Insights of Medical Students and Graduates Toward Electronic Learning During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Lebanon: A National Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

OBJECTIVE

This study examines the perceptions of Lebanese medical students and graduates regarding the switch to electronic learning (e-learning) and measures their psychological distress amid the COVID-19 pandemic, compounded by an unprecedented financial collapse and the August 4 Beirut blast.

METHODS

This is a national cross-sectional descriptive study, consisting of a 48-item questionnaire, diffused online to Lebanese medical students between February 8 and 21, 2021. The survey divided into 5 sections assesses for (1) Sociodemographic information, (2) implemented changes in medical education delivery precipitated by the pandemic, (3) students’ perceptions regarding the effectiveness, advantages, and barriers of e-learning, and (4) role of e-learning in clinical training. Finally, students’ psychological distress was measured, using the Kessler 10-item distress scale (K10). Descriptive analyses were performed using Stata version 13 and Excel.

RESULTS

1060 responses were recorded (27% response rate) across all Lebanese medical schools. Although 71.6% of participants found e-learning to be stimulating, half of the participants thought it was not equally effective to face-to-face learning. Around 73.1% of students felt they were not able to learn hands-on clinical skills. Lebanese students identified cost savings (food, transportation etc) and poor internet connectivity are the most common advantage and barrier, respectively; 77.8% of participants showed high/very high levels of distress (K10 score ≥22).

CONCLUSIONS

Ensuring accessibility and availability of resources such as electricity and internet is of utmost priority. Lebanese medical schools need to incorporate clinical training experiences to their virtual platforms to maintain the quality of medical education to their students. A particular attention to students’ mental health is warranted, by increasing awareness and access to mental health services.

Keywords

COVID-19 distress e-learning medical education Lebanon

Introduction

Over the years, approaches to medical education have significantly changed, with a progressive shift from traditional classroom teaching to using innovative tools and technologies, to meet the students’ needs and expectations. From moving classrooms into public spaces such as museums or parks¹ to utilizing simulation training,² technology has been a technique to bridge the gap in medical education.

On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) to be a pandemic disease,³ which posed a serious challenge to the delivery of medical education and clinical training in the healthcare sector. Thus, there was a worldwide switch to electronic learning (e-learning) to deliver medical education, in order to reduce viral transmission.⁴ This unprecedented pandemic has provided researchers and educators with the unique opportunity to evaluate the effectiveness of online teaching platforms and strategies in medical education. A systematic review done in 2019 highlighted that both offline and online learning have equivalent examination outcomes.⁵ Drawbacks and challenges of medical online learning have also been documented.⁴ Some of the challenges faced by students include loss of engagement with the loss of the face-to-face interaction, loss of assessments, and technology-related issues such as loss of confidentiality.^6,7 The clinical exposure of medical students and graduates was found to be particularly limited in the setting of a highly contagious pandemic. In fact, many newly established policies, including the cancellation of elective surgeries and the transition to telemedicine have limited medical students’ hands-on clinical experience as part of their curricula.⁸

Lebanon is a low-income middle eastern country, with a total surface area of 10 452 km², hosting 6.9 million residents, 87.2% of whom live in urban areas, including 2 million refugees and 500 000 migrant workers.⁹ Alongside the pandemic, the country has been going through one of its major socioeconomic crises due to hyperinflation and corruption. The Lebanese population was also subject to the biggest non-nuclear explosion in the world, in August 2020, leading to the destruction of the country's infrastructure and further economic decline and instability.^10,11

Before the pandemic, e-learning has never been a part of formal education in Lebanon where most schools and universities were neither equipped nor experienced for this transition. Since the declaration of the first case of COVID-19 in Lebanon, the Lebanese Ministry of Education took quick and firm measures to close schools and universities early on, to prevent the disease spread.¹² During the lockdown, online teaching became the new norm in Lebanese academic settings, including medical schools.

To our knowledge, our study is the first to assess the perceptions of Lebanese students from all medical schools (public and private) regarding e-learning and measure their psychological distress. We believe that exploring the perceptions of medical students themselves regarding the benefits and challenges of e-learning will allow medical institutions to improve the quality of delivery of medical education in our country and other similar settings.

