In this paper, we discuss the affordances of open-source Geoweb 2.0 platforms to support the participatory design of urban projects in real-world practices. We first introduce the two open-source platforms used in our study for testing purposes. Then, based on evidence from five different field studies we identify five affordances of these platforms: Conversations on alternative urban projects, citizen consultation, design empowerment, design studio learning and design research. We elaborate on these in detail and identify a key set of success factors for the facilitation of better practices in the future.
References
1.
HealeyP., Building institutional capacity through collaborative approaches to urban planning, Environment and Planning A, 1998, 30, 1531–1546.
2.
KingstonR., Public participation in local policy decision-making: The role of web-based mapping, The Cartographic Journal, 2007, 44(2), 138–144.
3.
NuojuaJ.JuustilaA.RäisänenT.KuuttiK., and SoudunsaariL.Exploring Web-based Participation Methods for Urban Planning, in HakkenD.SimonsenJ.RoberstonT., eds., Proceedings of the 10th Anniversary Conference on Participatory Design: Experiences and Challenges, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 2008, 247–277.
4.
SennettR., Together: The Rituals, Pleasures and Politics of Cooperation, Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut, 2012.
5.
JonesP. D.PetrescuD. and TillJ., Architecture and Participation, Taylor and Francis, New York, 2009.
6.
Hudson-SmithA.BattyM., and MiltonR., The Neogeography of Virtual Cities: Digital Mirrors into a Recursive World, in FothM. (ed), Handbook of Research on Urban Informatics, Information Science Reference, Hershey, Pennsylvania, 2009.
7.
RocheS.MericskayB.BatitaW.BachM., and RondeauM., WikiGIS Basic Concepts: Web 2.0 for Geospatial Collaboration, Future Internet, 2012, 4, 265–284, Basel, MDPI Publishing.
8.
PakB.VerbekeJ., Design Studio 2.0: Augmenting Reflective Architectural Design Learning Using Social Software and Information Aggregation Services, Journal of Information Technology in Construction (ITCon), 2012, 17, 502–519.
9.
GhaemiP.SwiftJ.SisterC.WilsonJ.P., and WolchJ., Design and Implementation of a Web-Based Platform to Support Interactive Environmental Planning. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 2009, 33(6), 482–491.
10.
SimãoA.DenshamP.J.HaklayM., Web-based GIS for collaborative planning and public participation: An application to the strategic planning of wind farm sites, Journal of Environment Management, 2009, 90 (6), 2027–2040
11.
CulshawM. G.NathanailC. P.LeeksG.J. L.AlkerS.BridgeD.DuffyT., The role of web-based environmental information in urban planning, Journal of Science of the Total Environment, 2006, 360(1–3), 233–245.
12.
WiekA.NessB.BrandF.S.Schweizer-RiesP. and FarioliF., From complex, Systems Analysis to Rransformational change: A Comparative Appraisal of Sustainability Science Projects, Sustainability Science, 7, 5–24.
13.
BuizerM.ArtsB. and KokK., Governance, Scale and the Environment: The Importance of Recognizing Knowledge Claims in Transdisciplinary Arenas, Ecology and Society, 2011, 16(1), 21.
14.
NowotnyH.ScottP., and GibbonsM., Introduction: ‘Mode 2’ Revisited: The New Production of Knowledge, 2003, Minerva41(16), 179–194.
15.
PakB.KuhkA., Re-inventing Brussels: How Knowledge on Alternative Urban Development Projects can Alter Urban Policies, in QuL.YangC.HuiX. and SepúlvedaD., eds., The 4th International Conference of the International Forum on Urbanism (IFoU), Delft, 2009, 1421–1426.
16.
GibsonJ. J., The ecological approach to visual perception. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, New Jersey, 1986.
BurrowA., & BurryJ., Working with Wikis, by Design, Architectural Design, Special Issue: Collective Intelligence in Design, 2006, 76(5), 96–99.
21.
ChaseS.SchultzR, & BrouchoudJ. (2008). Gather around the wiki-Tree: Virtual worlds as an open platform for architectural collaboration, in MuylleM., ed., Architecture in Computro, Proceedings of the 26th eCAADe Conference, Antwerp, 809–815.
22.
PakB. and VerbekeJ., A Virtual Environment Model for Analysis and Evaluation of Alternative Urban Development Projects for the Brussels-Capital Region: Research Report, INNOVIRIS: Institute for Research and Innovation, Brussels, 2012.
23.
PakB. and VerbekeJ., Redesigning the urban design studio: Two learning experiments, Journal of Learning Design, Special Issue - Design Education, 2013, 6, 45–62, Queensland University of Technology.
24.
PakB. and VerbekeJ., Walkability as a Performance Indicator for Urban Spaces, Strategies and Tools for the Social Construction of Experiences, in StouffR. and SariyildizS., eds. Computation and Performance, Proceedings of the 31st eCAADe Conference, Delft Technical University, Delft, 2013, 423–432.
25.
JencksC., The Story of Post-Modernism: Five Decades of the Ironic, Iconic and Critical in Architecture, Wiley, London, 2011.
26.
ArnsteinS. R., A Ladder of Citizen Participation, Journal of the American Planning Association, 35 (4), 1969, 216–224.
27.
ConnorD. M., A New Ladder of Citizen Participation, National Civic Review, 1988, 77(3), 249–57.
28.
DorceyA. H. J., Public involvement in government decision making: Choosing the right model, Round Table, Victoria, British Columbia, 1994.
29.
RochaE., A ladder of empowerment, Journal of Planning Education and Research, 1997, 17(1), 31–44.
30.
AllmendingerP. and Tewdwr-JonesM., The Communicative Turn in Urban Planning: Unravelling Paradigmatic, Imperialistic and Moralistic Dimensions. Space and Polity, 2002, 6(1), 5–24.
31.
SenbelM. and ChurchP. S.Design Empowerment: The Limits of Accessible Visualization Media in Neighborhood Densification, Journal of Planning Education & Research, 2011, 31(4), 423–437.
32.
AmorosoN., The Exposed City Mapping the Urban Invisibles, Routledge, London, 2010.
33.
PolanyiM., The Tacit Dimension, Peter Smith, Gloucester, Massachusetts, 1966.
34.
SchönD.A., Educating the Reflective Practitioner: Toward a New Design for Teaching and Learning in the Professions, Jossey-Bass, London, 1987.
35.
ArgyrisC.SchönD.A.Theory in Practice: Increasing Professional Effectiveness, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, 1974.
36.
ACCOLADE, Architecture-Collaboration-Design, StellingwerffM. and VerbekeJ., eds., Delft University Press, Delft, 2001.
37.
WaddellP., Integrated land use and transportation planning and modeling: Addressing challenges in research and practice, Transport Reviews, 2011, 31 (2), 209–229.
