham

, et al. Development and validation of measures of pharmacists’ acceptability and willingness to screen for perinatal depression. Res Soc Admin Pharm. 2023:995‐1005. Published Online. 2023:995–1005.

18.

Wilson

Twigg

. Pharmacist-led depression screening and intervention in an underserved, rural, and multi-ethnic diabetic population. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2018;58(2):205‐9. doi:10.1016/j.japh.2017.11.001

19.

Office of the Legislative Counsel. Compilation of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. U.S. Government Publishing Office; 2010.

20.

Siu

Bibbins-Domingo

Grossman

, et al. Screening for depression in adults. JAMA. 2016;315(4):380. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.18392

21.

Miller

Newby

Walkom

Schneider

. Depression screening in adults by pharmacists in the community: a systematic review. Int J Pharm Pract. 2020;28(5):428‐40. doi:10.1111/ijpp.12661

22.

NHS England and the Department of Health and Social Care. Community Pharmacy Contractual Framework 2019–2024: Taking the Next Step Together. NHS England; 2019. Accessed October 31, 2025. Available at: https://www.england.nhs.uk/primary-care/pharmacy/community-pharmacy-contractual-framework/

23.

Australian National Audit Office (ANAO). Administration of the Fifth Community Pharmacy Agreement (5CPA). Commonwealth of Australia; 2015. Accessed October 31, 2025. Available at: https://www.anao.gov.au/work/performance-audit/administration-fifth-community-pharmacy-agreement

24.

General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC). The Pharmacy Order 2010. The Stationery Office; 2010. Accessed October 31, 2025. Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukdsi/2010/9780111487358/contents

25.

Pharmaceutical Society of Australia (PSA). National Competency Standards Framework for Pharmacists in Australia. PSA; 2016. Accessed October 31, 2025. Available at: https://www.psa.org.au/practice-support-industry/national-competency-standards/

26.

Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care. Recommendations on Screening for Depression in Adults. Public Health Agency of Canada; 2005. Accessed October 31, 2025. Available at: Https://canadiantaskforce.ca/

27.

Government of Ontario. The MedsCheck Program. Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care; 2007. Accessed October 31, 2025. Available at: https://news.ontario.ca/en/backgrounder/16635/the-medscheck-program

28.

Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA). Bloom Program—Mental Health and Addictions Services. NSHA; 2017. Accessed October 31, 2025. Available at: https://mha.nshealth.ca/en

29.

Bundesministerium für Gesundheit. Gesundheitsversorgungsweiterentwicklungsgesetz (GVWG) [Health Care Development Act]. German Federal Ministry of Health; 2021. Accessed October 31, 2025. Available at: https://www.bundesgesundheitsministerium.de/gesundheitsversorgungsweiterentwicklungsgesetz.html

30.

Bundesministerium der Justiz. Verordnung über den Betrieb von Apotheken (Apothekenbetriebsordnung—ApBetrO) [Ordinance on the Operation of Pharmacies]. Bundesministerium der Justiz; 1987. Accessed October 31, 2025. Available at: https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/apobetro_1987/BJNR005470987.html

31.

Weinbrenner

Langer

Scherer

, et al. Nationale VersorgungsLeitlinie Chronische Herzinsuffizienz. DMW - Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift. 2012;137(05):219‐27. doi:10.1055/s-0031-1292894

32.

Inspectie Gezondheidszorg en Jeugd (IGJ). Beleidsplan 2024–2027 [Policy Plan 2024–2027]. IGJ; 2024. Accessed October 31, 2025. Available at: https://www.igj.nl/over-ons/publicaties/beleidsplan/2024/01/01/beleidsplan-2024-2027

33.

Royal Dutch Pharmacists Association (KNMP). About KNMP. KNMP; 2022. Accessed October 31, 2025. Available at: https://www.knmp.nl/over-de-knmp/vereniging-knmp/about-knmp

34.

Rijksoverheid. Nationaal Preventieakkoord [National Prevention Agreement]. Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport (VWS); 2019. Accessed October 31, 2025. Available at: https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/gezondheid-en-preventie/nationaal-preventieakkoord

35.

Vutova

Kamusheva

Ignatova

Milushewa

. Screening for depression among chronically ill patients in community pharmacy settings: a pilot study in Bulgaria. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. 2021;35(1):1393‐400. doi:10.1080/13102818.2021.1980108

36.

Kondova

Todorova

Tsvetkova

Arnaoudova

Andreevska

Grekova

. Screening and risk assessment for depression in community pharmacy-pilot study. J IMAB Annu Proc (Scientific Papers). 2018;24(1):1928‐31. doi:10.5272/jimab.2018241.1928

Supplementary Material

Please find the following supplemental material available below.

For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.

For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.

0.00 MB

0.05 MB

0.69 MB