Materials and Methods

Questionnaire Design

This is a cross-sectional study conducted on a national level via an online survey. A 48-item questionnaire in English was devised following a literature search on currently used online teaching methods and the changes implemented to medical education following the pandemic, worldwide. This author-developed survey was adapted to the Lebanese context after piloting the questions among a group of 20 medical students belonging to public and private Lebanese universities (the survey sections and items are shown in Online Supplementary Appendix 1). Piloting improved the quality of the questions in terms of enhancing the language, adjusting the wording so that the context is better conveyed, and addressing redundancies. As shown in Appendix 1, the first 2 sections of the survey were I. the consent form with a box to be ticked by the consenting participant to be able to move forward with the survey and II. Sociodemographic information including gender, age, medical school, academic year, living condition, and location. Parts III to V tackled changes in medical education precipitated by the pandemic, students’ perceptions regarding the benefits and barriers of e-learning, and the role of e-learning in clinical training, respectively. The last section (VI) assessed the students’ psychological distress, using the 10-item Kessler distress scale (K10). Each of the 10 items is scored on a Likert scale going from 1 to 5 with 1 being none of the times and 5 being all of the times.¹³ The scale total score ranges from 10 to 50. Scores of 10 to 15 correspond to low distress, scores of 16 to 21 correspond to moderate distress, whereas scores of 22 to 29 correspond to high psychological distress and finally scores of 30 to 50 correspond to very high distress. The categories of low and moderate distress were grouped and coded together as 0, while categories of high and very high distress were grouped and coded together as 1, in the statistical analysis.

Participants

All 3878 graduate medical students or past year graduated medical doctors from 7 registered Lebanese medical schools were eligible to participate. There were no exclusion criteria.

Questionnaire Distribution

The survey was created using Google Forms, an online survey software, and disseminated to Lebanese medical students via emails through their official institutions as well as social media platforms. There was an outreach to all the 7 registered medical schools in Lebanon, by involving the deans of medical schools, as well as students’ representatives of each class in each medical school to increase rate of participation. The survey was accessible via an anonymous link and open for a 2-week period (February 8-21, 2021).

Consent and Ethical Considerations

Participation was voluntary, and participants were informed prior to starting the survey that all data collected was nonidentifiable and only used for research purposes. A mandatory selection box consenting to participation and confirming that this was the first time completing this survey was included at the beginning of the survey to avoid duplicate answers, while preserving anonymity.

The study was conducted according to the ethical principles stated in the Declaration of Helsinki (2013). It was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at the University of Balamand and St. Georges Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon (IRB-REC/O/001-21/4420).

Statistical Analysis

Data was exported from Google form to Stata version 13 and Microsoft Excel (Excel V.16.29, 2019). Descriptive analyses involve description of data in terms of frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviation. Measurement of these statistics depend on the variables either to be categorical or continuous in nature. Accordingly, frequencies and percentages were generated for categorical variables and means and standard deviations for continuous variables (only one variable).

Results

Population Sample

Out of a total of 1060 responses recorded (27% response rate) across all Lebanese medical schools, 60.8% (n = 645) are female respondents and the mean age is 22.25 ± 2.82 years. The majority, 82% (n = 870), are current students, and 18% are past year graduates. Around two-thirds of participants live in the capital, Beirut, and its suburbs, and 87% (n = 925) live with their families. The full set of sociodemographic data is shown in Table 1.

Table 1.

Sociodemographic Characteristics of Participants (n = 1060).

SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES^a		NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS	PERCENTAGE (%)
Gender	Male	409	38.58
	Female	645	60.85
	Nonbinary	6	0.57
Age^a		1042	22.25 ± 2.82
Lebanese Medical School	University of Balamand (UOB)	162	15.28
	American University of Beirut (AUB)	196	18.49
	Lebanese American University (LAU)	69	6.51
	Lebanese University (UL)	190	17.92
	Beirut Arab University (BAU)	246	23.21
	Saint Joseph University (USJ)	121	11.42
	Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK)	76	7.17
Academic year	Class of 2020 (Graduated as an MD in 2020)	183	17.55
	Class of 2021 (Scheduled to graduate in 2021)	108	10.35
	Class of 2022 (Scheduled to graduate in 2022)	132	12.66
	Class of 2023 (Scheduled to graduate in 2023)	174	16.68
	Class of 2024 (Scheduled to graduate in 2024)	182	17.45
	Class of 2025 (Scheduled to graduate in 2025)	60	5.75
	Class of 2026 (Scheduled to graduate in 2026)	100	9.59
	Class of 2027 (Scheduled to graduate in 2027)	104	9.97
Living condition	Alone	71	6.7
	With family	925	87.26
	With partner	9	0.85
	With friends	34	3.21
	With colleague	21	1.98
Location	Rural area	307	29.13
Location	Beirut and suburbs	747	70.87

Mean ± standard deviation is mentioned for continuous variables.

Delivery of Medical Education During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Pre-COVID-19 pandemic

Participants mostly engaged in 1 to 3 e-learning platform resources: around two-thirds of responders used video tutorials explaining concepts available on YouTube or provided by trusted resources such as Kaplan etc. Around 50% used Question banks (Kaplan and Uworld) in preparation for their exams. Only 20% (215 responders) reported using video tutorials provided by their medical schools. Out of all participants, 61% spent less than 9 h/week using e-learning methods. Only 9% spent more than 25 h studying online (Figure 1). Most participants, 96% (n = 1026), believed that question banks were the most effective e-learning method.

Figure 1.

Average time spent using e-learning methods for studying before and after the COVID-19 pandemic.

Post-COVID-19 pandemic

Within the pandemic context and the switch to exclusive e-learning, around 45% of participants spend more than 25 h per week studying online, and 27.7% spend between 13 and 25 h/week. Students use 1 to 2 devices (94% use laptops, 63.5% use their phones, and only 30% use their tablets). Furthermore, 73% of responders report that their medical school followed a preset curriculum. Considerably 92.3% (n = 978) report their school delivered live talks/lectures using platforms such as WebEx and Zoom, and 66.7% (n = 706) report they were taught using prerecorded material.

Most or all sessions were found to be interactive by 56.1% (n = 593) of participants.

Instructors were reported to be responsive and available for students after the online sessions by 84% (n = 884) of participants.

A total of 73.7% of participants (n = 781) report their exams were held in person. Around 20% (n = 209) report that the number of evaluations was reduced compared to previous years.

Perceptions Regarding the Effectiveness, Advantages, and Barriers of E-Learning

Out of all participants, 71.6% (n = 715) find the online teaching to be stimulating, and 58.5% (n = 586) find it was easy to engage in the lessons. Around two-thirds of the medical students feel able to ask questions and enjoy the online teaching. However, half of them did not find the online teaching to be equally effective to the face-face teaching and favored the latter over the former. Around 72% (n = 727) think that the instructors were well prepared for the teaching sessions, and 66.1% (n = 677) believe that the instructors knew how to handle the technological devices and platforms. Nevertheless, around 93% (n = 980) think that instructors may benefit from a special training to improve the e-learning experience.

Last, concerning hands-on clinical training, 80% of students feel that e-learning has not successfully replaced the clinical teaching they received from direct patient contact and 73.1% (n = 765) feel they were not able to learn practical clinical skills through e-learning. Around 60.2% (n = 603) believe they may have lost an academic year of their medical journey. Only 2.7% (n = 28) of participants wish to continue exclusive online learning after the pandemic is under control. Around 45.2% (n = 477) of participants wish to return to exclusive face to face classes.

Figure 2 describes the advantages and disadvantages of e-learning compared to face-to-face learning as perceived by the Lebanese students.

Figure 2.

Advantages and disadvantages of e-learning versus face-to-face learning.

Stressors and Psychological Distress

When assessing the different possible stressors that had an impact on the medical students’ learning experience and performance, students reported that the pandemic, deteriorating socioeconomic and political situations, in addition to the Beirut August 4, 2020, blast to be major stressors (Figure 3). More than two-thirds of participants (77.85%; n = 791) show a high/very high levels of distress (score ≥22), as demonstrated by the K10 distress scale.

