Effect of velocity slip and temperature jump on unsteady magnetohydrodynamic Maxwell ternary hybrid nanofluid flow over a shrinking sheet

This study reveals the unsteady flow and heat transfer of Maxwell ternary hybrid nanofluid over a shrinking sheet under thermal radiation, magnetic field, and slip boundary conditions. The governing equations are transformed into a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using proper similarity transformations. The system of ODE’s is solved numerically employing the well-known shooting method that has been implemented by the in-house FORTRAN code. Results show that the values of the local Nusselt number (Re _x ^−1/2Nu _x ) at the shrinking parameter, γ = −3.2 for Al₂O₃ volume fraction (ϕ₁) and γ = −2.0 for Cu and Al volume fractions (ϕ₂ and ϕ₃) are increased by (4.4%, 13.1%, 13.2%), (7.8%, 24.7%, 24.7%), and (9.5%, 34.9%, 34.2%) with the increase of (ϕ₁, ϕ₂, ϕ₃) from 0.0 to 0.01, 0.02, and 0.03. For an increment of suction parameter (S) from 2.8 to 3.0, 3.2, and 3.4, Re _x ^−1/2Nu _x at γ = −3.0 is augmented by 33.1%, 61.0%, and 85.3% respectively. When the velocity slip parameter (B) is increased from 0.0 to 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6, the value of Re _x ^−1/2Nu _x at γ = −3.0 is increased by 19.3%, 33.6%, and 41.2%, respectively. Furthermore, an increase in Deborah number (De), defined with Maxwell fluid property, from 0.0 to 0.05, 0.10, and 0.15, Re _x ^−1/2Nu _x at γ = −3.0 is increased by 6.8%, 13.8%, and 22.4%, respectively. With the increase of De, ϕ₁, ϕ₂, and ϕ₃, the flow velocity decreases and temperature increases.