The results of a three-year collaborative research study into the sources of unburnt hydrocarbon (uHC) emissions are reported. The study sought to extend existing knowledge of the sources in an engine to the crucial period following a cold start and before the exhaust catalyst becomes fully effective. The study, carried out on a range of engines but centred on the Rover M 16 four-valve engine, identified a number of sources, all of which are equally important in the warm-up period. The paper concludes with some recommendations for the control of uHC emissions
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
CollingsN.A new technique for measuring HC concentrations in real time in a running engine. SAE paper 880517, 1988, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa.
2.
FinlayI. C.BoamD. J.BinghamJ. F.ClarkT. A.Fast response measurements of unburned hydrocarbons in the exhaust port of a firing gasoline engine. SAE paper 902165, 1990, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa.
3.
WentworthJ. T.Piston ring variables affect exhaust hydrocarbon emissions. SAE paper 680109, 1968, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa.
4.
AdamczykA. A.KaiserE. W.CavolowskyJ. P.LavoieG. A.An experimental study of hydrocarbon emissions from closed vessel explosions. Eighteenth Symposium on Combustion, 1981 (The Combustion Institute).
5.
AdamczykA. A.KaiserE. W.LavoieG. A.A combustion bomb study of the hydrocarbon emissions from engine crevices. Combust. Sci. Technol., 1983, 33, 261–277.
6.
SellnauM. C.SpringerG. S.KeckJ. C.Measurements of hydrocarbon concentrations in the exhaust products from a spherical combustion bomb. SAE paper 810148, 1981, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa.
7.
NamazianM.HeywoodJ. B.Flow in the piston-cylinderring crevices of a spark ignition engine: effect on hydrocarbon emissions, efficiency and power. SAE Trans., 1982, 91, 261–288.
8.
RobisonJ. A.BrehobW. M.The influence of improved mixture quality on engine exhaust emissions and performance. J. Air Pollut. Control Ass., 1967, 17(7), 446–453.
9.
BoyleR. J.BoamD. J.FinlayI. C.Cold start performance of an automotive engine using prevaporized gasoline. SAE paper 930710, 1993, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa.
10.
KaiserE. W.AdamczykA. A.LavoieG. A.The effect of oil layers on the hydrocarbon emissions generated during closed vessel combustion. Eighteenth Symposium on Combustion, 1981 (The Combustion Institute).
11.
IshizawaS.TakagiY.A study of HC emissions from a spark ignition engine. J. Soc. Mech. Engrs Int. J., 1987, 30, 310–317.
12.
CarrierG.FendellF.FeldmanP.Cyclic absorption/desorption of gas in a liquid wall film. Combust. Sci. Technol., 1981, 25, 9–19.
13.
ShyyW.AdamsonT. C.Analysis of hydrocarbon emissions from conventional spark ignition engines. Combust. Sci. Technol., 1983, 33, 245–260.
14.
DentJ. C.LakshminarayananP. A.A model of absorption and desorption of fuel vapour by cylinder lubricating oil films and its contribution to hydrocarbon emissions. SAE paper 830652, 1983, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa.
15.
SchrammJ.SorensonS. C.Effect of lubricating oil on hydrocarbon emissions in an SI engine. SAE paper 890622, 1989, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa.
16.
SchrammJ.SorensonS. C.A model for hydrocarbon emissions, from SI engines. SAE paper 902169, 1990, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa.
17.
TrinkerF. H.AndersonR. W.HenigY. I.SieglW. O.KaiserE. W.The effect of engine oil on exhaust hydrocarbon emissions. IMechE Seminar on Worldwide engine emission standards and how to meet them, London, 1991, paper C435.
18.
WallaceS.WarburtonA.The control of CO, HC and NOx, emissions and the application of lean-burn engines. IMechE Conference on Vehicle emissions and their impact on European air quality, London, 3–5 November 1987, paper C359/87, pp. 205–212.
19.
DanielW. A.Flame quenching at the walls of an internal combustion engine. Sixth Symposium on Combustion, 1957 (The Combustion Institute).
20.
WestbrookC. K.AdamczykA. A.LavoieG. A.A numerical study of laminar flame wall quenching. Combust, and Flame, 1981, 40, 81–99.
21.
CarrierG. F.FendellF. E.BushW. B.FeldmanP. S.Non-isenthalpic interaction of a planar premixed flame with a parallel end wall. SAE paper 790245, 1979, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa.
22.
AdamczykA. A.LavoieG. A.Laminar head-on flame quenching—a theoretical study. SAE paper 780969, 1978, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa.
23.
LavoieG. A.Correlations of combustion data for SI engine calculations: laminar flame speed, quench distance and global reaction rates. SAE paper 780229, 1978, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa.
24.
BoamD. J.Energy audit on a two litre saloon car driving an ECE 15 cycle from a cold start. Proc. Instn Mech. Engrs, Part D, 1986, 200(D1), 61–67.
25.
BoamD. J.FinlayI. C.A computer model of fuel evaporation in the intake manifold of a carburetted petrol engine. IMechE Conference on Fuel economy and emissions of lean burn engines, London, 12–14 June 1979, pp. 25–37.
26.
HagenD. F.HolidayG. W.The effect of engine operating and design variables on exhaust emissions. SAE paper TP-6, 1964, p. 206, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa.