Figure 3.

The perceived impact of different stressors on the engagement and performance of Lebanese students in their medical education.

Discussion

Our study demonstrated that many students had relied on e-learning strategies prior to the pandemic, however, there was a noticeable yet anticipated increase in the time spent using e-learning methods during the COVID-19 pandemic by most students, as shown in Figure 1. Most Lebanese medical students found online learning to be flexible, cost-effective, time-saving, stimulating, and enjoyable. At least half of the students found e-learning methods to be as effective and impactful on their future career as in-person teaching. Perceptions of medical students regarding e-learning have been explored in a neighboring Arab country, Saudi Arabia, prior and during the pandemic (in 2017 and 2019).¹⁴ These results are in agreement with findings from Al-Balas et al who demonstrated that around 80% of Jordanian medical students reported improvement in accessibility and time management/saving after the establishment of distant learning during the pandemic.¹⁵ This teaching modality grants a personalized learning experience, allowing the medical student to have greater control over the educational content as well as the sequence and the timing of the learning sessions.^16–18

In terms of barriers, almost 80% of the Lebanese students complain of poor internet connectivity. Electricity outage is the second most reported concern. Our findings are comparable to data from other low to middle income countries in the Arab region and the world.

In a systematic review and meta-analysis done in Brazil, 4 main categories of barriers to the implementation of online learning were identified. These included lack of planning and implementation of online learning, lack of resources, technology usability problems, and limited interaction between teachers and students.¹⁹ The first 3 barriers were clearly identified in the Lebanese setting. Similar challenges related to poor resources were found in under developed countries such as Afghanistan,²⁰ Pakistan,²¹ and Sri Lanka.²¹

Lebanon's infrastructure has been without any maintenance since the civil war in 1975. The country's subsequent governments have also failed to address the power outages or find a sustainable short or long-term solution. Poor internet connection can also be related to the country's deprived infrastructure. These concerns are thus the main barriers to be quickly addressed to improve the e-learning experience in Lebanon.

Limitation of interaction with peers and teachers virtually is inconsistently reported in the literature: while this was a concern reported by medical students in Brazil,²² Saudi Arabia,²³ and Greece,²⁴ preserved or improved interactions with peers and instructors were reported to a certain extent in our study as well as other countries like Jordan.¹⁵

While the preclinical phase of medical curricula was somewhat “successfully” replaced by the novel culture of “online home learning,” the lack of hands-on training may have serious implications on the quality of training of the current cohort of students, which was a clear concern raised by Lebanese students and past year graduates.²⁵ Implementation of virtual simulation platforms and increasing students’ exposure/attendance of telehealth visits/rounds are 2 plausible solutions for students who are in the final stages of their medical education. These methods were successfully adopted in several medical schools around the world. For example, an innovative design of a virtual video-based medical student elective in the department of head and neck surgery at the university of Pennsylvania has been very successful in accomplishing the main goals of students’ exposure to the specialty and engagement with the faculty.²⁶ Didactic meetings including morning reports, seminars, and departmental grand rounds have also been converted into online video conferences in multiple medical faculties throughout the world.^27–31 In addition, to better simulate clinical teaching, some medical schools established online virtual patient encounters and case-based learning tutorials.^30,32 For example, Chandra and colleagues at Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals have organized a virtual emergency medicine rotation where medical students conducted virtual follow-up visits with patients that have been in the emergency department in the past 48 h.³³ The encounters are directly supervised by the attendings allowing the students to get rapid direct faculty feedback.³³ These innovative techniques are encouraged to be used regularly in all medical schools across the country.

On a psychological level, more than two-thirds of participants have been experiencing high to very high levels of distress. These results were concordant with a similar study conducted at the American University of Beirut, Lebanon that showed 69% of medical students (n = 374) are experiencing moderate to severe psychological distress during the pandemic, using the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale and the 4-item Patient Health Questionnaire for Depression and Anxiety.³⁴ Al Tammemi et al reported similar findings in Jordanian medical students (n = 381), with around 69.5% (n = 265) having experienced severe distress during the pandemic, using the same K10 scale.³⁵

High levels of distress in medical students are usually multifactorial and may have been already present, to a certain extent, before the start of the pandemic. In fact, fear of examinations, high educational fees, parental expectations, peer pressure, burnout, lack of leisure time and the continuous need for higher education are all psychological stressors that can negatively impact the social and psychological well-being of medical students.^36,37 In 2016, a study by Talih and colleagues has shown that up to 43% of Lebanese medical students were experiencing burnout, with around 24% reporting depressive symptomatology and 14.5% having suicidal ideations.³⁸ The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated mental health problems, by exposing a wide array of new constraints that negatively impact the psychological status of medical students. To start with, medical students had significant concerns about their graduation and the real effectiveness of the delivery of medical education. In addition, while most people were able to self-isolate together with their family members who were all working from home, medical students were pressured to self-isolate alone given their high risk of exposure.

On the other hand, Lebanese medical students experienced unique additional stressors that further impacted their psychological well-being. Unfortunately, the country has been experiencing a severe political and financial crisis that significantly impacted their ability to afford their medical education, as well as their leisure activities that used to relieve their distress. In addition, the Beirut blast was a major traumatic event during which Lebanese medical students witnessed the destruction of their city, homes, and university hospitals as well as the injury or death of colleagues, neighbors, and family members. High levels of depressive, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms were shown to be reflected by the K10 scale.³⁹

Finally, our study is not without any limitations. Despite a good response rate of 27% yielding a large sample size of 1060 responses, this study included a convenience sample, with no prior determination of a sample size. It is also possible that those who chose to respond to the survey were different from those who did not respond causing selection bias. Moreover, like face-to-face interviews, the participants may understand and interpret the questions differently, which makes it difficult to correctly assess the accuracy of the responses. In addition, except for the K10 psychological distress scale, the survey's different questions were devised then piloted by the authors, in the absence of prior validation study. Furthermore, the K10 questionnaire is a simple screening tool. Although it gives cutoff scores that can be correlated to clinical severity, the actual diagnosis of depressive and anxiety disorders must be done using a clinical diagnostic tool administered by a clinician. The ten-item (K10) and 6-item (K6) versions of the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale were translated to Arabic and tested for their reliability and validity in the Palestinian population.⁴⁰ These versions were not however studied in the Lebanese population. The English version was used in our survey given that it is an official language used in teaching medical schools. Finally, our study included only Lebanese medical students. Thus, our results are not necessarily representative of the perspectives of other Lebanese college students in other academic fields, or medical students from surrounding countries.

Conclusion

The rapid transition to e-learning forced during the pandemic created many challenges for medical students and instructors in low to middle income countries. Lessons learned from Lebanese students include the need for further preparation and training among instructors, in addition to increased accessibility and availability of resources such as electricity and internet for an improved e-learning experience. Further incorporation of clinical training experiences within the e-learning strategy is needed. It is recommended to combine live and virtual learning for more effective outcomes, as perceived by students. Most importantly, medical schools, notably in Lebanon, are recommended to give a particular attention to their students’ mental health, in these unprecedented times. Awareness campaigns to students regarding psychological distress, depression, anxiety, and suicide are highly needed. In addition, virtual psychological services should be made easily accessible to all students.

While this work mainly focuses on the early period of the pandemic, future work should investigate how students adapted to e-learning strategies away from the immediate threat of the pandemic, in addition to studying the perceptions and psychological distress of the instructors and clinicians providing medical education and training themselves. A multidisciplinary work involving students, instructors, policy makers, and governmental entities is encouraged to develop strategies aiming at enhancing the medical e-learning experience and mitigating mental health disorders in the face of global crises.

Supplemental Material

sj-docx-1-mde-10.1177_23821205231209106 - Supplemental material for Insights of Medical Students and Graduates Toward Electronic Learning During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Lebanon: A National Cross-Sectional Study

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-mde-10.1177_23821205231209106 for Insights of Medical Students and Graduates Toward Electronic Learning During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Lebanon: A National Cross-Sectional Study by Maroun Bou Zerdan, Youssef Bouferraa, Morgan Bou Zerdan, Josleen Al Barathie and Rita Khoury in Journal of Medical Education and Curricular Development

Footnotes

DECLARATION OF CONFLICTING INTERESTS

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

FUNDING

The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

ORCID iD

Rita Khoury

Supplemental Material

Supplemental material for this article is available online.

References

Barzanò

Amenduni

Cutello

, et al. When the place matters: moving the classroom into a museum to re-design a public space. Front Psychol. 2020;11(3):943.

Okuda

Bryson

DeMaria

Jr , et al.

The utility of simulation in medical education: what is the evidence?

Mt Sinai J Med. 2009;76(4):330-343.

World Health Organization. WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19-11 March 2020. WHO Director General’s speeches. Geneva; 2020. Accessed May 5, 2020. https://wwwwhoint/dg/speeches/detail/who-directorgeneral-s-opening-remarks-at-themedia-briefing-on-covid-19—11-march-2020

O’Doherty

Dromey

Lougheed

Hannigan

Last

McGrath

. Barriers and solutions to online learning in medical education—an integrative review. BMC Med Educ. 2018;18(1):1-11.

Pei

. Does online learning work better than offline learning in undergraduate medical education? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Med Educ Online. 2019;24(1):1666538.

Wilcha

. Effectiveness of virtual medical teaching during the COVID-19 crisis: systematic review. JMIR Med Educ. 2020;6(2):e20963. doi:10.2196/20963

Rajab

Gazal

Alkattan

. Challenges to online medical education during the COVID-19 pandemic. Cureus. 2020;12(7):e8966. doi:10.7759/cureus.8966

Ahmed

Allaf

Elghazaly

. COVID-19 and medical education. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(7):777-778. doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30226-7

Khoury

Azar

Hitti

. COVID-19 response in Lebanon: current experience and challenges in a low-resource setting. JAMA. 2020;324(6):548-549.

10.

Cheaito

Al-Hajj

. A brief report on the Beirut port explosion. Mediterr J Emerg Med Acute Care. 2020;1(4).

11.

Clinton

Bou-Karroum

Doumit

Richa

Alameddine

. Determining levels of nurse burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic and Lebanon’s political and financial collapse. BMC Nurs. 2022;21(1):1-11.

12.

Kharroubi

Saleh

. Are lockdown measures effective against COVID-19? Front Public Health. 2020;8:610.

13.

Australian Bureau of Statistics. Use of the Kessler psychological distress scale in ABS health and wellbeing survey, psychological distress in the Western Australian population 1997 and 2001. ABS; 2001.

14.

Ibrahim

Al Raddadi

AlDarmasi

, et al. Medical students’ acceptance and perceptions of e-learning during the COVID-19 closure time in King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah. J Infect Public Health. 2021;14(1):17-23.

15.

Al-Balas

Jaber

, et al. Distance learning in clinical medical education amid COVID-19 pandemic in Jordan: current situation, challenges, and perspectives. BMC Med Educ. 2020;20(1):1-7.

16.

Mooney

Bligh

. Information technology in medical education: current and future applications. Postgrad Med J. 1997;73(865):701-704.

17.

Ghanizadeh

Mosallaei

Dorche

Sahraian

Yazdanshenas

. Use of e-learning in education: attitude of medical students of Shiraz, Iran. Intern Med Med Investig J. 2018:10-13.

18.

Chu

Chan

. Evolution of web site design: implications for medical education on the Internet. Comput Biol Med. 1998;28(5):459-472.

19.

Bastos

Carvalho

DRDS

Brandão

CFS

Bergamasco

Sandars

Cecilio-Fernandes

. Solutions, enablers and barriers to online learning in clinical medical education during the first year of the Covid19 pandemic: a rapid review. Med Teach. 2022..

20.

Sarwari

Kakar

Golzar

Miri

. Distance learning during COVID-19 in Afghanistan: challenges and opportunities. E-Learn Digit Media. 2021:19(2), 144-162.

21.

Mumtaz

Saqulain

Mumtaz

. Online academics in Pakistan: COVID-19 and beyond. Pak J Med Sci. 2021;37(1):283.

22.

Bastos

Carvalho

DRDS

Brandão

CFS

Bergamasco

Sandars

Cecilio-Fernandes

. Solutions, enablers and barriers to online learning in clinical medical education during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic: a rapid review. Med Teach. 2022;44(2):187-195.

23.

Hassounah

Raheel

Alhefzi

. Digital response during the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(9):e19338.

24.

Eleftheriou

Rokou

Doukaki

, et al.

Undergraduate medical education during the pandemic: how do academic staff members in Greece and Cyprus feel about it?

Int J Low Extrem Wounds. 2021:15347346211045285. https://doi.org/10.1177/15347346211045285

25.

Papa

Varotto

Galli

Vaccarezza

Galassi

. One year of anatomy teaching and learning in the outbreak: has the COVID-19 pandemic marked the end of a century-old practice? A systematic review. Anat Sci Educ. 2021:15(2), 261–280.

26.

Chao

Frost

Brody

, et al. Creation of an interactive virtual surgical rotation for undergraduate medical education during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Surg Educ. 2021;78(1):346-350. doi:10.1016/j.jsurg.2020.06.039

27.

Bakshi

Chodosh

Fung

Chan

Ting

DSW

. Training in the Year of the Eye: The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Ophthalmic Education. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd; 2020: 1181-1183.

28.

Grover

. COVID-19 crisis and residency education: a moment to seize the opportunity and create a new road map!. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2020;68(6):959.

29.

Wong

Bandello

. Academic ophthalmology during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Ophthalmology. 2020;127(8):e51-e52.

30.

Sahi

Mishra

Singh

. Medical education amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Indian Pediatr. 2020;57(7):652-657.

31.

Kumar

Agarwal

. Commentary: restructuring residency training in ophthalmology during COVID-19 era: challenges and opportunities. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2020;68(6):1005.

32.

Dedeilia

Sotiropoulos

Hanrahan

Janga

Dedeilias

Sideris

. Medical and surgical education challenges and innovations in the COVID-19 era: a systematic review. In Vivo. 2020;34(3 suppl):1603-1611.

33.

Chandra

Laoteppitaks

Mingioni

Papanagnou

. Zooming-out COVID: virtual clinical experiences in an emergency medicine clerkship. Med Educ. 2020; 54(12): 1182-1183.

34.

Abed

Razzak

Hashim

. Mental health effects of COVID-19 within the socioeconomic crisis and after the Beirut blast among health care workers and medical students in Lebanon. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2021;23(4). 21m02977. https://doi.org/10.4088/PCC.21m02977

35.

Al-Tammemi

AAB

Akour

Alfalah

. Is it just about physical health?: an online cross-sectional study exploring the psychological distress among university students in Jordan in the midst of COVID-19 pandemic. Front Psychol. 2020;11:562213.

36.

Abraham

Zulkifli

Fan

Xin

Lim

. A report on stress among first year students in an Indian medical school. South East Asian J Med Educ. 2009;3(2):78-81.

37.

Gupta

Ray

Saha

. Overweight, obesity and influence of stress on body weight among undergraduate medical students. Indian J Community Med. 2009;34(3):255.

38.

Talih

Daher

Daou

Ajaltouni

. Examining burnout, depression, and attitudes regarding drug use among Lebanese medical students during the 4 years of medical school. Acad Psychiatry. 2018;42(2):288-296. doi:10.1007/s40596-017-0879-x

39.

Kakaje

Fadel

Makki

Ghareeb

Al Zohbi

. Mental distress and psychological disorders related to COVID-19 mandatory lockdown. Front Public Health. 2021;9:213. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.585235

40.

Tempus Data-driven Precision Medicine. October 9, 2020. Accessed October 9, 2020. https://www.tempus.com

Supplementary Material

Please find the following supplemental material available below.

For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.

For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.

0.00 MB

0.04 MB